| 释义 |
welfaren. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: well adv., fare n.1 Etymology: < well adv. (compare forms at that entry) + fare n.1 (compare fare n.1 7), after wel fare, verbal phrase (see fare v.1 7). Compare ( < the Germanic base of well adv. + the Germanic base of ferd n.1), all in the sense ‘well-being, prosperity’: Old Frisian welferd, Middle Dutch waleuart, welvaert (also in the sense ‘abundance of food or drink’; Dutch †welvaart), Middle Low German wolvart , German Wohlfahrt (beginning of the 16th cent.), Old Icelandic velferð; also ( < Middle Low German) Old Swedish välfart, välfärdh (Swedish välfärd), Old Danish wælfærdh (Danish velfærd).In sense 5 after well fare at fare v.1 9c; compare Old Icelandic velfǫr act of parting, leave-taking, and also farewell n. Earlier currency is apparently implied by surnames (Simon Welfare (1275), Galfr. Welfare (1332)), and also by the following occurrence as the name of a ship:1305 in A. H. Thomas Cal. Early Mayor's Court Rolls (1924) 221 Ludekyn de Waldericham, [master of the ship called] ‘Welefare’. I. Senses relating to well-being. the world > action or operation > prosperity > [noun] α. J. Gaytryge (York Min.) (1901) l. 434 That our hert be noght to hegh for no welefare, Ne ouer mikel undir for nane yvel fare. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng (Harl.) 1715 Ȝyf þou fordost þe weylfare Betwyx þo þat weddyde are, Þou synnest certys wykkydly. a1425 (?c1350) (1964) l. 1354 Ful glad was Sir Gawayne Of þe welefare of Sir Ywayne. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 524 Spek I will off Wallace glaid weillfar. 1525 in G. Donaldson & C. Macrae (1942) I. 269 As I will noch..be ane..stey to the welefair of ane commoun cause. 1570 in J. Cranstoun (1891) I. xiii. 224 Pray..[that] Hir grace lang space may in gude weilfair stand. 1647 in W. Fraser (1858) 485 Wealefaire. 1681 in 38 162 And do heartilie wish you all weel-fare in that place where the Lord hath casten your lott. a1699 Crail Squaremen in (at cited word) Waelfaer. 1786 R. Burns Cotter's Sat. Night v, in (1968) I. 147 Brothers and sisters meet, And each for other's weelfare kindly spiers. †2. society > leisure > entertainment > [noun] a1400 (Pepys) (1976) 147 Ȝif any is þe crasker for wel fare forto done synne..þou may liȝthlich gete þe pyne for hym. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 350 To wasten, on welfare and on wykked kepynge, Al þe worlde in a while þorw owre witte. c1450 (1900) 286 Þe iiij. nyȝt, þei weryn herberwyd at an-oþer good mannys hows, & haddyn gret wel-fare. c1480 (a1400) St. Placidus 602 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) II. 86 & ȝet þane til ane Inis haf þaim he can, & gert mak þaim welfare of al thing þat was necessare. a1500 (c1410) (Hunterian) (1976) i. 308 Ȝong folc waxyn rebel to fadir & moodir & ȝeuyn hem to..ryot & welfare & ydylchep. 1528 sig. c ij Both in welfare and wede, With oute doute they farre excede, The nobles of the region. 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Scotl. i. 2/1 in R. Holinshed I Those that are giuen much vnto wine and such welfare. the world > food and drink > food > amounts of food > [noun] > abundance of food ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif (1880) 61 Þei..han lordschipis, rentis, gaie houses & costy, & welfare of mete & drynk. c1450 (a1400) R. Lavynham (Harl. 211) (1956) 17 (MED) Of sodome þis was þe wickidnesse: pride, welfare of mete & drinke, & ydilnesse. 1494 W. Hilton (de Worde) i. lxxii. sig. giiiiv He that..delytes in welfare of mete or drynke. the world > action or operation > prosperity > [noun] > source or symbol of the world > action or operation > prosperity > [noun] > prosperous conditions > the good things of life a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iv. l. 228 Lyth Troylus byraft of eche wel-fare I-bounde in þe blake bark of care. a1450 ( G. Chaucer (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 1040 For certes she was..Mi wor[l]des welfare and my goddesse. c1450 (1905) II. 450 Som tyme þer was a knyght þat lefte all his possessions & his wurshuppis and his welefaris, and made hym a monk. 4. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > welfare as organized by state society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > benefit provided by state 1886 2 Dec. 1/4 In the discussion of great social and political questions touching welfare-workers, [etc.]. 1918 A. Bennett xxvii. 182 Canteens, and rest-rooms, and libraries, and sanitation, and all this damned ‘welfare’. 1949 May 9/1 Both major parties are pledged to extend social security and other forms of welfare. 1968 M. Pyke v. 66 A Western community converted to the principles of welfare will supply vitamins and much else without requiring profit. 1999 S. Curtis 141 Beulah Coombs, head of student welfare, explains that most have financial problems. 2012 24 Feb. 27/4 Supply-side reform of welfare, employment law and planning is a well-proven path to economic renewal. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > centre or department society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > government department or agency > [noun] > with specific responsibility society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service or work > social worker > types of 1928 D. H. Lawrence xi. 189 The new girls in their silk stockings, the new collier lads lounging into the Pally or the Welfare. 1960 D. Lessing iv. 135 Once she asked Welfare if Aurora could go to a council nursery. 1998 S. Dingo xiii. 156 She and her children lived in dread of ‘Welfare’ calling. 2004 D. Peace 370/2 Pushing their babies down to Welfare. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [adverb] > receiving state benefits society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [adverb] > receiving unemployment benefit society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > state allowance 1933 23 Nov. 7/5 ‘Well, senator,’ the witness replied, ‘you see there are a lot of people on welfare down there.’ 1935 30 Oct. 13/1 The Hearst editor alleged that..a person on welfare could not eat or be clothed unless that person voted the Republican ticket. 1955 J. Charnley vi. 251 Signe..said that she was criticized for being on the welfare. 1970 24 Sept. 1/1 People receiving welfare in Metro broke all previous records. 1997 in K. McFate 44 She can work 20 hours and get her welfare cut. 2010 S. Cameron viii. 97 Cathy was homeless,..and lived on welfare. †II. Senses relating to well-wishing. the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > courteous act or expression > [noun] > good wishes 1642 E. Dering 1 A well-fare to my Reader if he be either of birth or breeding: A farewell to the rest. 1684 T. Tryon ii. 85 And so conclude with a Well-fare to the first, and a Fare-well to the rest. Phrases 1969 R. Nixon in 12 Aug. 18/5 The initial investment is needed now to stop the momentum of work-to-welfare and to start a new momentum in the opposite direction.] 1981 11 Feb. a26/4 [The]..letter..renders a disservice to New York City's welfare-to-work efforts. 1994 (Electronic ed.) 29 Dec. Labour argues that instead of cutting benefits and training for the unemployed, the Government should..put forward a large-scale welfare-to-work programme to help the unemployed to get jobs. 1997 27 May 21 (heading) Will Labour's Welfare to Work really work? 2008 S. Welch et al. xvii. 549/1 The pressure to meet the welfare-to-work requirement is especially difficult for states where job growth has lagged. Compounds C1. a. 1907 4 Oct. Welfare provisions of the Plant Shoe Company. 1925 Aug. 397/2 Natural indignation has led me to visualize the whole welfare movement in its various ramifications. 1937 21 Oct. 1/5 The disputed remodification of welfare and relief laws, and a basic science bill..also become operative on that date. 1959 20 July 30/1 The so-called liberals among them..came up with costly new welfare projects. 1963 C. A. Chambers vii. 155 Charitable assistance..required supplantment by positive welfare measures. 1977 27 Aug. 1/4 The Commission also want to renovate the existing harbour watchroom to provide welfare facilities for dock workers. 1992 12 July 1/2 A stringent new welfare code..prohibited payments for more than three months to any but the aged, blind or disabled. 1999 30 July 9/1 Laden with food, medicines and medical equipment, the welfare vans are part of WJR's Chesed—‘Acts of Kindness’—programme. 2012 (Nexis) 14 Nov. 2 The chancellor..first made reference to the need for an extra £10bn of welfare cuts in the March budget. (b) 1905 28 Jan. 11/1 Another scheme..is well described..by its title, ‘the welfare policy’. The home of ‘the welfare policy’ is the city of Dayton, Ohio. 1963 M. S. Gordon vi. 117 A few economists, appalled at the piecemeal character of our approach to welfare policies, have espoused the so-called ‘negative tax’ proposal. 2005 P. Dorey ii. 42 New Labour's welfare policy is no longer primarily concerned with raising the level of social security benefits per se, in order to tackle poverty. 1912 9 64 These differences [of opinion] have to do with definite concrete issues that may be understood and discussed as part of a general welfare program. 1969 J. H. Goldthorpe et al. ii. 41 Each firm also offered an extensive welfare programme including inter alia subsidised canteen arrangements, a pension scheme, a sickpay scheme, [etc.]. 2013 (Nexis) 10 Nov. There has always been more to Scotland's story than welfare programmes and the maintenance of a large public sector. 1913 18 786 Programs which look toward better government as a prime means of securing social welfare reform.] 1921 1 Jan. 3/3 Among the more radical welfare reforms being proposed is a eugenics law. 1974 P. Woll 110 Programs for redistribution of wealth, reduction of defense expenditures, and welfare reform. 2008 7 Jan. 30/2 The Conservatives are rolling out a programme of benefit proposals that owes much to the ‘tough love’ approach of recent welfare reforms in the United States. 1833 9 1846 The most regular built, scraped out, polished off, and well finished general welfare systems ever devised by the ingenuity of man, both as a mode of taxation and the manner of disbursement.] 1910 20 Feb. 6 a/2 (headline) Advantages of welfare system. 1977 (Nexis) 7 Jan. a1 The nation's $35.9 billion welfare system has become a confusing patchwork in which benefits vary enormously from state to state. 2004 H. Kennedy (2005) xi. 231 The mistake we were making was in turning our welfare system into the American equivalent, a meagre safety net. b. attributive, with the sense ‘dealing with or responsible for people's welfare, esp. that of the most needy or vulnerable members of society’. 1911 29 Aug. 8/3 A statement concerning a study of welfare agencies in this city was published. 1967 8 July 87/2 Most physicians tend to regard the social worker's sphere of activities as one associated with health and welfare agencies. 2013 T. Walter v. 82 Additional financial support during the training is provided by the welfare agency and covers course costs, travel grants, as well as child care. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > centre or department 1911 25 Apr. A social welfare center for work among the poor.] 1914 30 June 5/1 A number of societies, some calling themselves ‘schools for mothers’,..and others ‘welfare centres’, were opened. 1999 30 July 9/1 The vehicles are loaded with provisions at the charity's welfare centres. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > centre or department 1912 4 May 2/5 The baby welfare clinics are held for the purpose of giving mothers advice.] 1914 10 Oct. (Editorial section) 1/4 Since the establishment of a municipal welfare clinic in Bradford, Eng., two years ago, there have been 31,979 free consultations on infants. 2004 T. H. Anderson ii. 62 These grants were significant, providing $7.5 annually to state and local governments to fund some public schools, welfare clinics, [etc.]. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > welfare committee 1795 16 Oct. The resolution for joining the Military and Welfare Committees has been rescinded. 1890 Oct. 410 The Welfare Committee..had charge of quite difficult and complicated matters. 1952 X. 282/1 The welfare committees also provide welfare services for the blind, deaf, dumb and crippled. 2000 K. O'Reilly iii. 62 She is a member of the Anglican Church council and of the Royal British Legion and is on the welfare committees of both. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > centre or department society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > government department or agency > [noun] > with specific responsibility 1904 25 Feb. 14/3 (heading) Welfare Department of the Civic Federation discusses methods. 1977 M. Edelman v. 79 A welfare department or education department bears a name that is even less adequate in defining the priorities to which it must respond. 2010 M. Parman iii. 21 Although I could not qualify for food stamps or any kind of help from the welfare department, my church agreed to help me out. 1901 Jan. 89 The Kansas City Municipal Welfare League is a nonpartisan organization to which is due earnest support by everyone interested in good government. 1926 R. H. Smith & J. S. Bradway xvii. 98 Another agency says: ‘The legal aid work, so far as the welfare league is concerned, is taken care of satisfactorily.’ 2009 H. M. Sharp xvi. 97 If we think about..welfare leagues, political action groups, and boards and committees devoted to many causes, we understand that individuals work in groups to..benefit communities. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > centre or department 1911 340 Here began our system of records in the welfare office on..typhoid and tuberculosis. 1976 12 June 4/3 I'd rather see people employed than at the welfare office. 2012 R. Hester 210 You go down to the welfare office to try to get help for your child and you get angry because you didn't get what you thought you should get. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > centre or department > worker in 1913 10 Dec. 5/3 A talk made by Rev. J. M. Dunleavy, city welfare officer of Kansas City. 1963 T. Parker ii. 58 I have been to see the C.A.C.A. welfare officer responsible for Smith's after-care. 2012 F. Burton xx. 427 Parents are..usually warned of the necessity to make a good impression on the welfare officer. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > types of 1911 15 Dec. 827/2 Correspondence-study, debating and informal discussion, lecture, information and welfare service may be included. 1917 24 Apr. 4/7 The executive, clerical and parts of the supply and welfare services alone are those which the Red Cross asks. 2000 30 Jan. 45/1 Within the next decade, it's not hard to imagine a largely privatized public sphere, in which education and welfare services are contracted out to religious organizations on a wide scale. the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > supplied as benefit by state society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > state allowance 1922 5 Jan. 7/8 In new..turnstiles of the subway have been found slugs, a 20-centime piece, a Sing Sing welfare check, a Turkish coin, [etc.]. 1931 25 Nov. 4/4 The regular county welfare food will be distributed to 30,000 other families and will include some extras and delicacies. 1958 11 Jan. 29/1 The most vital and cherished social services—family allowances, school meals, welfare food and welfare milk. 1976 17 June 1– d/2 When he got his Social Security and welfare checks. 2003 M. Abley i. 3 The welfare subsidies that Australia's government..has chosen to give Aboriginal people. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > state allowance > one claiming state allowance society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > benefit provided by state > recipients 1932 26 Apr. 42/2 Emergency rations of bread and milk were being issued to nearly 11,000 welfare families in Detroit today. 1962 11 Oct. b1/8 The District's training center for welfare mothers. 1977 27 June 88/3 The Spencers were far from being a welfare family; the house cost forty thousand dollars, which they could afford. 1995 8 Feb. a2/4 Making the prospects even bleaker, Mr. Burtless added, is that ‘the education level of the welfare moms is limited’. 2006 H. O'Neill 109 He said that program was only for welfare kids and..juvenile delinquents. C2. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > state allowance society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > benefit provided by state 1913 1 Feb. 598/2 Granite City has had neither spectacular ‘welfare’ benefits, nor arbitrary regulation of every day life in accordance with the whim of an autocrat. 1975 9 May 2 Old age security, the basic flat-rate pension for 1.9 million persons over 65, is one of four federal welfare benefits indexed to provide higher payments as the consumer price index rises. 2001 G. Day 190 The cuts in welfare benefit saved £12 billion, £8 billion of which funded tax cuts for the rich. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > country providing services > principles or policies of > type of society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > specific political theories or doctrines > [noun] > capitalism > type of 1924 14 392 The latest in industrial villages created by ‘welfare capitalism’, personified by the American Woolen Company. 1949 27 Dec. 8/6 Mr Twain's advice..should be even more encouraging to those of us who believe social democracy and welfare capitalism will win at the polls in 1950. 1994 J. Pfeffer v. 130 Firms also tried cooptation through a program of welfare capitalism by providing generous pensions, recreational services, health care, housing, and other services. 2002 15 Aug. 16/1 If fascism and communism were the European reactions to the last great wave of laissez-faire globalization..then ‘welfare capitalism’ is Europe's insurance against a rerun. 1941 13 Jan. 3/2 ‘Welfare dependency is slowing up,’ he said. ‘Nevertheless, this burden on society, indicative of a degeneration, must be attacked at its source.’ 1965 72 625/1 High illegitimacy rates, one-parent families, welfare dependency, and everything else that is supposed to follow. 2011 10 Dec. (Mag.) 13/1 He thinks that Labour ‘killed with kindness’ in what he sees as its encouragement of welfare dependency. society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > branches or models of 1920 10 467 (heading) Price economics versus welfare economics. 1952 R. Mosier 266 The declared object of evolutionary economics was the public welfare, and its principles were soon combined in what came to be known as welfare economics. 2011 M. D. White iv. 125 Welfare economics assesses the effects on aggregate well-being of institutions, policies, or laws, with the ultimate aim of increasing or maximizing welfare by either manipulating existing arrangements or instituting new ones. 1931 19 June 1/1 Mayor Frank Murphy tonight invited the Ford Motor Company to present its charges of welfare frauds before the grand jury now in session. 1970 118 1242 What is referred to as ‘welfare fraud’ involves greatly disparate degrees of moral turpitude. 2008 K. M. Hill xii. 169 Travis would swear they were welfare frauds and greedy geezers, while Moses asserted that they were ‘old rich white men’. 2011 K. Gustafson i. 8 The gendered aspects of fraud prosecutions should make welfare fraud particularly interesting to feminist criminologists. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > benefit provided by state > fund 1891 Shoshone & Arapaho Indians Eind River Reservation 10 in (53rd Congress, 1st Sess.) (1892) XXXIII. In the disposition of the general welfare fund, the Commission..states that it gives the Indians a voice as to what use they desire to make of the funds. 1947 205 Mr Lewis [sc. a trade-union leader]..refused even to discuss his demands until he had been granted a ‘welfare fund’ financed by a royalty on coal. 2012 K. Bales vii. 241 Producers had to agree..to turn over 1 percent of the carpet wholesale price to a welfare fund for child workers. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > public lodging-places > [noun] > hotel 1915 20 Mar. 1/7 Dr. M. W. Harrison..found the man in the Welfare Hotel near the lead works. 1977 15 Sept. 3/1 One welfare hotel in New York, the scene of repeated mayhem, is next to the local police station. 2012 (Nexis) 21 Aug. 3 a As shelters fill to capacity, welfare hotels and other homeless living units have opened. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service or work > social worker > types of 1904 4 June (Mag.) 1/6 The provisions for the rational comfort of employes which the social secretary or welfare manager has instituted and personally supervises. 1959 E. H. Phelps Brown ii. 77 By 1906 the duties of the welfare manager were generally considered to be: engaging new workers, suggesting improvements in factory conditions, organizing clubs, and editing the magazine. 2006 A. E. Kersten vi. 183 Harvester's new welfare manager..made an intensive investigation of industrial disease and accidents and devised a benefits-plan proposal. 1974 12 Oct. 3/1 Linda Taylor, the 47-year-old ‘welfare queen’, was being held in jail. 1991 16 Dec. 770/2 Ronald Reagan's fables of welfare queens in Cadillacs. 2011 K. Gustafson ii. 36 The figure of the welfare queen offered contradictory stereotypes about the rationality of poor women. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > state allowance > one claiming state allowance > list of those entitled to claim society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service provided by (local) government > benefit provided by state > recipients > list of 1931 11 Feb. 3/6 I believe in putting them to work rather than on the public welfare rolls.] 1931 15 June 2/1 Of 3,960 persons listed on the welfare rolls as former Ford employees, one-third never worked there. 1970 24 Sept. 1/1 The number of family units on the welfare rolls has more than doubled in the past year. 2008 R. Degen (2010) iv. 157 Large numbers of single mothers have left the welfare rolls and joined the work force. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service or work 1903 July 79/1 The term ‘industrial betterment’, or ‘welfare work’, is used in a wider sense to include all of those services which an employer may render to his work people over and above the payment of wages. 1959 B. Wootton ix. 287 The splintering of generalized welfare work into numerous highly specialized professions. 2009 J. Sudbery iii. 94 History shows that welfare work and welfare policy sometimes fail people in severe ways. society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service or work > social worker > types of 1886Welfare-workers [see sense 4a]. 1904 Nov. 63 The welfare worker of a large retail establishment. 1958 11 Oct. 479/3 The rehabilitative part of the work calls for welfare workers with a special kind of training not hitherto given to probation officers in this country. 1998 Summer 12/2 When parenting becomes subject to the judgment of welfare workers, psychologists and utopian futurists, obviously the traditional family is in danger. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022). welfarev. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: welfare n. 1909 13 Mar. 9/3 We were welfared at work, welfared at home, and were assembled two nights a week in the loft, where more welfare was lammed into us an hour at a stretch. 1919 H. D. C. Pepler ii. 14 She..turned to welfaring the towns. 1967 16 July 1/4 A citizen on welfare in one State can move to any other State which he'd rather live in and that State has got to start welfaring him. 2002 May 109/1 We were welfared,..but it was all church welfare. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.1357 v.1909 |
