servileadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈsəːvʌɪl/,

/ˈsəːvɪl/, U.S.

/ˈsərv(ə)l/,

/ˈsərˌvaɪl/

Forms: Middle English serual, Middle English seruil, Middle English seruyl, Middle English servylle, Middle English–1500s seruyle, Middle English–1600s seruile, Middle English– servile, 1500s–1600s servil, 1600s servial, 1600s servill; Scottish pre-1700 serual, pre-1700 seruall, pre-1700 serueill, pre-1700 seruell, pre-1700 seruiall, pre-1700 serveill, pre-1700 servill, pre-1700 serville, pre-1700 serwile, pre-1700 1700s– servile.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French servile; Latin servīlis.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman servil and Middle French servile (French servile ) of or relating to a slave or slaves (mid 13th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman, 1303 in continental French), excessively submissive (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin servīlis of, belonging to, or involving a slave or slaves, (of character or actions) slavish, ignoble < servus slave (see serf n.) + -īlis -il suffix.Compare Old Occitan servil , Catalan servil (14th cent.), Spanish servil (late 13th cent.), Portuguese servil (15th cent.), Italian servile (first half of the 14th cent.). Specific forms. With forms in -al , -all compare -al suffix¹; with forms in -ial , -iall compare -ial suffix. Specific senses. In the specific use with reference to Semitic languages in senses A. 7a and B. 1a after post-biblical Hebrew měšārēṯ, in the same sense; compare post-classical Latin servilis (in Hebrew grammar) designating a letter (1608 or earlier). In sense A. 8 after Spanish servil (1813 or earlier in this sense).

A. adj.

a. Of an action, activity, occupation, etc.: (considered to be) befitting or suitable for a slave; (considered to be) unworthy of a free person; menial.

(a) spec. Christian Church and Judaism. Applied to work which is forbidden on the Sabbath and (according to some observances) on certain other days; typically understood as laborious or mechanical work, but sometimes including any kind of work that is carried out purely for personal gain.Chiefly in servile work [After post-classical Latin opus servile (Vulgate), itself after Hebrew mĕleḵeṯ ʿăḇōdāh (Leviticus 23:21, etc.).]

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > work forbidden on holy days

servile worka1382

society > faith > worship > liturgical year > Sabbath > [noun] > secular work done on

servile worka1382

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xxiii. 21 Ȝe shal clepe þis day..most holy, al seruyle work [L. opus servile] ȝe sholyn not do in hit.

1449 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1449 §24. m. 7 Þat þer be no merketts in þy places..ne oþer servile werkes don uppon Sondays.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. 49 Commaundenge þe that marchandyse be not usede thro alle thy realme in Sonnedayes, auther servile labours [L. opera servilia], those thynges excepte which perteyne to tho lyfe of man.

a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) 277 (MED) Seruyl wark is clepyd euery bodely wark don principaly for temporel lucre & wordly wynnyng, as beyyng, sellyng, eryyng, sowyng, [etc.].

1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. xvi. 1356 If a bondseruant be put to any seruile worke on the Lordes day, his Master shall make him free, and his Maister shall paye thirtie shillings.

1633 W. Crompton Explic. Princ. Christian Relig. 126 A necessitie of ceasing from all seruile labour for our pleasure or profit on the Lords Day.

1700 B. Keach Jewish Sabbath Abrogated vii. 164 One in Oxfordshire said, That to do any servile Work on the Lord's Day, is as great a Sin as to kill a Man.

1708 Disc. Lawfulness & Right Manner keeping Christmas 21 Not content with thus vilifying this Holy Festival, by indulging themselves in all kinds of servile Labours on the day they disgrac'd it, by playing at Foot-ball, and following other disorderly Recreations.

1883 ‘Senex’ Two Aspects Sabbath i. 16 Servile work, work that is unnecessary, work that can be done on another day as well, and work that has for its object personal gain of this world's goods should certainly be laid aside on this day.

1960 Furrow 11 362 It has been noted more than once that one of the principal purposes of the Sunday rest and the prohibition of servile work is to ensure that workers generally have the necessary leisure to assist at Mass.

1986 D. E. Carpenter Alfonso X & Jews x. 76 At the Council of Narbonne (589), it was decreed that Jews not engage in servile activities on Sunday.

2017 Corkman (Nexis) 19 Aug. In view of the poor weather which we have experienced over the past few months a general dispensation is granted from the obligation to abstain from all unnecessary servile work on Sundays and Holy Days of obligation, from Ascension Thursday till October 31.

(b) In general use.Formerly often opposed to liberal (see liberal adj. 2); in this sense now largely superseded by mechanical.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [adjective] > low or menial

villainc1485

servile?1518

clock-punching1920

grunt1977

?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. Aviii Thus began honour, and thus began bondage,..And seruyle labour, first in this wyse began.

1576 W. Blandie tr. J. Osório Fiue Bks. i. f. 9 Other [men] she [sc. Dame Nature] hath made more simple of vnderstandinge, more coulde of courage, and therefore iustly hath appointed them to toyle in seruile Artes, of which sort are they whom we terme men of occupation.

c1590 C. Marlowe Faustus (1631) i This study fits a mercenary drudge, Who aymes at nothing but externall trash, Too seruile and illiberall for me.

1629 W. Crosse tr. Sallust Catilines Conspiracie i, in tr. Sallust Wks. 20 To weare out my yeeres, being bent vpon tillage, hunting, and seruile imployments.

1743 Mem. Unfortunate Young Nobleman 169 One thrust out from his Infancy and exposed to all the servile Offices, Labours and Hardships of the most basely born.

1838 T. Arnold Hist. Rome I. 81 [Tarquinius] employed the great bulk of them [sc. the people] in servile works, in the building of the circus [etc.].

1868 J. Ruskin Time & Tide (ed. 2) xviii. 109 A great number of quite necessary employments are, in the accuratest sense, ‘servile’, that is, they sink a man to the condition of a serf, or unthinking worker.

1917 Sunday School Jrnl. May 287/2 We dislike servile tasks. We let immigrants dig our ditches and work in our kitchens and the like.

2005 S. Gibson Cave John the Baptist vi. 163 Unlatching the thongs of a sandal or unloosing the shoe of a person was regarded as a servile function in Roman times.

b. Of, belonging to or proper to a slave or slaves; characteristic of or associated with slavery or servitude.Earliest applied (in servile dread; later also servile fear) to fear of or respect for authority (esp. God) which is motivated by knowledge of the possibility of punishment for wrongdoing rather than by love or reverence (see fear n. 3d).When applied to clothing (in servile habit, etc.) sometimes in extended use, referring to clothing regarded as characteristic of a labourer or poor person.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > of or relating to slaves

bond1398

servilea1425

slavish1565

hierodulic1885

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [noun] > for specific people > other

knight-weed1340

servile habita1425

bolster1552

yeomanry1597

court-dress1797

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 316 (MED) Love-drede is in men wiþouten siche servile drede, and þis holy drede dwelliþ ever more in blisse wiþ seintis.

c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 2682 Thay knewe noght the king in his servylle habite.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 75 (MED) Sum supprise wiþ seruil chargis our religoun þat our Lord..wold to be fre, in so wast halowing of sacramentis.

a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 334 Ȝe seruans be ȝe sogetis & meke in al dred to ȝour lordis, þat is to seye, nout only in seruyle dred but also in loue dred for Godis sake.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. AA^v He y^t feareth god onely for this cause, his feare is called seruyle feare.

1591 H. Savile tr. Tacitus Ende of Nero: Fower Bks. Hist. iv. 176 Asiaticus, for his lewde credit vnder his master, made satisfaction now as a freed-man with a seruile death.

a1612 W. Fowler tr. Petrarch Triumphs in Wks. (1914) I. 48 Sche that with hair both cutt and short dois follow so hir lord Was quene of Pontus..With servile clothis and suche attyre Mithridates to serwe.

a1634 G. Chapman Bussy D'Ambois (1641) iii. i. 28 Like a Monster Kept onely to shew men for Servile [1607 Goddesse] money.

1704 Ormondus Redux 16 Their Vanquish'd Foes in Servile Chains attend.

1804 Bury & Norwich Post 5 Dec. 816/2 The servile habit of disguise which Achmet wears is ill calculated to give any advantage to figure.

1835 Amer. Monthly Mag. Mar. 126 Even as thou throwest by those servile trappings, even as thou doest on thy proper garb, so..shalt thou dash aside the proud invaders, so don the crown..of glory!

1918 A. S. Bhandarkar Harp of Heart 31 Oh moon..Why lookest thou thus sad and pale? Thou art not bound in servile ties.

2006 Jrnl. Law & Relig. 22 88 In Aquinas' discussion of servile fear, he recognizes that men will ‘shrink from detriment to their own body’.

2017 M. Toher in Nicolaus of Damascus Life of Augustus 353 Plutarch..reports that Antonius as tribune used servile disguise to escape Rome just before the outbreak of the civil war.

c. Of a war, insurrection, etc.: involving slaves; resulting from unrest or rebellion among slaves, or (more generally) among people in a state of servitude.Esp. in servile war (sometimes spec. with reference to each of the three slave revolts that took place under the late Roman Republic during the first and second centuries a.d.).

ΚΠ

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1938 Alsua þat tyme in Ciȝile Þan rasse a suddande were serwile.

1576 R. Robinson tr. F. Patrizi Moral Methode Ciuile Policie f. 33 Amongst the notorious warres of the Romaynes, is not also the seruile warres [L. Seruile bellum] recoumpted and reckoned, which tooke the name of Bondmen vanquished?

1606 R. Knolles tr. J. Bodin Six Bks. Common-weale i. v. 38 The state of Families and Commonweals is alwaies in daunger of trouble and ruine, by the conspiracie of slaues combining themselues together: all Histories being full of seruile rebellions and warres.

1698 T. Hearne Ductor Historicus I. iii. xviii. 395 In Sicily a Servile War broke out, but the Slaves who began the War were in a short time broken and dispersed.

1803 J. Mackintosh in Trial J. Peltier 136 The last calamity that can befall society—a servile revolt.

1820 J. Q. Adams Mem. 29 Nov. (1875) V. 210 A dissolution of the Union for the cause of slavery would be followed by a servile war in the slave-holding States, combined with a war between the two severed portions of the Union.

1912 Crisis Apr. 259/2 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler offers to suppress servile insurrection in Maryland, 1861.

1958 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 62 86/2 The only later references to Morgantina in ancient sources deal with its role in the Servile Wars, from 139 to 131 and from 104 to 101 b.c.

2013 K. D. Killian Interracial Couples, Intimacy, Therapy i. 32 As the population of slaves increased, the white majority sought to prevent the realization of their worst fear: a servile insurrection.

a. Of a person: that is a slave or serf; living in or born into servitude. Of a class, etc.: composed of slaves or serfs. Also applied to a person's status, birth, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > enslaved or in bondage

theowc888

thrall1297

bond1330

unfreec1380

servile1447

boundenc1480

thralled1527

bound1532

thirl1582

enthralled?1587

slaved1639

beslaved1656

enslaved1667

bondaged1790

unemancipated1811

society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > of or relating to slaves > composed of slaves

servile1447

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 8886 (MED) Quyncyan..fro seruyl condycyoun fortune up hent.

c1450 tr. G. Boccaccio De Claris Mulieribus (1924) l. 615 (MED) Ther was..in Athens a grete vnyuersyte Of liberall science for all men that were fre; For seruyle personys that tyme didd not stody But in handecraftys to excercyse the body.

1542 T. Becon Potacion for Lent sig. I^v The bearynge of Olyues shewethe that we are..delyuered oute of seruile captiuite.

1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Seruilis Capita seruilia, Liuius. Seruile persons.

1676 A. Sammes Britannia Antiqua Illustrata 275 An Aged Commander..who, partly by living long, and partly by worthy Actions in the Wars,..had worn out the memory of his mean and servile Birth.

1743 C. Perry View of Levant 295 Al Jammabius relates, that Kotuz was not of servile Origin, but says, he was Son of Maudud Shahi, the King of Chowarezmia.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiii. 356 A distinct line of separation was hitherto preserved between the free and the servile part of mankind.

1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. iii. xi. 383 The total extinction of the servile condition of the Súdras is..an improvement.

1874 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (1896) III. xxi. 624 Possibly these [sc. bondmen on some manors] were the survivors of the peasant population which had been servile before the Conquest.

1906 J. Mackinnon Hist. Mod. Liberty I. 285 During the three centuries following the Conquest, the condition of the servile class undoubtedly improved.

1965 Ebony Jan. 90/2 His Christian and servile background was, however, no handicap.

2011 Afr. News (Nexis) 15 Oct. The Baganda..gained a considerable part of their servile population by conducting raids on their neighbours during the nineteenth century.

b. Without implication of actual servitude: belonging to the lower classes of a society; of low social status; engaged in or intended for menial work, unskilled labour, or the like. Now rare.In later use coloured by other senses.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > [adjective]

leasteOE

wokec897

littleOE

lowc1175

eathlyc1200

smallc1275

simplec1300

meana1375

humblec1386

ignoble1447

servile1447

base1490

slighta1500

sober1533

silly1568

unresponsal1579

dunghilled1600

villainous1607

without name1611

woollena1616

dunghilly1616

unresponsible1629

under-stateda1661

low-down1865

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 8447 If þou þan..be a ientyl wumman, A serual persone why shewyst the In maners & condycyouns for to be?

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. ii. 55 I will..by thy waggon wheele, Trotte like a seruile footeman all day long.

1612 Acts & Stat. Lawting, Sheriff & Justice Courts (Maitland Club) 160 That it shall not be lesum to servile persones not worth..lxxij li Scottis to tak vp housis.

1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) i. ii. iv. i. 136 The mother will be more carefull,..then any seruile woman, or such hired creatures.

1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera iii. iv. 43 Of all Mechanics, of all servile Handycraftsmen, a Gamester is the vilest.

1858 New Eng. Farmer Dec. 556/2 Must we not wait until our present population of small farmers..shall give place, on the one hand to a class of capitalists, and, on the other, to a class of servile laborers?

1930 Rotarian Feb. 17/3 We shall wake to find ourselves elbowed and hustled and perhaps even thrust aside by peoples whom we looked down upon as servile, and thought of as bound always to minister to our needs.

2000 A. Haebich Broken Circles iii. 193 The Territory system was intended to churn out a ‘coolie class’ of servile menial workers—domestic servants, station hands, agricultural labourers—suited to working in tropical conditions.

3. Frequently depreciative. (Now the usual sense.)

a. Of an action, personal attribute, etc.: slavish, abject, ignoble; fawning, cringing, obsequious; esp. indicative of or motivated by an excessive desire to serve, please, or defer to someone.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [adjective] > specifically of actions or qualities

servile?1529

slavish1565

supple1566

villainous1607

over-awful1641

prone1645

uningenuous1660

flexible1826

serfish1879

cringy1880

prostrative1890

?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman i. xiv. sig. Q^v Loue of the beautie..causeth them to be..full of vile and seruile flaterynge.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 75 [Cæsar] Who else would soare aboue the view of men, And keepe vs all in seruile fearefulnesse.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 131 Besides, not Egypt, India, Media more With servile Awe, their Idol King adore.

1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vii. 273 For as he [sc. Falkland] had a full appetite of fame by just and generous Actions, so he had an equal contempt of it by any servile expedients.

1735 A. Pope Wks. 63 Then scorn to gain a Friend by servile ways.

1818 Edinb. Rev. 30 425 He had risen to this post by the most servile attention to Madame de Pompadour.

a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1873) III. i. 2 It encourages that blind and servile respect which men are apt to feel for those who are above them.

1917 Crisis May 7/1 To be democratic means merely servile conformity to the will of the majority.

1966 W. Styron Confessions of Nat Turner (1968) i. 57 The very sight of white skin cowed him, humbled him, diminished him to the most fawning and servile abasement.

2006 Vanity Fair Sept. 226/1 [He] out-obsequioused Sammon with an even more servile tribute to Bush.

b. Of a person: given to or characterized by such behaviour; that behaves like a slave; lacking independence in thought or action; slavishly deferential or obedient (to a person or thing). Hence also applied to groups, organizations, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [adjective]

go-by-ground?a1300

thrall1398

abjectc1430

manly?c1430

servicious1440

serviceable1483

servile1537

tame1563

slavish1565

demiss1572

submissive1572

cringing1579

fawning1585

incrouching?1593

vassal1594

scraping1599

obsequious1602

spaniel1606

observing1609

deprostrate1610

supplea1616

vernile1623

shrugging1629

wormy1640

compliable1641

thrall-like1641

obeisant1642

inservient1646

truckling1656

cringeling1693

benecking1705

subservient1714

footman-like1776

bingeing1805

sidling1821

toadying1863

crawlsome1904

toadyish1909

crawling1941

ass-kissing1942

1537 tr. Erasmus Expos. xv. Psalme sig. G.ii They..which do smyle vpon seruyle flatterers, or iestynge byters.

1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 31 The Spartanes are..free in mind, valiant in heart, seruile to none.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear ix. 21 Here I stand your slaue,..but yet I call you seruile Ministers, that [etc.] .

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 166 King Henry the fourth, who though curteous, was not servial to the Pope.

1743 A. Pope Dunciad (rev. ed.) ii. 356 A low-born, cell-bred, selfish, servile band..who fight for any God, or Man.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 96. ⁋4 Those who are neither servile nor timorous are yet desirous to bestow pleasure.

1840 C. Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 49 I was servile to the opinions of the very persons I despised.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. ix. 418 A tribunal..where established principles of law could not be utterly disregarded even by the most servile judges.

1934 R. Graves I, Claudius xii Caligula had in general only two ways of behaving: he was either insolent or servile... To Sejanus and Tiberius and Livilla he was servile.

1954 Life 10 May 34/1 German labor unions, still servile to employers, are settling for monopolistic guild rights.

2015 N.Y. Times 13 Mar. c5/3 She sashays across the marble halls of Buckingham Palace, making catty remarks to servile courtiers.

c. In a state of slavish subjection to a desire, influence, etc. Cf. servant n. 5b. Now rare.Sometimes (e.g. in quot. 1772) in echoes of quot. a1616 at sense A. 6.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > love > liking or favourable regard > [adjective] > enthusiastic (about or for)

servile1581

enamorate1599

mad1744

bugs1908

high1933

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. f. 213 For will beyng left destitute of heauenly assistance, is so subiect & seruile to her naturall lust.

a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger False One iv. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rr3^v/2 He is..a meere wandring Merchant, Servile to gaine.

1772 T. Maude Wensley-dale (ed. 2) p. xi He will be made, as Shakespeare says on another occasion, ‘Servile to all the skiey influences’.

1921 A. O. Spare Focus of Life 27 All men are servile to the great unconsciousness of their purpose in desire.

1949 Bull. Art Inst. Chicago 43 66/1 Of the five [artists] only one..was at times servile to such influences.

†a. Of a people, state, its condition, etc.: politically enslaved or subjugated; subject to despotic or oppressive rule or to foreign dominion. Often with to. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > [adjective] > subject to oppressive rule

upsete1390

oppresseda1500

servile1547

subaltern1578

grinded1613

ridden1625

tyrannized1642

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. g.j^v Wee could finde in our hartes to become seruile..to a forrein nacion.

1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 292/1 They..declared to them..the pride and insolencie of the Normans, and the hardnesse and griefe of bondage and seruile estate.

1609 S. Daniel Civile Wares (rev. ed.) iv. xxxviii. 97 What? haue we hands, and shall we seruile bee? Why were swordes made? but, to preserue men free.

1661 Thracian Wonder iv. i. sig. F^v His Subjects..shall servile be to Turks and Infidels.

1727 J. Thomson Summer 58 Liberty..must bend the servile Knee, And, fawning, take the Blessings once her own.

1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) ii. ii. 63 When wicked men wax mighty, and a state Turns servile.

1875 T. Hancock Christ & People iii. 54 A universal pope-king, an imperial Messiah, who would obliterate the nations, or at least make them servile to Jerusalem.

b. Of government, rule, or the exercise of power: despotic, oppressive. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [adjective] > tyrannical, despotic, or autocratic

tyrant1297

tyrannous1491

Pharaonical1528

tyrannical1560

tyrannizing1589

servile1603

despotical1608

monarchicala1618

Nimrodian1631

autocratoric1641

Dominical1644

despotic1650

Pendragonish1650

autocratical1651

autocratorical1651

Pharaonian1673

autocratic1769

Pharaonic1792

Corsican1804

Napoleonic1810

satrapian1822

satrapical1823

sultanic1827

absolutist1829

absolutistic1841

arbitrary1862

Napoleonistic1870

Nimrodic1877

pre-Hitlerian1942

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 57 Vnder whose seruile gouernment it was holden of long time.

1644 H. Parker Jus Populi 28 Servile power is tolerated because it tends to the good of him that is subject to it.

1789 tr. J. Delille Garden ii. 36 O may variety..break each rude tool, That cramps free Nature with a servile rule!

1848 Daily News 7 Dec. 2/2 What has been..the result of the Metternich idea to prolong in the nineteenth century the brute and servile rule of the middle ages?

1920 Central Somerset Gaz. 15 Oct. 2/2 The participants of this movement lived in an age of transition, when men were struggling to escape from Feudalism and servile government that characterised medieval times.

1962 E. A. Parsons Wonder & Glory i. 6 New Orleans was ruined... Her people were deprived of their inalienable rights and privileges and subjected to a servile rule.

5. Of imitation, esp. in literary or artistic work, translation, etc.: excessively close to the model or original; lacking in originality or independence of thought; = slavish adj.¹ 4. Hence applied to the creator of such an imitation. [Compare classical Latin O imitatores, servum pecus ‘O imitators, you servile flock’ (Horace Epistles 1. 19. 19).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > copying slavishly

servile1570

slavish1753

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > copying slavishly > of a person

servile1570

1570 T. Browne tr. J. Sturm Ritch Storehouse f. 39^v Imitation ought to be free, and not seruile [L. seruilis] or slauish.

1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie sig. K.iiii An immitation should not be too seruile or superstitious, as though one durst not varry one iotte from the example.

1608 Bp. J. Hall Characters Vertues & Vices ii. 111 He is seruile in imitation, waxey to persuasions,..and in a word, any thing rather than himselfe.

1680 J. Dryden in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Epist. Pref. sig. a^v A servile, literal Translation.

1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 666 While servile trick and imitative knack Confine the million in the beaten track.

1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. I. iv. ii. 271 The commentators or disciples of the great philosophers did not assume at once their servile character.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. i. i. 11 If..a minute and servile record had preserved for us every hasty expression.

1906 Burlington Mag. Jan. 266/2 The commode imitating the style of the Régence..without being a servile copy it approaches as nearly as possible the style of that period.

2014 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 July (Review section) 24 The engravers were not merely servile imitators.

†6. Of an immaterial thing: subject to influence from or control by something else (frequently with to); not free. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > controlled by something else or not free

servile1581

willed1886

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. f. 167^v Agayne whether offence be committed through free or seruile choyse of will.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 9 Reason thus with life:..a breath thou art, Seruile to all the skyie-influences.

1805 J. Foster Ess. (1806) I. ii. ii. 141 His judgment is not servile to the mood of his feelings.

1857 H. Melville Confidence-man xiii. 97 Not that those persuasions were legitimately servile to such influences.

7. Linguistics.

a. Of a letter: not belonging to the root of the word in which it occurs; serving to express a derivative or inflectional element. Also: designating those letters of an alphabet which represent sounds that may be used in derivation or inflection. Typically contrasted with radical (cf. radical letter n. (b) at radical adj. and n. Compounds 2).Chiefly with reference to Semitic languages.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > [adjective] > of letter, not belonging to root of word

servile1595

1595 W. Perkins Expos. Creed Apostles 421 The Hebrewe phrase in which the servile letter Beth is used, must not be translated with a preposition that ruleth an accuseth or ablatiue case, but with a datiue case.

1653 W. Robertson Gate to Holy Tongue 7 These servile letters are eleven in number.

1776 J. Richardson Gram. Arabick Lang. 17 (note) The Alif of union is always servile.

1843 Proc. Philol. Soc. (1844) 1 138 The Berber [language]..has a distinction of letters..into servile and non-servile, nearly identical with that of Hebrew and Arabic.

1938 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 58 167 Its [sc. yōd's] uses as servile letter are divided into three classes.

2011 Jewish Q. Rev. 101 468 Many grammatical rules dealing with morphemes consisting of more than one servile letter..are repeated in different sections for the sake of formality.

†b. Of a word or affix: expressing a purely grammatical relation; auxiliary; functioning as a particle. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [adjective] > relating to function words

syncategorematical1646

servile1668

auxiliary1677

syncategorematic1826

kenematic1939

kenemic1969

kenetic1969

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iv. iv. 419 The more servile Particles are of three kinds; Articles, Modes, Tenses.

1848 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 17 75 He who can reach the roots, and separate them from the servile or accessary particles..will have no hesitation in affirming the common relationship of all these tongues to the language of Tibet.

1885 J. Avery in Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 16 App. 17 Case relations are denoted by added syllables, some of which retain their form and sense as independent words, and others have been degraded into servile particles.

1910 B. Roudanovsky Maltese Pocket Gram. 79 The consonant s is used as servile prefix in connection with t.

†c. Of a letter: not itself sounded in the pronunciation of a word, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. Cf. silent adj. 3c. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > qualities of speech sounds

weaka1637

apert1668

narrow-mouthed1668

servile1700

rotund1742

tonous1773

homorganic1864

trainante1865

oral1869

neutral1874

compact1930

lento1939

1700 A. Lane Key to Art of Lett. 9 Since the greatest difficulty in Reading, Writing, and Spelling English is occasion'd by the Vowel e in the end of many Words, we shall shew the true use of it in the following Questions; and for distinction sake, call it e Servile.

1775 J. Walker Rhyming Dict. p. vii Thus the useful servile e is hardly ever suffered to have a place in composition.

1873 Phonetic Jrnl. 1 Mar. 66/2 Closed syllables may be converted into open syllables..by the addition of a silent or servile e after the closing consonant.

†d. More generally: designating a letter which functions in conjunction with an adjoining letter to represent a single modified sound. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1825 J. Scurry Introd. Irish Lang. vii, in tr. G. B. Manni Four Maxims Christian Philos. (ed. 2) There are..servile or adventitious consonants, of frequent use in this Language, which eclipse the radical or primary consonant of the word. The servile letter takes the lead in sound, and the radical letter becomes entirely quiescent.

1864 M. Monier-Williams Sanskrit Gram. (ed. 3) 66 The vowel u..is of course merely memorial or servile, to enable the s, which is the real termination, to be pronounced.

1879 W. D. Whitney Sanskrit Gram. 23 Certain nasals in Sanskrit are of servile character, always to be assimilated to a following consonant.

8. Spanish History. Frequently with capital initial. Used as a derogatory term to refer to supporters of the Bourbon monarchy during the Spanish War of Independence and subsequent internal conflicts of the early 19th century. Cf. sense B. 3. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1818 tr. J. M. de Pueyrredón in Times 3 Apr. Spaniards, liberal or servile, terminate as you please your contentions in the Peninsula.

1821 Morning Chron. 22 Dec. Among the inmates of the Palace and the Servile party generally, auxiliaries were not wanting in Madrid, to aid the scheme.

1857 N.Y. Herald 31 Aug. 1/2 The people treat these Spaniards as the representatives of the old servile party, against which the revolution was far more directed than against the crown of Spain.

1966 R. Carr Spain iii. 118 The Manifesto of the Persians, signed by 96 ‘servile’ deputies, reached the king at Valencia [in 1814].

B. n.

1. Linguistics.

a. Chiefly with reference to Semitic languages: a servile letter (see sense A. 7a). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] > letter > unchanged letter, usually Welsh initial consonant > letter in root of word, usuually Hebrew roots > not belonging to root of word

servile1629

1629 A. Top Bk. Prayses (new ed.) ii. xi. sig. B2^v The Genesis is the equall division of the 22 letters into radicalls and servils.

1773 A. Bayly Plain Gram. Hebrew Lang. p. xxvii The principal use of the Letters אהוי is with the other Serviles to form Number, Gender, Moods, Tenses and Derivatives.

1808 C. Wilkins Gram. Sanskrĭta Lang. iii. 38 Of these letters..many are to be considered as serviles and redundant.

1907 V. H. Hagopian Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-grammar ii. xlv. 312 The Primitive Infinitives are those which have no servile letters in them, or even if they have the serviles do not change the meaning of the word.

2001 S. A. Spector Glorious Incomprehensible i. 49/1 All Hebraists agreed that the twenty-two letters of the alphabet could be divided into two groups: roots, those letters used to form the roots of words; and serviles, affixes to indicate grammatical function or relation.

†b. A servile word or affix which expresses a purely grammatical relation. Cf. sense A. 7b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > affix

adjectiona1325

affix1600

servile1668

afformative1795

formative1816

particle1868

formant1935

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. vii. 343 Both these may contribute to the Abbreviating of Language, when they are compounded as serviles.

1854 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1853 22 49 Wi = bi, the common servile.

1928 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 5 63 Practically every verb [in Urdu] is made intensive by prefixing the root of the simple transitive or intransitive verb, or the causal form, to one of the following ‘serviles’.

a. A servile person (in various senses of the adjective); a servant, a slave. Also with the and plural agreement: servile people collectively.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [noun] > servile person

clienta1393

snivelard1398

a dog for (also to) the bowc1405

fawnerc1440

snivellerc1450

slave1521

footstool1531

minion1560

footman1567

cringer1582

earthworm1583

yea-sayer1584

croucher1587

creeper1589

sneak-up1598

spaniel1598

sneak-cupa1616

servile1632

puppy dog1651

clientelary1655

lackey1692

groveling1708

prostite1721

prostitute1721

toad-eater1742

groveller1779

cringeling1798

creeping Jesusc1818

toady1826

truckler1827

crawler1847

flunkey1854

doormat1861

dog robber1863

heeler1875

slaveling1884

bootlicker1890

fetch-and-carry1905

poodle1907

yes-woman1927

ass-licker1939

ass-kisser1951

chamcha1966

fart-catcher1971

1632 T. E. Lawes Womens Rights ii. xvi. 61 Those prohibitions of Marriage that were sometime betwixt a Tutor and Pupill, betwixt a President and a Woman in his subiection..[and] betwixt free and seruile, are all either by long publike Custome or by Common Law taken away.

1665 R. Crane God's holy name magnified 7 A Shipmaster a fit servile for such an employment is found, who as it is said of him, will banish his neerest Relations for moneys.

1753 S. Johnson Adventurer No. 69. ⁋4 The day is always coming to the servile in which they shall be powerful.

1794 A. Thomas Newfoundland Jrnl. (1968) 26 She was employ'd as a servile and was about Seventeen.

1830 A. W. Fonblanque in Examiner 4 July 417/1 They have been distinguished by the King's favour, and nothing else—quacks, serviles, sycophants, and buffoons.

1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur 19 The Sudra, or serviles, doomed to menial duties.

1978 Internat. Jrnl. Afr. Hist. Stud. 11 154 The small political units in the northeastern corner took to raiding one another in order to acquire serviles for sale.

2015 Afr. News (Nexis) 20 Apr. Apartheid..imagined South Africa as a piece of white Europe in Africa, exclusive and closed to black bodies except those that are labourers and serviles.

b. Chiefly with the. That which is servile. rare.

ΚΠ

1665 J. Evelyn Let. 2 Oct. in Diary & Corr. (1852) III. 175 If you can believe I retain so much of servile in me, as to inform you of tales.

1825 ‘Mod. Greek’ Mod. Athens 170 To create and render conspicuous the distinction between the liberal and the servile.

1986 D. Coward tr. A. Dumas La Dame aux Camélias (2000) xv. 113 They become our friends... Their friendship may verge on the servile, but it is never disinterested.

3. Spanish History. Frequently with capital initial. As a derogatory term: a supporter of the Bourbon monarchy during the Spanish War of Independence and subsequent internal conflicts of the early 19th century.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Spanish politics > [noun] > royalist

servile1814

1814 Sun 7 Jan. 4/4 I am far from belonging to the parties of the Serviles, of the Liberales, or to any party.

1825 Times 8 Dec. The wife is an heiress: her father is a Servile. Not a farthing has she received from Spain since her arrival on the shores of England.

1912 O. Browning Hist. Mod. World I. i. ix. 94 The peasants, stirred up by the Serviles, declared themselves on the side of the monarchy.

2003 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Feb. 29 The so-called serviles sought to defend the integrity of the old regime.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	servile
释义	servileadj.n. Brit. /ˈsəːvʌɪl/, /ˈsəːvɪl/, U.S. /ˈsərv(ə)l/, /ˈsərˌvaɪl/ Forms: Middle English serual, Middle English seruil, Middle English seruyl, Middle English servylle, Middle English–1500s seruyle, Middle English–1600s seruile, Middle English– servile, 1500s–1600s servil, 1600s servial, 1600s servill; Scottish pre-1700 serual, pre-1700 seruall, pre-1700 serueill, pre-1700 seruell, pre-1700 seruiall, pre-1700 serveill, pre-1700 servill, pre-1700 serville, pre-1700 serwile, pre-1700 1700s– servile. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French servile; Latin servīlis. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman servil and Middle French servile (French servile ) of or relating to a slave or slaves (mid 13th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman, 1303 in continental French), excessively submissive (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin servīlis of, belonging to, or involving a slave or slaves, (of character or actions) slavish, ignoble < servus slave (see serf n.) + -īlis -il suffix.Compare Old Occitan servil , Catalan servil (14th cent.), Spanish servil (late 13th cent.), Portuguese servil (15th cent.), Italian servile (first half of the 14th cent.). Specific forms. With forms in -al , -all compare -al suffix¹; with forms in -ial , -iall compare -ial suffix. Specific senses. In the specific use with reference to Semitic languages in senses A. 7a and B. 1a after post-biblical Hebrew měšārēṯ, in the same sense; compare post-classical Latin servilis (in Hebrew grammar) designating a letter (1608 or earlier). In sense A. 8 after Spanish servil (1813 or earlier in this sense). A. adj. 1. a. Of an action, activity, occupation, etc.: (considered to be) befitting or suitable for a slave; (considered to be) unworthy of a free person; menial. (a) spec. Christian Church and Judaism. Applied to work which is forbidden on the Sabbath and (according to some observances) on certain other days; typically understood as laborious or mechanical work, but sometimes including any kind of work that is carried out purely for personal gain.Chiefly in servile work [After post-classical Latin opus servile (Vulgate), itself after Hebrew mĕleḵeṯ ʿăḇōdāh (Leviticus 23:21, etc.).] ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > work forbidden on holy days servile worka1382 society > faith > worship > liturgical year > Sabbath > [noun] > secular work done on servile worka1382 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xxiii. 21 Ȝe shal clepe þis day..most holy, al seruyle work [L. opus servile] ȝe sholyn not do in hit. 1449 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1449 §24. m. 7 Þat þer be no merketts in þy places..ne oþer servile werkes don uppon Sondays. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. 49 Commaundenge þe that marchandyse be not usede thro alle thy realme in Sonnedayes, auther servile labours [L. opera servilia], those thynges excepte which perteyne to tho lyfe of man. a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) 277 (MED) Seruyl wark is clepyd euery bodely wark don principaly for temporel lucre & wordly wynnyng, as beyyng, sellyng, eryyng, sowyng, [etc.]. 1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. xvi. 1356 If a bondseruant be put to any seruile worke on the Lordes day, his Master shall make him free, and his Maister shall paye thirtie shillings. 1633 W. Crompton Explic. Princ. Christian Relig. 126 A necessitie of ceasing from all seruile labour for our pleasure or profit on the Lords Day. 1700 B. Keach Jewish Sabbath Abrogated vii. 164 One in Oxfordshire said, That to do any servile Work on the Lord's Day, is as great a Sin as to kill a Man. 1708 Disc. Lawfulness & Right Manner keeping Christmas 21 Not content with thus vilifying this Holy Festival, by indulging themselves in all kinds of servile Labours on the day they disgrac'd it, by playing at Foot-ball, and following other disorderly Recreations. 1883 ‘Senex’ Two Aspects Sabbath i. 16 Servile work, work that is unnecessary, work that can be done on another day as well, and work that has for its object personal gain of this world's goods should certainly be laid aside on this day. 1960 Furrow 11 362 It has been noted more than once that one of the principal purposes of the Sunday rest and the prohibition of servile work is to ensure that workers generally have the necessary leisure to assist at Mass. 1986 D. E. Carpenter Alfonso X & Jews x. 76 At the Council of Narbonne (589), it was decreed that Jews not engage in servile activities on Sunday. 2017 Corkman (Nexis) 19 Aug. In view of the poor weather which we have experienced over the past few months a general dispensation is granted from the obligation to abstain from all unnecessary servile work on Sundays and Holy Days of obligation, from Ascension Thursday till October 31. (b) In general use.Formerly often opposed to liberal (see liberal adj. 2); in this sense now largely superseded by mechanical. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [adjective] > low or menial villainc1485 servile?1518 clock-punching1920 grunt1977 ?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. Aviii Thus began honour, and thus began bondage,..And seruyle labour, first in this wyse began. 1576 W. Blandie tr. J. Osório Fiue Bks. i. f. 9 Other [men] she [sc. Dame Nature] hath made more simple of vnderstandinge, more coulde of courage, and therefore iustly hath appointed them to toyle in seruile Artes, of which sort are they whom we terme men of occupation. c1590 C. Marlowe Faustus (1631) i This study fits a mercenary drudge, Who aymes at nothing but externall trash, Too seruile and illiberall for me. 1629 W. Crosse tr. Sallust Catilines Conspiracie i, in tr. Sallust Wks. 20 To weare out my yeeres, being bent vpon tillage, hunting, and seruile imployments. 1743 Mem. Unfortunate Young Nobleman 169 One thrust out from his Infancy and exposed to all the servile Offices, Labours and Hardships of the most basely born. 1838 T. Arnold Hist. Rome I. 81 [Tarquinius] employed the great bulk of them [sc. the people] in servile works, in the building of the circus [etc.]. 1868 J. Ruskin Time & Tide (ed. 2) xviii. 109 A great number of quite necessary employments are, in the accuratest sense, ‘servile’, that is, they sink a man to the condition of a serf, or unthinking worker. 1917 Sunday School Jrnl. May 287/2 We dislike servile tasks. We let immigrants dig our ditches and work in our kitchens and the like. 2005 S. Gibson Cave John the Baptist vi. 163 Unlatching the thongs of a sandal or unloosing the shoe of a person was regarded as a servile function in Roman times. b. Of, belonging to or proper to a slave or slaves; characteristic of or associated with slavery or servitude.Earliest applied (in servile dread; later also servile fear) to fear of or respect for authority (esp. God) which is motivated by knowledge of the possibility of punishment for wrongdoing rather than by love or reverence (see fear n. 3d).When applied to clothing (in servile habit, etc.) sometimes in extended use, referring to clothing regarded as characteristic of a labourer or poor person. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > of or relating to slaves bond1398 servilea1425 slavish1565 hierodulic1885 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [noun] > for specific people > other knight-weed1340 servile habita1425 bolster1552 yeomanry1597 court-dress1797 a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 316 (MED) Love-drede is in men wiþouten siche servile drede, and þis holy drede dwelliþ ever more in blisse wiþ seintis. c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 2682 Thay knewe noght the king in his servylle habite. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 75 (MED) Sum supprise wiþ seruil chargis our religoun þat our Lord..wold to be fre, in so wast halowing of sacramentis. a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 334 Ȝe seruans be ȝe sogetis & meke in al dred to ȝour lordis, þat is to seye, nout only in seruyle dred but also in loue dred for Godis sake. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. AA^v He y^t feareth god onely for this cause, his feare is called seruyle feare. 1591 H. Savile tr. Tacitus Ende of Nero: Fower Bks. Hist. iv. 176 Asiaticus, for his lewde credit vnder his master, made satisfaction now as a freed-man with a seruile death. a1612 W. Fowler tr. Petrarch Triumphs in Wks. (1914) I. 48 Sche that with hair both cutt and short dois follow so hir lord Was quene of Pontus..With servile clothis and suche attyre Mithridates to serwe. a1634 G. Chapman Bussy D'Ambois (1641) iii. i. 28 Like a Monster Kept onely to shew men for Servile [1607 Goddesse] money. 1704 Ormondus Redux 16 Their Vanquish'd Foes in Servile Chains attend. 1804 Bury & Norwich Post 5 Dec. 816/2 The servile habit of disguise which Achmet wears is ill calculated to give any advantage to figure. 1835 Amer. Monthly Mag. Mar. 126 Even as thou throwest by those servile trappings, even as thou doest on thy proper garb, so..shalt thou dash aside the proud invaders, so don the crown..of glory! 1918 A. S. Bhandarkar Harp of Heart 31 Oh moon..Why lookest thou thus sad and pale? Thou art not bound in servile ties. 2006 Jrnl. Law & Relig. 22 88 In Aquinas' discussion of servile fear, he recognizes that men will ‘shrink from detriment to their own body’. 2017 M. Toher in Nicolaus of Damascus Life of Augustus 353 Plutarch..reports that Antonius as tribune used servile disguise to escape Rome just before the outbreak of the civil war. c. Of a war, insurrection, etc.: involving slaves; resulting from unrest or rebellion among slaves, or (more generally) among people in a state of servitude.Esp. in servile war (sometimes spec. with reference to each of the three slave revolts that took place under the late Roman Republic during the first and second centuries a.d.). ΚΠ a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1938 Alsua þat tyme in Ciȝile Þan rasse a suddande were serwile. 1576 R. Robinson tr. F. Patrizi Moral Methode Ciuile Policie f. 33 Amongst the notorious warres of the Romaynes, is not also the seruile warres [L. Seruile bellum] recoumpted and reckoned, which tooke the name of Bondmen vanquished? 1606 R. Knolles tr. J. Bodin Six Bks. Common-weale i. v. 38 The state of Families and Commonweals is alwaies in daunger of trouble and ruine, by the conspiracie of slaues combining themselues together: all Histories being full of seruile rebellions and warres. 1698 T. Hearne Ductor Historicus I. iii. xviii. 395 In Sicily a Servile War broke out, but the Slaves who began the War were in a short time broken and dispersed. 1803 J. Mackintosh in Trial J. Peltier 136 The last calamity that can befall society—a servile revolt. 1820 J. Q. Adams Mem. 29 Nov. (1875) V. 210 A dissolution of the Union for the cause of slavery would be followed by a servile war in the slave-holding States, combined with a war between the two severed portions of the Union. 1912 Crisis Apr. 259/2 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler offers to suppress servile insurrection in Maryland, 1861. 1958 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 62 86/2 The only later references to Morgantina in ancient sources deal with its role in the Servile Wars, from 139 to 131 and from 104 to 101 b.c. 2013 K. D. Killian Interracial Couples, Intimacy, Therapy i. 32 As the population of slaves increased, the white majority sought to prevent the realization of their worst fear: a servile insurrection. 2. a. Of a person: that is a slave or serf; living in or born into servitude. Of a class, etc.: composed of slaves or serfs. Also applied to a person's status, birth, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > enslaved or in bondage theowc888 thrall1297 bond1330 unfreec1380 servile1447 boundenc1480 thralled1527 bound1532 thirl1582 enthralled?1587 slaved1639 beslaved1656 enslaved1667 bondaged1790 unemancipated1811 society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > of or relating to slaves > composed of slaves servile1447 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 8886 (MED) Quyncyan..fro seruyl condycyoun fortune up hent. c1450 tr. G. Boccaccio De Claris Mulieribus (1924) l. 615 (MED) Ther was..in Athens a grete vnyuersyte Of liberall science for all men that were fre; For seruyle personys that tyme didd not stody But in handecraftys to excercyse the body. 1542 T. Becon Potacion for Lent sig. I^v The bearynge of Olyues shewethe that we are..delyuered oute of seruile captiuite. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Seruilis Capita seruilia, Liuius. Seruile persons. 1676 A. Sammes Britannia Antiqua Illustrata 275 An Aged Commander..who, partly by living long, and partly by worthy Actions in the Wars,..had worn out the memory of his mean and servile Birth. 1743 C. Perry View of Levant 295 Al Jammabius relates, that Kotuz was not of servile Origin, but says, he was Son of Maudud Shahi, the King of Chowarezmia. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiii. 356 A distinct line of separation was hitherto preserved between the free and the servile part of mankind. 1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. iii. xi. 383 The total extinction of the servile condition of the Súdras is..an improvement. 1874 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (1896) III. xxi. 624 Possibly these [sc. bondmen on some manors] were the survivors of the peasant population which had been servile before the Conquest. 1906 J. Mackinnon Hist. Mod. Liberty I. 285 During the three centuries following the Conquest, the condition of the servile class undoubtedly improved. 1965 Ebony Jan. 90/2 His Christian and servile background was, however, no handicap. 2011 Afr. News (Nexis) 15 Oct. The Baganda..gained a considerable part of their servile population by conducting raids on their neighbours during the nineteenth century. b. Without implication of actual servitude: belonging to the lower classes of a society; of low social status; engaged in or intended for menial work, unskilled labour, or the like. Now rare.In later use coloured by other senses. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > [adjective] leasteOE wokec897 littleOE lowc1175 eathlyc1200 smallc1275 simplec1300 meana1375 humblec1386 ignoble1447 servile1447 base1490 slighta1500 sober1533 silly1568 unresponsal1579 dunghilled1600 villainous1607 without name1611 woollena1616 dunghilly1616 unresponsible1629 under-stateda1661 low-down1865 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 8447 If þou þan..be a ientyl wumman, A serual persone why shewyst the In maners & condycyouns for to be? 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. ii. 55 I will..by thy waggon wheele, Trotte like a seruile footeman all day long. View more context for this quotation 1612 Acts & Stat. Lawting, Sheriff & Justice Courts (Maitland Club) 160 That it shall not be lesum to servile persones not worth..lxxij li Scottis to tak vp housis. 1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) i. ii. iv. i. 136 The mother will be more carefull,..then any seruile woman, or such hired creatures. 1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera iii. iv. 43 Of all Mechanics, of all servile Handycraftsmen, a Gamester is the vilest. 1858 New Eng. Farmer Dec. 556/2 Must we not wait until our present population of small farmers..shall give place, on the one hand to a class of capitalists, and, on the other, to a class of servile laborers? 1930 Rotarian Feb. 17/3 We shall wake to find ourselves elbowed and hustled and perhaps even thrust aside by peoples whom we looked down upon as servile, and thought of as bound always to minister to our needs. 2000 A. Haebich Broken Circles iii. 193 The Territory system was intended to churn out a ‘coolie class’ of servile menial workers—domestic servants, station hands, agricultural labourers—suited to working in tropical conditions. 3. Frequently depreciative. (Now the usual sense.) a. Of an action, personal attribute, etc.: slavish, abject, ignoble; fawning, cringing, obsequious; esp. indicative of or motivated by an excessive desire to serve, please, or defer to someone. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [adjective] > specifically of actions or qualities servile?1529 slavish1565 supple1566 villainous1607 over-awful1641 prone1645 uningenuous1660 flexible1826 serfish1879 cringy1880 prostrative1890 ?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman i. xiv. sig. Q^v Loue of the beautie..causeth them to be..full of vile and seruile flaterynge. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 75 [Cæsar] Who else would soare aboue the view of men, And keepe vs all in seruile fearefulnesse. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 131 Besides, not Egypt, India, Media more With servile Awe, their Idol King adore. View more context for this quotation 1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vii. 273 For as he [sc. Falkland] had a full appetite of fame by just and generous Actions, so he had an equal contempt of it by any servile expedients. 1735 A. Pope Wks. 63 Then scorn to gain a Friend by servile ways. 1818 Edinb. Rev. 30 425 He had risen to this post by the most servile attention to Madame de Pompadour. a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1873) III. i. 2 It encourages that blind and servile respect which men are apt to feel for those who are above them. 1917 Crisis May 7/1 To be democratic means merely servile conformity to the will of the majority. 1966 W. Styron Confessions of Nat Turner (1968) i. 57 The very sight of white skin cowed him, humbled him, diminished him to the most fawning and servile abasement. 2006 Vanity Fair Sept. 226/1 [He] out-obsequioused Sammon with an even more servile tribute to Bush. b. Of a person: given to or characterized by such behaviour; that behaves like a slave; lacking independence in thought or action; slavishly deferential or obedient (to a person or thing). Hence also applied to groups, organizations, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [adjective] go-by-ground?a1300 thrall1398 abjectc1430 manly?c1430 servicious1440 serviceable1483 servile1537 tame1563 slavish1565 demiss1572 submissive1572 cringing1579 fawning1585 incrouching?1593 vassal1594 scraping1599 obsequious1602 spaniel1606 observing1609 deprostrate1610 supplea1616 vernile1623 shrugging1629 wormy1640 compliable1641 thrall-like1641 obeisant1642 inservient1646 truckling1656 cringeling1693 benecking1705 subservient1714 footman-like1776 bingeing1805 sidling1821 toadying1863 crawlsome1904 toadyish1909 crawling1941 ass-kissing1942 1537 tr. Erasmus Expos. xv. Psalme sig. G.ii They..which do smyle vpon seruyle flatterers, or iestynge byters. 1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 31 The Spartanes are..free in mind, valiant in heart, seruile to none. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear ix. 21 Here I stand your slaue,..but yet I call you seruile Ministers, that [etc.] . View more context for this quotation 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 166 King Henry the fourth, who though curteous, was not servial to the Pope. 1743 A. Pope Dunciad (rev. ed.) ii. 356 A low-born, cell-bred, selfish, servile band..who fight for any God, or Man. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 96. ⁋4 Those who are neither servile nor timorous are yet desirous to bestow pleasure. 1840 C. Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 49 I was servile to the opinions of the very persons I despised. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. ix. 418 A tribunal..where established principles of law could not be utterly disregarded even by the most servile judges. 1934 R. Graves I, Claudius xii Caligula had in general only two ways of behaving: he was either insolent or servile... To Sejanus and Tiberius and Livilla he was servile. 1954 Life 10 May 34/1 German labor unions, still servile to employers, are settling for monopolistic guild rights. 2015 N.Y. Times 13 Mar. c5/3 She sashays across the marble halls of Buckingham Palace, making catty remarks to servile courtiers. c. In a state of slavish subjection to a desire, influence, etc. Cf. servant n. 5b. Now rare.Sometimes (e.g. in quot. 1772) in echoes of quot. a1616 at sense A. 6. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > liking or favourable regard > [adjective] > enthusiastic (about or for) servile1581 enamorate1599 mad1744 bugs1908 high1933 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. f. 213 For will beyng left destitute of heauenly assistance, is so subiect & seruile to her naturall lust. a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger False One iv. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rr3^v/2 He is..a meere wandring Merchant, Servile to gaine. 1772 T. Maude Wensley-dale (ed. 2) p. xi He will be made, as Shakespeare says on another occasion, ‘Servile to all the skiey influences’. 1921 A. O. Spare Focus of Life 27 All men are servile to the great unconsciousness of their purpose in desire. 1949 Bull. Art Inst. Chicago 43 66/1 Of the five [artists] only one..was at times servile to such influences. 4. †a. Of a people, state, its condition, etc.: politically enslaved or subjugated; subject to despotic or oppressive rule or to foreign dominion. Often with to. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > [adjective] > subject to oppressive rule upsete1390 oppresseda1500 servile1547 subaltern1578 grinded1613 ridden1625 tyrannized1642 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. g.j^v Wee could finde in our hartes to become seruile..to a forrein nacion. 1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 292/1 They..declared to them..the pride and insolencie of the Normans, and the hardnesse and griefe of bondage and seruile estate. 1609 S. Daniel Civile Wares (rev. ed.) iv. xxxviii. 97 What? haue we hands, and shall we seruile bee? Why were swordes made? but, to preserue men free. 1661 Thracian Wonder iv. i. sig. F^v His Subjects..shall servile be to Turks and Infidels. 1727 J. Thomson Summer 58 Liberty..must bend the servile Knee, And, fawning, take the Blessings once her own. 1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) ii. ii. 63 When wicked men wax mighty, and a state Turns servile. 1875 T. Hancock Christ & People iii. 54 A universal pope-king, an imperial Messiah, who would obliterate the nations, or at least make them servile to Jerusalem. b. Of government, rule, or the exercise of power: despotic, oppressive. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [adjective] > tyrannical, despotic, or autocratic tyrant1297 tyrannous1491 Pharaonical1528 tyrannical1560 tyrannizing1589 servile1603 despotical1608 monarchicala1618 Nimrodian1631 autocratoric1641 Dominical1644 despotic1650 Pendragonish1650 autocratical1651 autocratorical1651 Pharaonian1673 autocratic1769 Pharaonic1792 Corsican1804 Napoleonic1810 satrapian1822 satrapical1823 sultanic1827 absolutist1829 absolutistic1841 arbitrary1862 Napoleonistic1870 Nimrodic1877 pre-Hitlerian1942 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 57 Vnder whose seruile gouernment it was holden of long time. 1644 H. Parker Jus Populi 28 Servile power is tolerated because it tends to the good of him that is subject to it. 1789 tr. J. Delille Garden ii. 36 O may variety..break each rude tool, That cramps free Nature with a servile rule! 1848 Daily News 7 Dec. 2/2 What has been..the result of the Metternich idea to prolong in the nineteenth century the brute and servile rule of the middle ages? 1920 Central Somerset Gaz. 15 Oct. 2/2 The participants of this movement lived in an age of transition, when men were struggling to escape from Feudalism and servile government that characterised medieval times. 1962 E. A. Parsons Wonder & Glory i. 6 New Orleans was ruined... Her people were deprived of their inalienable rights and privileges and subjected to a servile rule. 5. Of imitation, esp. in literary or artistic work, translation, etc.: excessively close to the model or original; lacking in originality or independence of thought; = slavish adj.¹ 4. Hence applied to the creator of such an imitation. [Compare classical Latin O imitatores, servum pecus ‘O imitators, you servile flock’ (Horace Epistles 1. 19. 19).] ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > copying slavishly servile1570 slavish1753 the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > copying slavishly > of a person servile1570 1570 T. Browne tr. J. Sturm Ritch Storehouse f. 39^v Imitation ought to be free, and not seruile [L. seruilis] or slauish. 1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie sig. K.iiii An immitation should not be too seruile or superstitious, as though one durst not varry one iotte from the example. 1608 Bp. J. Hall Characters Vertues & Vices ii. 111 He is seruile in imitation, waxey to persuasions,..and in a word, any thing rather than himselfe. 1680 J. Dryden in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Epist. Pref. sig. a^v A servile, literal Translation. 1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 666 While servile trick and imitative knack Confine the million in the beaten track. 1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. I. iv. ii. 271 The commentators or disciples of the great philosophers did not assume at once their servile character. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. i. i. 11 If..a minute and servile record had preserved for us every hasty expression. 1906 Burlington Mag. Jan. 266/2 The commode imitating the style of the Régence..without being a servile copy it approaches as nearly as possible the style of that period. 2014 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 July (Review section) 24 The engravers were not merely servile imitators. †6. Of an immaterial thing: subject to influence from or control by something else (frequently with to); not free. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > controlled by something else or not free servile1581 willed1886 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. f. 167^v Agayne whether offence be committed through free or seruile choyse of will. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 9 Reason thus with life:..a breath thou art, Seruile to all the skyie-influences. View more context for this quotation 1805 J. Foster Ess. (1806) I. ii. ii. 141 His judgment is not servile to the mood of his feelings. 1857 H. Melville Confidence-man xiii. 97 Not that those persuasions were legitimately servile to such influences. 7. Linguistics. a. Of a letter: not belonging to the root of the word in which it occurs; serving to express a derivative or inflectional element. Also: designating those letters of an alphabet which represent sounds that may be used in derivation or inflection. Typically contrasted with radical (cf. radical letter n. (b) at radical adj. and n. Compounds 2).Chiefly with reference to Semitic languages. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > [adjective] > of letter, not belonging to root of word servile1595 1595 W. Perkins Expos. Creed Apostles 421 The Hebrewe phrase in which the servile letter Beth is used, must not be translated with a preposition that ruleth an accuseth or ablatiue case, but with a datiue case. 1653 W. Robertson Gate to Holy Tongue 7 These servile letters are eleven in number. 1776 J. Richardson Gram. Arabick Lang. 17 (note) The Alif of union is always servile. 1843 Proc. Philol. Soc. (1844) 1 138 The Berber [language]..has a distinction of letters..into servile and non-servile, nearly identical with that of Hebrew and Arabic. 1938 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 58 167 Its [sc. yōd's] uses as servile letter are divided into three classes. 2011 Jewish Q. Rev. 101 468 Many grammatical rules dealing with morphemes consisting of more than one servile letter..are repeated in different sections for the sake of formality. †b. Of a word or affix: expressing a purely grammatical relation; auxiliary; functioning as a particle. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [adjective] > relating to function words syncategorematical1646 servile1668 auxiliary1677 syncategorematic1826 kenematic1939 kenemic1969 kenetic1969 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iv. iv. 419 The more servile Particles are of three kinds; Articles, Modes, Tenses. 1848 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 17 75 He who can reach the roots, and separate them from the servile or accessary particles..will have no hesitation in affirming the common relationship of all these tongues to the language of Tibet. 1885 J. Avery in Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 16 App. 17 Case relations are denoted by added syllables, some of which retain their form and sense as independent words, and others have been degraded into servile particles. 1910 B. Roudanovsky Maltese Pocket Gram. 79 The consonant s is used as servile prefix in connection with t. †c. Of a letter: not itself sounded in the pronunciation of a word, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. Cf. silent adj. 3c. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > qualities of speech sounds weaka1637 apert1668 narrow-mouthed1668 servile1700 rotund1742 tonous1773 homorganic1864 trainante1865 oral1869 neutral1874 compact1930 lento1939 1700 A. Lane Key to Art of Lett. 9 Since the greatest difficulty in Reading, Writing, and Spelling English is occasion'd by the Vowel e in the end of many Words, we shall shew the true use of it in the following Questions; and for distinction sake, call it e Servile. 1775 J. Walker Rhyming Dict. p. vii Thus the useful servile e is hardly ever suffered to have a place in composition. 1873 Phonetic Jrnl. 1 Mar. 66/2 Closed syllables may be converted into open syllables..by the addition of a silent or servile e after the closing consonant. †d. More generally: designating a letter which functions in conjunction with an adjoining letter to represent a single modified sound. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1825 J. Scurry Introd. Irish Lang. vii, in tr. G. B. Manni Four Maxims Christian Philos. (ed. 2) There are..servile or adventitious consonants, of frequent use in this Language, which eclipse the radical or primary consonant of the word. The servile letter takes the lead in sound, and the radical letter becomes entirely quiescent. 1864 M. Monier-Williams Sanskrit Gram. (ed. 3) 66 The vowel u..is of course merely memorial or servile, to enable the s, which is the real termination, to be pronounced. 1879 W. D. Whitney Sanskrit Gram. 23 Certain nasals in Sanskrit are of servile character, always to be assimilated to a following consonant. 8. Spanish History. Frequently with capital initial. Used as a derogatory term to refer to supporters of the Bourbon monarchy during the Spanish War of Independence and subsequent internal conflicts of the early 19th century. Cf. sense B. 3. Now rare. ΚΠ 1818 tr. J. M. de Pueyrredón in Times 3 Apr. Spaniards, liberal or servile, terminate as you please your contentions in the Peninsula. 1821 Morning Chron. 22 Dec. Among the inmates of the Palace and the Servile party generally, auxiliaries were not wanting in Madrid, to aid the scheme. 1857 N.Y. Herald 31 Aug. 1/2 The people treat these Spaniards as the representatives of the old servile party, against which the revolution was far more directed than against the crown of Spain. 1966 R. Carr Spain iii. 118 The Manifesto of the Persians, signed by 96 ‘servile’ deputies, reached the king at Valencia [in 1814]. B. n. 1. Linguistics. a. Chiefly with reference to Semitic languages: a servile letter (see sense A. 7a). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] > letter > unchanged letter, usually Welsh initial consonant > letter in root of word, usuually Hebrew roots > not belonging to root of word servile1629 1629 A. Top Bk. Prayses (new ed.) ii. xi. sig. B2^v The Genesis is the equall division of the 22 letters into radicalls and servils. 1773 A. Bayly Plain Gram. Hebrew Lang. p. xxvii The principal use of the Letters אהוי is with the other Serviles to form Number, Gender, Moods, Tenses and Derivatives. 1808 C. Wilkins Gram. Sanskrĭta Lang. iii. 38 Of these letters..many are to be considered as serviles and redundant. 1907 V. H. Hagopian Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-grammar ii. xlv. 312 The Primitive Infinitives are those which have no servile letters in them, or even if they have the serviles do not change the meaning of the word. 2001 S. A. Spector Glorious Incomprehensible i. 49/1 All Hebraists agreed that the twenty-two letters of the alphabet could be divided into two groups: roots, those letters used to form the roots of words; and serviles, affixes to indicate grammatical function or relation. †b. A servile word or affix which expresses a purely grammatical relation. Cf. sense A. 7b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > affix adjectiona1325 affix1600 servile1668 afformative1795 formative1816 particle1868 formant1935 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. vii. 343 Both these may contribute to the Abbreviating of Language, when they are compounded as serviles. 1854 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1853 22 49 Wi = bi, the common servile. 1928 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 5 63 Practically every verb [in Urdu] is made intensive by prefixing the root of the simple transitive or intransitive verb, or the causal form, to one of the following ‘serviles’. 2. a. A servile person (in various senses of the adjective); a servant, a slave. Also with the and plural agreement: servile people collectively. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [noun] > servile person clienta1393 snivelard1398 a dog for (also to) the bowc1405 fawnerc1440 snivellerc1450 slave1521 footstool1531 minion1560 footman1567 cringer1582 earthworm1583 yea-sayer1584 croucher1587 creeper1589 sneak-up1598 spaniel1598 sneak-cupa1616 servile1632 puppy dog1651 clientelary1655 lackey1692 groveling1708 prostite1721 prostitute1721 toad-eater1742 groveller1779 cringeling1798 creeping Jesusc1818 toady1826 truckler1827 crawler1847 flunkey1854 doormat1861 dog robber1863 heeler1875 slaveling1884 bootlicker1890 fetch-and-carry1905 poodle1907 yes-woman1927 ass-licker1939 ass-kisser1951 chamcha1966 fart-catcher1971 1632 T. E. Lawes Womens Rights ii. xvi. 61 Those prohibitions of Marriage that were sometime betwixt a Tutor and Pupill, betwixt a President and a Woman in his subiection..[and] betwixt free and seruile, are all either by long publike Custome or by Common Law taken away. 1665 R. Crane God's holy name magnified 7 A Shipmaster a fit servile for such an employment is found, who as it is said of him, will banish his neerest Relations for moneys. 1753 S. Johnson Adventurer No. 69. ⁋4 The day is always coming to the servile in which they shall be powerful. 1794 A. Thomas Newfoundland Jrnl. (1968) 26 She was employ'd as a servile and was about Seventeen. 1830 A. W. Fonblanque in Examiner 4 July 417/1 They have been distinguished by the King's favour, and nothing else—quacks, serviles, sycophants, and buffoons. 1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur 19 The Sudra, or serviles, doomed to menial duties. 1978 Internat. Jrnl. Afr. Hist. Stud. 11 154 The small political units in the northeastern corner took to raiding one another in order to acquire serviles for sale. 2015 Afr. News (Nexis) 20 Apr. Apartheid..imagined South Africa as a piece of white Europe in Africa, exclusive and closed to black bodies except those that are labourers and serviles. b. Chiefly with the. That which is servile. rare. ΚΠ 1665 J. Evelyn Let. 2 Oct. in Diary & Corr. (1852) III. 175 If you can believe I retain so much of servile in me, as to inform you of tales. 1825 ‘Mod. Greek’ Mod. Athens 170 To create and render conspicuous the distinction between the liberal and the servile. 1986 D. Coward tr. A. Dumas La Dame aux Camélias (2000) xv. 113 They become our friends... Their friendship may verge on the servile, but it is never disinterested. 3. Spanish History. Frequently with capital initial. As a derogatory term: a supporter of the Bourbon monarchy during the Spanish War of Independence and subsequent internal conflicts of the early 19th century. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Spanish politics > [noun] > royalist servile1814 1814 Sun 7 Jan. 4/4 I am far from belonging to the parties of the Serviles, of the Liberales, or to any party. 1825 Times 8 Dec. The wife is an heiress: her father is a Servile. Not a farthing has she received from Spain since her arrival on the shores of England. 1912 O. Browning Hist. Mod. World I. i. ix. 94 The peasants, stirred up by the Serviles, declared themselves on the side of the monarchy. 2003 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Feb. 29 The so-called serviles sought to defend the integrity of the old regime. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1382
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