altruismn.

Brit.

/ˈaltrʊɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈæltrəˌwɪzəm/,

/ˈælˌtruˌɪzəm/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French altruisme.

Etymology: < French altruisme ( A. Comte Catéchisme positiviste (1852) 60; said to have been used by Comte or his followers since c1830) < autrui somebody else, others (see note) + -isme -ism suffix, after égoïsme egotism (see egoism n.), with alteration of the first syllable after classical Latin alter other (see alter n.).French autrui (pronoun) somebody else, others (c1100 in Old French; also as noun denoting the belongings of others (13th cent.)) is < post-classical Latin alteri huic to this other (1529 or earlier) < classical Latin alterī , dative of alter other (see alter n.) + huic , dative of hīc this (see hic jacet n.). Compare Old Occitan autrui (12th cent.), Italian altrui (13th cent.).

1. Disinterested or selfless concern for the well-being of others, esp. as a principle of action. Opposed to selfishness, egoism, or (in early use) egotism.Used earliest with reference to the work of the philosopher and founder of sociology Auguste Comte (1798–1857): see etymology.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > altruism

otherism1826

altruism1852

alter-egoism1885

other-regardingness1894

other-regard1938

1852 Westm. Rev. July 617 This treatise..shows how..the selfish instincts of man lead in their satisfaction to the development of unselfish instincts, how egotism is the impulse to altruism (to use a felicitous phrase coined by Comte).

1853 G. H. Lewes Comte's Philos. Sci. I. xxi. 224 Dispositions influenced by the purely egotistic impulses we call popularly ‘bad’, and apply the term ‘good’ to those in which altruism predominates.

1871 F. W. Farrar Witness of Hist. iv. 144 Is altruism a sweeter, or better word than charity?

1876 F. W. Farrar In Days of Youth xvi. 157 A good and wise modern philosopher summed up the law and duty of life in Altruism—Vive pour autrui—‘Live for others’.

1902 Philos. Rev. 11 140 At this stage of development it is nonsense to talk about the self or the non-self, egoism or altruism,..for neither exist as far as the child is concerned.

a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) i. v. 31 She was forced to conclude that they were actuated by motives not entirely connected with altruism.

1973 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 5 Apr. 21/4 Animal Liberation will require greater altruism on the part of mankind than any other liberation movement.

2010 New Yorker 29 Nov. 36/2 People are not purely selfish; we are also capable of generosity and altruism.

2. Chiefly Zoology. Behaviour of an animal that benefits one or more others (typically of its own species), but which carries a cost for the individual concerned.Most such behaviour in animals, and to some degree in human beings, has a genetic basis. Cf. kin selection n. at kin n.¹ Additions.

ΚΠ

1874 Spectator 18 Apr. 495/2 She might have made quite as much of the position enjoyed by the ‘bees' maiden aunts’ in the hive, as the absolute representatives, not only of the skill and industry, but of the disinterestedness (or..‘altruism’) of the community.

1922 V. Kellogg Human Life ii. 57 Altruism..is just as truly a fundamental biologic factor of evolution as is the cruel, strictly self-regarding, exterminating kind of struggle for existence with which the Neo-Darwinists try to fill our eyes and ears.

1978 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75 388/1 If one bird in a flock calls an alarm when it sees a hawk, risking itself but warning the others, the act, seen as a single event, looks like one-way altruism.

1989 Nature 14 Dec. 741/2 Social-insect workers may be the ultimate reproductive altruists, but their altruism can be less than pure.

2008 Atlantic Monthly Mar. 17/3 I'm not sure such altruism toward out-group members can be reconciled with evolutionary theory, though I fully accept the reality of evolution.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	altruism
释义	altruismn. Brit. /ˈaltrʊɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈæltrəˌwɪzəm/, /ˈælˌtruˌɪzəm/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French altruisme. Etymology: < French altruisme ( A. Comte Catéchisme positiviste (1852) 60; said to have been used by Comte or his followers since c1830) < autrui somebody else, others (see note) + -isme -ism suffix, after égoïsme egotism (see egoism n.), with alteration of the first syllable after classical Latin alter other (see alter n.).French autrui (pronoun) somebody else, others (c1100 in Old French; also as noun denoting the belongings of others (13th cent.)) is < post-classical Latin alteri huic to this other (1529 or earlier) < classical Latin alterī , dative of alter other (see alter n.) + huic , dative of hīc this (see hic jacet n.). Compare Old Occitan autrui (12th cent.), Italian altrui (13th cent.). 1. Disinterested or selfless concern for the well-being of others, esp. as a principle of action. Opposed to selfishness, egoism, or (in early use) egotism.Used earliest with reference to the work of the philosopher and founder of sociology Auguste Comte (1798–1857): see etymology. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > altruism otherism1826 altruism1852 alter-egoism1885 other-regardingness1894 other-regard1938 1852 Westm. Rev. July 617 This treatise..shows how..the selfish instincts of man lead in their satisfaction to the development of unselfish instincts, how egotism is the impulse to altruism (to use a felicitous phrase coined by Comte). 1853 G. H. Lewes Comte's Philos. Sci. I. xxi. 224 Dispositions influenced by the purely egotistic impulses we call popularly ‘bad’, and apply the term ‘good’ to those in which altruism predominates. 1871 F. W. Farrar Witness of Hist. iv. 144 Is altruism a sweeter, or better word than charity? 1876 F. W. Farrar In Days of Youth xvi. 157 A good and wise modern philosopher summed up the law and duty of life in Altruism—Vive pour autrui—‘Live for others’. 1902 Philos. Rev. 11 140 At this stage of development it is nonsense to talk about the self or the non-self, egoism or altruism,..for neither exist as far as the child is concerned. a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) i. v. 31 She was forced to conclude that they were actuated by motives not entirely connected with altruism. 1973 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 5 Apr. 21/4 Animal Liberation will require greater altruism on the part of mankind than any other liberation movement. 2010 New Yorker 29 Nov. 36/2 People are not purely selfish; we are also capable of generosity and altruism. 2. Chiefly Zoology. Behaviour of an animal that benefits one or more others (typically of its own species), but which carries a cost for the individual concerned.Most such behaviour in animals, and to some degree in human beings, has a genetic basis. Cf. kin selection n. at kin n.¹ Additions. ΚΠ 1874 Spectator 18 Apr. 495/2 She might have made quite as much of the position enjoyed by the ‘bees' maiden aunts’ in the hive, as the absolute representatives, not only of the skill and industry, but of the disinterestedness (or..‘altruism’) of the community. 1922 V. Kellogg Human Life ii. 57 Altruism..is just as truly a fundamental biologic factor of evolution as is the cruel, strictly self-regarding, exterminating kind of struggle for existence with which the Neo-Darwinists try to fill our eyes and ears. 1978 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75 388/1 If one bird in a flock calls an alarm when it sees a hawk, risking itself but warning the others, the act, seen as a single event, looks like one-way altruism. 1989 Nature 14 Dec. 741/2 Social-insect workers may be the ultimate reproductive altruists, but their altruism can be less than pure. 2008 Atlantic Monthly Mar. 17/3 I'm not sure such altruism toward out-group members can be reconciled with evolutionary theory, though I fully accept the reality of evolution. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1852
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