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单词 courage
释义

couragen.

Brit. /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈkərɪdʒ/
Forms: Middle English–1600s corage, curage, (Middle English–1500s corrage, Middle English curag, coreage, 1500s currage, courra(d)ge, 1600s corege), Middle English– courage.
Etymology: Middle English corage , < Old French corage, curage, later courage = Provençal coratge , Catalan coratge , Spanish corage , Italian coraggio , a Common Romanic word, answering to a Latin type *corāticum , < cor heart. Compare the parallel aetāticum < aetāt-em (age n.); and see -age suffix.
1.
a. The heart as the seat of feeling, thought, etc.; spirit, mind, disposition, nature. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun]
heartOE
erda1000
moodOE
i-mindOE
i-cundeOE
costc1175
lundc1175
evena1200
kinda1225
custc1275
couragec1300
the manner ofc1300
qualityc1300
talentc1330
attemperancec1374
complexionc1386
dispositiona1387
propertyc1390
naturea1393
assay1393
inclinationa1398
gentlenessa1400
proprietya1400
habitudec1400
makingc1400
conditionc1405
habitc1405
conceitc1425
affecta1460
ingeny1477
engine1488
stomach?1510
mind?a1513
ingine1533
affection1534
vein1536
humour?1563
natural1564
facultyc1565
concept1566
frame1567
temperature1583
geniusa1586
bent1587
constitution1589
composition1597
character1600
tune1600
qualification1602
infusion1604
spirits1604
dispose1609
selfness1611
disposure1613
composurea1616
racea1616
tempera1616
crasisc1616
directiona1639
grain1641
turn1647
complexure1648
genie1653
make1674
personality1710
tonea1751
bearing1795
liver1800
make-up1821
temperament1821
naturalness1850
selfhood1854
Wesen1854
naturel1856
sit1857
fibre1864
character structure1873
mentality1895
mindset1909
psyche1910
where it's (he's, she's) at1967
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > seat of the emotions > [noun] > breast or heart
breastOE
heartOE
bosomc1175
couragec1300
chest1590
petto1679
c1300 K. Alis. 3559 Archelaus, of proud corage.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 11 Smale foweles maken melodye..So priketh hem nature in hir corages.
c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xxxiii. 20 What thinkest in thi corage?
c1430 Stans Puer 5 To all norture thi corage to enclyne.
?1556 (a1500) Knight of Curtesy (Copland) sig. B.iiiiv In his courage he was full sad.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) ii. ii. 57 This soft courage makes your Followers faint. View more context for this quotation
a1649 W. Drummond Irene in Wks. (1711) 163 Men's Courages were growing hot, their Hatred kindled.
1656 B. Harris tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age i. ii. iv. 40 The Spaniards..attacked it with all the force, and industry the greatest courages were able to invent.
b. transferred. Of a plant. Obsolete. (Cf. ‘To bring a thing into good heart.’)
ΚΠ
c1420 Pallad. on Husb. xi. 90 In this courage Hem forto graffe is goode.
c. Applied to a person: cf. spirit n. 19. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > spirit > high-spiritedness > [noun] > one who is high-spirited
courage1561
buck1725
hot stuff1884
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer iv. sig. Rr.i The prowes of those diuine courages [viz. Marquesse of Mantua, etc.].
a1645 W. Browne tr. M. Le Roy Hist. Polexander (1647) iv. ii. 197 These two great courages being met, and followed by a small companie of the most resolute pirates.
2. What is in one's mind or thoughts, what one is thinking of or intending; intention, purpose; desire or inclination. Obsolete. (Cf. ‘To speak one's mind’, ‘to tell all one's heart’.)
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > wish or inclination > [noun]
willeOE
hearteOE
i-willc888
self-willeOE
intent?c1225
device1303
couragec1320
talentc1325
greec1330
voluntyc1330
fantasyc1374
likinga1375
disposingc1380
pleasancea1382
affectionc1390
wish1390
disposition1393
affecta1398
likea1400
lista1400
pleasingc1400
emplesance1424
pleasurec1425
well-willingc1443
notiona1450
mindc1450
fancy1465
empleseur1473
hest?a1513
plighta1535
inclination1541
cue1567
month's mind1580
disposedness1583
leaning1587
humour1595
wouldings1613
beneplacit1643
wouldingness1645
vergency1649
bene-placiture1662
good liking1690
draught1758
tida1774
inkling1787
the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose
willeOE
highOE
thoughtOE
intent?c1225
achesounc1230
attenta1250
couragec1320
devicec1320
minda1325
studya1382
understanding1382
suggestionc1390
meaninga1393
i-minda1400
minta1400
tent1399
castc1400
ettlingc1400
affecta1425
advicec1425
intention1430
purposec1430
proposea1450
intendment1450
supposing?c1450
pretensionc1456
intellectionc1460
zeal1492
hest?a1513
minting?a1513
institute?1520
intendingc1525
mindfulness1530
cogitationa1538
fordrift1549
forecast1549
designing1566
tention1587
levela1591
intendiment1595
design1597
suppose1597
aim1598
regarda1616
idea1617
contemplationa1631
speculation1631
view1634
way of thinking1650
designation1658
tend1663
would1753
predetermination1764
will to art1920
c1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 2446 Lo her, sire, a litel page! That schal sai the thi corage.
c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 10 Swich a greet corage Hadde this knyght to been a wedded man.
1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) i. 8 Fayr frend what is your corage or entent?
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) lxvi. sig. Qi Ye mayster dyscouered to her all his courage how that he loued her.
1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes f. 93v/1 The romaines had a great corage to conquere straunge realmes.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 289 Many were taken of their owne courage, which might haue scaped if they had list.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) iii. iii. 24 I'de such a courage to do him good. View more context for this quotation
a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 90 The law..shall..make construction that my minde and courage is not to enter into the greater bond for any menace.
3.
a. Spirit, liveliness, lustiness, vigour, vital force or energy; also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or liveliness
jollinessc1386
liveliheadc1425
quicknessc1425
vyfnes1475
ramagec1485
couragea1498
liveliness1534
spritec1540
livelihood1566
life1583
sprightliness1599
sprightfulness1602
ruach1606
sprightiness1607
sparkle1611
airiness1628
vivacy1637
spiritfulness1644
spirit1651
vivacity1652
spiritedness1654
brightness1660
sprightness1660
ramageness1686
race1690
friskiness1727
spirituousness1727
vivaciousness1727
brio1731
raciness1759
phlogiston1789
animation1791
lifefulness1829
pepper-and-salt1842
corkiness1845
aliveness1853
vitality1858
music1859
virtu1876
liveness1890
zippiness1907
bounce1909
zing1917
radioactivity1922
oomph1937
pizzazz1937
zinginess1938
hep1946
vavoom1962
welly1977
masala1986
the mind > emotion > excitement > excitability of temperament > spiritedness or liveliness > [noun]
jollinessc1386
liveliheadc1425
quicknessc1425
vyfnes1475
couragea1498
liveliness1534
livelihood1566
life1583
sprightliness1599
sprightfulness1602
sprightiness1607
airiness1628
vivacy1637
spirit1651
vivacity1651
spiritedness1654
brightness1660
friskiness1727
spirituousness1727
vivaciousness1727
animoseness1730
brio1731
animation1791
lifefulness1829
corkiness1845
a1498 J. Warkworth Chron. (Camden) 2 Thei..were greved with colde and rayne, that thei hade no coreage to feght.
1565 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (1611) 505 In the Cardinals of Rome, Pride, Auarice, and Lechery are in their greatest Courage.
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 249 They have horses of excellent courage.
1705 London Gaz. No. 4182/4 A Chesnut Mare..of great Courage.
b. Anger, wrath.
Thesaurus »
c. Haughtiness, pride.
d. Confidence, boldness. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > [noun]
irrec825
gramec1000
brathc1175
wrathc1175
mooda1225
ortha1225
felonyc1290
irea1300
greme13..
thro1303
wrathhead1303
errorc1320
angera1325
gremth1340
iroura1380
brethc1380
couragec1386
heavinessc1386
felona1400
follya1400
wrathnessc1440
choler1530
blast1535
malice1538
excandescency1604
stomachosity1656
bad blood1664
corruption1799
needle1874
irateness1961
c1386 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Harl.) 1154 The hunt[e] strangled with wilde bores corage.
1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxiii. 92 [She] became..so..grete of courage that also to the kynge her lord she bare not so grete reuerence as she ought.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 285 Euery man cryed and besought the king to haue mercie..for Gods sake refraine your courage, ye haue the name of souereigne noblenesse.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. x. sig. Mm5 Trompart..Besought him his great corage to appease, And pardon simple man.
1608 T. Middleton Trick to catch Old-one i. sig. A4 I will..set so good a courage on my state, That I will be beleeued.
e. Sexual vigour and inclination; lust. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual desire > [noun]
willOE
loveOE
likinga1200
jollityc1330
desirec1340
fire1340
naturec1387
ragea1425
pride1486
lovered1487
Venus1513
courage1541
passion1648
lusting1760
philogenitiveness1815
body-urge1930
hots1940
hard-on1949
1541 R. Barnes Wks. (1573) 329/1 By the reason that priestes are so hoate of courage, and can not keepe theyr chastitie.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 127* Yf the Bull be not lusty yenough about his businesse,..his courage is also stirred vp by the like odours.
1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. 56 Darius horse..by reason of the courage had to the Mare, forthwith neighed alowde.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 45 If they be taken away, the iollity and courage of the Creature is extinguished.
4.
a. That quality of mind which shows itself in facing danger without fear or shrinking; bravery, boldness, valour.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > [noun]
boldshipc1275
couragea1382
audacity1432
fierceness1490
confidence1526
spritec1540
gallantness1555
braverya1586
braveness1589
confidency1600
lion-heart1667
bravity1689
outdaciousness1778
nads1976
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xxxv. 3 Seith ȝee of litil corage, taketh coumfort.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 208 A knycht of gret corage..That thame confort vith all hys mycht.
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxv. 162 The faith of Christ..armeth vs with patience, constancie and courage.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 108 Courage never to submit or yield. View more context for this quotation
1783 W. Thomson in R. Watson & W. Thomson Hist. Reign Philip III v. 372 He possessed..the virtues of political and martial courage.
1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. 409 Evagoras..had raised himself by his courage and prudence to the throne.
1841 R. W. Emerson Love in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 176 Courage to defy the world.
1887 T. Fowler Princ. Morals ii. i. 24 We speak of a man's courage in undertaking some financial, literary, or political enterprise, or in sustaining some misfortune, or in braving public opinion where he believes himself to be in the right. In this application the term is often qualified as Moral Courage.
1887 T. Fowler Princ. Morals ii. i. 25 Courage in the original sense of the term [the readiness to face physical dangers], that is, Physical Courage.
b. Formerly also in plural in reference to a number of persons. (Cf. heart n. 11.) Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > [noun]
elne888
bieldc890
daringc1374
coraiouste1382
inwit1382
courageousnessa1513
courage1540
couragie1556
valour1581
nerve1602
stoutheartednessa1683
noble-heartedness1836
lionheartedness1885
gut1893
gutsiness1893
bottle1958
1540 R. Jonas in tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Prol. sig. D.ii The gud courages of al honest enterpreysers, in those matters & al other.
1610 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes (ed. 2) 1191 Euery man..gaue God the praise, for taking away the Turkes courages.
1675 T. Shadwell Psyche 111 If danger cou'd our courages remove.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 334 Their drooping Courages he cheer'd.
1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 124 Undaunted are their courages, Right Cossacks in their forages.
c. (with a and plural) A kind or species of courage; an instance of courage. rare.
ΚΠ
1886 M. F. Tupper My Life as Author 92 But there is nothing like flight: it is easy and speedy, and more a courage than a cowardice.
1888 Wolseley in Sat. Rev. 4 Aug. 136/1 As for Charles Gordon, he had all the courages—the courage of instinct, of religion, of contempt of life.
d. Phrases, as to take courage, be of good courage (obsolete or archaic), pluck up courage, lose courage, etc. Dutch courage: bravery induced by drinking (colloquial). the courage of one's convictions or opinions [ < French le courage de son opinion, cited 1864] : courage in action equal to the courageousness of one's opinion; courage to act consistently with one's opinions.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > encouragement > pluck up courage [verb]
findOE
to take (in early use nim) heartc1275
to have the heartc1300
to hent one's heartc1325
to pull upa1393
to fang upa1400
pluckc1400
to take courage1490
to take heart of grace (and variants)c1520
to lift up one's heart, mind, soul1535
to get (also gather, keep, etc.) heart of grace1581
hearten1587
to pluck up one's courage1660
flesh1695
pluck up courage1726
to pick up1735
to call forth1802
to pluck up1827
to muster up1893
the mind > emotion > courage > Dutch courage > [noun]
pot-valour?1623
pot courage1806
Dutch courage1826
bottle bravery1830
pot-valiantry1845
pot-valiance1872
pot valiancy1876
the mind > will > decision > resolution or determination > [noun]
willOE
businessa1387
wilfulnessc1386
restc1400
point1477
appointmenta1535
firmitude?1541
resoluteness?1560
resolve1592
resolution1594
constancy1603
resolvance1603
resolvedness1611
intensiona1619
determinateness1652
decisiveness1714
determinedness1747
decision1770
decidedness1800
setness1818
determinativeness1821
determination1822
virtu1876
the courage of one's convictions or opinions1878
self-determination1890
adamancy1898
drivenness1902
adamance1925
the mind > emotion > courage > moral courage > [noun] > courage of one's convictions
the courage of one's convictions or opinions1878
1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) 154 Bycause they sholde take a better corage for the persone & sight of her.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Chron. xx. C Take a good corage vnto the, and let vs quyte oure selues manly.
1611 Bible (King James) Josh. i. 9 Be strong, and of a good courage. View more context for this quotation
1611 Bible (King James) 2 Chron. xv. 8 He tooke courage, and put away the abominable idoles. View more context for this quotation
1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 42 I pluck'd up Courage enough to speak to her.
1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. xii. 289 Laying in a store of what is called Dutch courage.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 104 He took courage and entered.
1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. viii. 188 A dose of brandy, by stimulating the circulation, produces ‘Dutch courage’.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) Pref. 8 I never could muster up the courage..to undertake the business.
1878 J. Morley Diderot II. 12 He is one of Swift's Yahoos, with the courage of its opinions.
1883 J. Payn Thicker than Water (1884) xxxviii. 306 That courage of his opinions which he never failed to display against any odds.
1887 H. Caine Life Coleridge i. 21 [He] believed in the efficacy of the birch, and had the courage of his convictions.
e. As an exclamation: = Take courage! Cheer up!
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > encouragement > take courage [interjection]
courage1600
heigh1600
coraggio1605
thataboy1936
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iv. i. 110 What man, courage yet. View more context for this quotation
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 787 But courage, man! methought the muse replied. View more context for this quotation
1856 Ld. Tennyson Maud (rev. ed.) xxv, in Maud & Other Poems (new ed.) 91 Courage, poor heart of stone!
5. to the courage of: so as to awaken or increase the courage of, to the encouragement of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > in support of or on the side of [phrase] > to the encouragement of
to the courage of1495
1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 7 To the great corage, boldnesse, and comforte of the seid evyll doers.
1531 Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 1 Many clerkes conuicte were..suffered to make their purgacions, to the greate corage of euyll doers.
1659 O. Walker Περιαμμα Ἐπιδήμιον 5 To the cowardise of themselves, or the courage of their enemies.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

courageadj.

Etymology: < courage n.
Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
‘Stout’ of body.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective]
stalworthc1175
thicka1250
stubblea1300
quarryc1300
stalworthyc1300
stoura1350
sturdyc1386
buirdlya1400
squarec1430
couragec1440
craskc1440
substantialc1460
ample1485
stalwart1508
puddinga1540
full-bodied1588
robust1666
two-handed1687
swankinga1704
strapping1707
broad-set1708
thick-set1724
throddy?1748
thick-bodied1752
broad-built1771
junky1825
swankie1838
stodgy1854
wide-bodied1854
beefish1882
hunky1911
buff1982
buffed1986
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 92 Corage or craske, crassus, coragiosus.

Derivatives

courageness n. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [noun] > state of having
couragenessc1440
stourness1530
robusticity1777
sturdiness1863
chunkiness1879
stockiness1890
robustness1973
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 92 Coragenesse or craskeness, crassitudo.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

couragev.

Forms: Also Middle English–1500s cor(r)age.
Etymology: < courage n.: perhaps partly aphetic (in English or Anglo-Norman) for acorage , Old French acorager : see accourage v. (the English examples of which are however late).
Obsolete.
transitive. = encourage v. (Very common in 16th cent.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > support or encourage [verb (transitive)]
shoveOE
to hold with (arch. of, on, for)1154
favour1362
abetc1380
sustainc1390
supportc1405
courage1470
comfort1481
friend1550
through-bear1554
countenance1568
foster1569
favourize1585
seconda1586
sidea1601
rally1624
feed1626
countenance1654
encourage1668
inserve1683
to go strong on1822
partake1861
sponsor1884
to hold a brief for1888
root1889
rah-rah1940
affirm1970
babysit1973
barrack-
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vii. xv Ye must courage yourself or els ye ben al shente.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 11v To corage them the more to lerne.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Hosea iv. 8 They..corage them in their wickednesse.
1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxxviii. 91 He coraged them to stand.
1614 T. Adams Diuells Banket v. 242 Consecrate and courage your hands and voyces to the vastation of Iericho-walls.

Derivatives

ˈcouraging n. and adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [adjective]
confortant1450
couraging?1542
advocatory1569
pro1650
encouraging1663
bright1684
undergirding1868
supportive1940
the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporting or encouraging
comfortingc1320
couraging?1542
encouraging1578
patronaging1597
upbolstering1610
countenancing1628
rooting1888
hand-holding1967
?1542 H. Brinkelow Complaynt Roderyck Mors viii. sig. C2v It is a gret coragyng, to hym to troble his neyhbor.
a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 6 He lacketh teaching, he lacketh coraging.
1613 F. Beaumont Knight of Burning Pestle Prol. sig. B2 A couraging part.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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n.c1300adj.c1440v.1470
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