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单词 ail
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ailn.1

Brit. /eɪl/, U.S. /eɪl/, Welsh English /eil/
Forms: early Old English egilae, early Old English eglae, early Old English elgum (dative plural, transmission error), Old English ege (accusative singular, transmission error), Old English egele, Old English egl, Old English egla (rare), Old English egle, early Middle English eigle, Middle English ale, Middle English alle (perhaps transmission error), Middle English–1500s eyle, Middle English–1500s yle, Middle English–1600s eile, 1500s ayle, 1500s yele, 1500s–1700s aile, 1700s (1900s– Welsh English) ail; English regional (southern and south midlands) 1800s ayl, 1800s hoil (Dorset), 1800s– aail (Isle of Wight), 1800s– ail, 1800s– aile, 1800s– eyle, 1800s– hail (south-western), 1800s– hile (south-western), 1800s– hoile (Kent), 1800s– ile, 1800s– oil, 1800s– oile, 1800s– oyle, 1900s– ale, 1900s– ayle.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with German †Egel (feminine) awn (second half of the 15th cent. as †agel ) and (without i-mutation) Old Saxon agal (only in the compound agalthorn thorny shrub, perhaps furze), probably < the same Germanic base (with different suffix) as awn n., ear n.2, edge n.In Old English both a strong feminine (egl) and a weak feminine (egle) are attested; an apparent weak masculine (egla) is also once attested.
English regional (southern and south midlands) and Welsh English in later use.
The awn (awn n.) of barley and other grasses.In Old English also: †the husk of corn, chaff (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > cereal plants or corn > awn of corn
aileOE
jag1519
spire1530
stang1808
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > barley > barley plant > awn(s) of
ail1578
avel1823
hornsa1825
pail1887
eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 26 Glis, eglae.
OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 142 Arista, egla.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 41 Hwi gesihst þu þa egle [c1200 Hatton eigle; L. festucam] on þines broþor eagan, & ne gesihst þæne beam on þinum eagan?
OE St. Michael (Corpus Cambr.) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 158 Sanctus Michael..se his hlafordes bernas gefelleð mid þy clænestan hwæte, and ða egelan and ða fulnesse ut aworpeð.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 199 To windwe hweate. schade þe eilen & þe chef from þe cleane cornes.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cx. 1001 Þe beste [nard] is smeþe..wiþ smale yles [1535 eiles].
a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 6v Arista, an ale of corn.
1510 J. Stanbridge Vocabula (new ed.) sig. C.iv Arista, the yele.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 461 The eares [of barley] be long and very rough, couered & set ful of long bearded sharpe ayles.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vii. 559 The eiles of Barley are more rough and prickie than those of the other.
1650 T. Venner Via Recta (rev. ed.) ii. 23 Wheat..whose eares are bare and naked without eiles.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Iles, or Oils (Country-Word), the Spires or Beards of Corn.
1741 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman May 156 This Screen will..exquisitely well break off the Ails of this Corn.
1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 310 Barley should likewise be..well shook in a sack by two men, to be cleared from ailes.
1842 C. W. Johnson Farmer's Encycl. 657/2 An instrument something similar to a garden roller..rolled over the barley, takes off the awns or ailes.
1871 Farmer's Mag. Apr. 305/2 It has been a very difficult matter this year to remove the hales from the barley.
1887 F. T. Havergal Herefordshire Words 33/1 Stump, square iron implement..used to separate awns or iles of barley from the seed.
1940 H. J. Massingham Chiltern Country iv. 52 The bearded ail of the barley brushed against the posts.
1977 M. E. Pearce Apple Tree Saga ii. 316 Ah, well, she ent never had barley-ails inside her shirt, that's certain.
1990 D. Parry in N. Coupland Eng. in Wales xi. 159 Of wider currency in England, including the south-west, are such south Pembrokeshire forms as ails ‘bristles of barley’.
1999 R. Malster Mardler's Compan. Ail, an awn of barley.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

ailn.2

Brit. /eɪl/, U.S. /eɪl/
Forms: early Middle English eil, early Middle English eile, early Middle English eyl, Middle English ayll, Middle English eile, 1600s aile, 1600s aill, 1600s ayl, 1600s ayle, 1600s– ail; also Scottish pre-1700 aill.
Origin: Either (i) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Or (ii) formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: English *ægl ; eile adj.; ail v.
Etymology: Either (i) the reflex of an unattested Old English noun *ægl (or *ægle ) distress, affliction (see note), corresponding to Old English egle eile adj., and cognate with Gothic aglo tribulation (weak feminine n -stem; compare agliþa , in the same sense, with additional suffix: see -th suffix1), perhaps < the same Indo-European base (with different suffixation) as Early Irish álad wound, and perhaps also (without suffix) Sanskrit agha (adjective) evil, bad, (also as noun) evil, harm, Avestan aγa- (adjective) evil, bad; or (ii) < either eile adj. or ail v.Old English *ægl (strong feminine ō -stem) or *ægle (weak feminine n -stem; an exact match of the Gothic cognate) perhaps underlies the incomplete form agl.. (which should perhaps be read as ægl.. ) attested in the notoriously difficult runic inscription on the right side of the Franks casket:eOE Runic Inscription on Franks Casket in R. I. Page Introd. Eng. Runes (1999) 179 Her Hos sitiþ on harmberga agl[..]drigiþ swa hiræ Ertae gisgraf, sarden sorga and sefa torna.The interpretation of this inscription has been much disputed. Its use of cryptic vowel runes render it especially difficult, and it has been suggested that the carver himself became confused over the two (very similar) cryptic runes for æ and a . The form agl.. has alternatively been interpreted as showing Old English āglāc trouble, distress, torment (see egleche adj.), which fits semantically; however, there is not enough space for three missing letters in the lacuna. See further A. S. Napier in Eng. Misc. presented to Dr. Furnivall (1901) 371–8, R. I. Page Introd. Eng. Runes (ed. 2, 1999) 177–9, and Dict. Old Eng. at *agle.
Somewhat archaic or literary in later use.
†1. Trouble, affliction; (in later use esp.) illness, disease. In early use also: harm. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > [noun]
unhealc700
untrumnessc897
adleeOE
sicknessc967
cothec1000
unhealthc1000
woe?a1200
ail?c1225
lying?c1225
maladyc1275
unsoundc1275
feebless1297
languora1375
languishc1384
disease1393
aegritudea1400
lamea1400
maleasea1400
soughta1400
wilc1400
malefaction?a1425
firmityc1426
unwholesomenessc1449
ill1450
languenta1500
distemperancea1535
the valley of the shadow of death1535
affect?1537
affection?1541
distemperature1541
inability1547
sickliness1565
languishment1576
cause1578
unhealthfulness1589
crazedness1593
languorment1593
evilness1599
strickenness1599
craziness1602
distemper1604
unsoundness1605
invaletude1623
unhealthiness1634
achaque1647
unwellness1653
disailment1657
insalubrity1668
faintiness1683
queerness1687
invalidity1690
illness1692
ill health1698
ailment1708
illing1719
invalescence1724
peakingness1727
sickishness1727
valetudinariness1742
ailingness1776
brash1786
invalidism1794
poorliness1814
diseasement1826
invalidship1830
valetudinarianism1839
ailing1862
invalidhood1863
megrims1870
pourriture1890
immersement1903
bug1918
condition1920
the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]
sorec888
teeneOE
sorrowOE
workOE
wrakeOE
careOE
gramec1000
harmOE
howc1000
trayOE
woweOE
angec1175
derfnessc1175
sytec1175
unwinc1175
wosithc1200
ail?c1225
barrat?c1225
derf?c1225
grief?c1225
misease?c1225
misliking?c1225
ofthinkingc1225
passion?c1225
troublec1230
pinec1275
distress1297
grievancea1300
penancea1300
cumbermentc1300
languorc1300
cumbering1303
were1303
angera1325
strifea1325
sweama1325
woea1325
painc1330
tribulationc1330
illa1340
threst1340
constraintc1374
troublenessc1380
afflictiona1382
bruisinga1382
miseasetya1382
pressurec1384
exercisec1386
miscomfortc1390
mislikea1400
smarta1400
thronga1400
balec1400
painfulnessc1400
troublancec1400
smartness?c1425
painliness1435
perplexity?a1439
penalty?1462
calamity1490
penality1496
cumber?a1513
sussy1513
tribule1513
afflict?1529
vexation of spirit1535
troublesomeness1561
hoe1567
grievedness1571
tribulance1575
languishment1576
thrall1578
tine1590
languorment1593
aggrievedness1594
obturbation1623
afflictedness1646
erumny1657
pathos1684
shock1705
dree1791
vex1815
wrungnessa1875
dukkha1886
thinkache1892
sufferation1976
the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction
teeneOE
harmOE
sourc1000
trayOE
angec1175
wosithc1200
ail?c1225
barrat?c1225
misease?c1225
passion?c1225
troublec1230
sorenessc1275
grievancea1300
cumbermentc1300
cumbering1303
thro1303
angera1325
strifea1325
sweama1325
encumbrancec1330
tribulationc1330
threst1340
mischiefa1375
pressc1375
unhend1377
miseasetya1382
angernessc1390
molestc1390
troublancec1400
notea1425
miseasenessc1450
cumber?a1513
tribule1513
unseasonableness?1523
troublesomeness1561
tribulance1575
tine1590
trials and tribulations1591
pressure1648
difficulty1667
hell to pay1758
dree1791
trial and tribulation1792
Queer Street1811
Sturm und Drang1857
a thin time1924
shit1929
crap1932
shtook1936
the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > [noun]
sorrowOE
ail?c1225
scorpion?c1225
dolec1290
angera1325
anguishc1330
cupa1340
aggrievancea1400
discomfortc1405
afflictionc1429
sytec1440
pressurea1500
constraint1509
tenterhook1532
grief1535
annoying1566
troubler1567
griper1573
vexation1588
infliction1590
trouble1591
temptationc1595
load1600
torment1600
wringer1602
sorance1609
inflicting1611
brusha1616
freighta1631
woe-heart1637
ordeala1658
cut-up1782
unpleasure1792
iron maiden1870
mental cruelty1899
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 41 Þe blake clað alsa..deð lesse eil to þe echnen.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 52 Ha habbeð idon muchel eil to moni ancre.
a1350 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1911) 127 41 Ȝef þe þuncheþ þou takest veil, bitokneþ ioie, god, & eyl.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xii. 110 What, art thou in ayll?
a1505 R. Henryson Robene & Makyne 77 in Poems (1981) 178 Be that, sum pairte of Mawkynis aill Outthrow his hairt cowd creip.
1642 D. Rogers Naaman 143 Long custome hath stupified their hearts, and made them senselesse of their ayle.
1729 J. Thurston Poems 61 Venus still prolong'd her Ail, Her Eyes were clos'd, her Face was pale.
a1788 W. J. Mickle Poems, & Trag. (1794) 154 Her lips..tumbling in convulsive throes, Exprest o'erwhelming ail.
a1851 D. M. Moir Sc. Sabbath iii, in Poet. Wks. (1852) II. 39 Soother of life, physician of all ail.
2. As count noun: a misfortune; esp. an ailment, a disease. Cf. ill n. 5b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > [noun]
soreOE
cothec1000
sicknessc1000
evilc1275
maladyc1275
grievance1377
passiona1382
infirmityc1384
mischiefa1387
affectiona1398
grievinga1398
grief1398
sicka1400
case?a1425
plaguec1425
diseasea1475
alteration1533
craze1534
uncome1538
impediment1542
affliction?1555
ailment1606
disaster1614
garget1615
morbus1630
ail1648
disaffect1683
disorder1690
illness1692
trouble1726
complaint1727
skookum1838
claim1898
itis1909
bug1918
wog1925
crud1932
bot1937
lurgy1947
Korean haemorrhagic fever1951
nadger1956
1648 Bp. J. Hall Select Thoughts 149 Those receipts, whereby she heals the ayls of her complaining family.
1670 J. Johnson Nature Inverted 14 We go not to the Physician for every ail, and small distemper.
1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles lxiv. 284 Buzzing all my Ails into the Ears of my Friends.
1757 J. Dyer Fleece i. 18 The bleaters oft complain Of gouty ails, by shepherds term'd the halt.
1834 J. de Sismondi Let. 29 July in H. E. Litchfield Emma Darwin (1904) I. xviii. 364 I trust that the sea air will do for her what I have a feeling it must do for everybody, cure them of all ails.
1890 G. Saintsbury Ess. Eng. Lit. 150 When his political or personal ails and angers do not obscure his critical judgment.
1916 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 3 June 1813/2 Constipation..is frequently harmful; but it is not the cause of all the ails of the flesh.
1977 New Scientist 28 Apr. 214/1 The expectation of the patient of adequate treatment of all ails.
2009 G. Wahl & C. Bobbitt It didn't play in Peoria ii. 18 He liked the doc. He knew Coop would always be there to fix all his ails.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

ailv.

Brit. /eɪl/, U.S. /eɪl/
Forms:

α. Old English egelian (rare), Old English eglan, Old English eglian, Old English eiglan (rare), Old English eiglian (rare), Old English iglden (plural past subjunctive, perhaps transmission error), late Old English eleð (3rd singular indicative, perhaps transmission error), early Middle English æȝlie, early Middle English eaȝes (3rd singular indicative, transmission error), early Middle English eaȝle, early Middle English eȝelie, early Middle English eȝȝlenn ( Ormulum), early Middle English eȝle, early Middle English eȝlie, early Middle English eili (south-west midlands), early Middle English eilie (south-west midlands), early Middle English eilli (south-west midlands), Middle English ayel, Middle English eile, Middle English eille, Middle English eylle, Middle English 1600s ale, Middle English–1500s eyle, Middle English–1600s aile, Middle English–1600s ayle, Middle English– ail, late Middle English heylyght (3rd singular present indicative), late Middle English yeelde (past tense), 1500s eyl, 1500s eyll, 1600s–1700s ayl, 1800s ealt (English regional (Northamptonshire), past tense), 1800s– eale (English regional (Devon)); Scottish pre-1700 aill, pre-1700 ale, pre-1700 ayl, pre-1700 ell, pre-1700 1700s– ail; N.E.D. (1884) also records a form Middle English eale.

β. 1500s eld, 1700s ailded (nonstandard, past tense); English regional (west midlands) 1800s aild, 1800s ailded (past tense), 1800s eld, 1800s elded (past tense); U.S. regional 1800s– ailded (past tense and past participle), 1900s– aild, 1900s– ailted (past tense); Irish English 1900s aild.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Gothic agljan to harm (a person) (as simplex only in Mark 16:18; also in the compound usagljan to bother (a person) (Luke 18:5)), and perhaps also Norwegian egle to bait, to goad, to heckle (a person), Danish regional (Jutland) egle to goad, to start an argument, (of the teeth) to hurt, Danish regional (Bornholm) ägla to scold constantly < the same Germanic base as eile adj. Compare ail n.2In Old English originally a weak verb of Class I (eglan ); however, a Class II by-form (eglian ) is also attested. The prefixed form ge-eglan (also ge-eglian ) to torment, afflict (see y- prefix) is also attested; compare also æteglan to trouble, afflict, harm (see at- prefix1). Specific forms. The late Middle English past tense form yeelde at α. forms shows development of a palatal on-glide. The β. forms represent a mixture of (i) present stem forms inferred from the past tense and past participle, and (ii) past tense forms with double marking (the two developments are not necessarily related), chiefly in regional use; compare (in various senses):?1562 Thersytes sig. C.ii My sonne what thynge eldyth the?1734 Select Trials Old-Bailey I. 360 I..found her in a sad Condition indeed. I could not think what ailded her.1845 C. M. Kirkland Western Clearings 69 I know’d well enough what ailded him.1879 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. 132 The Club Doctor..didna seem to know whad elded 'im... Molly's..bin eldin' a lung wilde.1882 E. L. Chamberlain Gloss. W. Worcs. Words 2 This casselty weather dunna suit the owd folks; grandad's but aildin' like.1903 Dialect Notes 2 305 [South-eastern Missouri]I don’t know what ailds the child.1913 Irish Monthly Nov. 618 ‘What ailds you at me?’ said Sabina, with sturdy patience.1917 Dialect Notes 4 387 [North-eastern Ohio] Ailded, v. Preterit of ail, though aild was not used, so far as I know, for the present. ‘He didn’t know what ailded him.’1968 in Dict. Amer. Regional Eng. (1985) I. (at Ailded) [Georgia] Just anything what ailded you. Alum was good for anything what ailded you.
Somewhat archaic.
†1. transitive. With animate subject: to cause trouble or harm to, to afflict. Obsolete.In Old English with dative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > cause to be ill [verb (transitive)] > affect or afflict
aileOE
takec1300
visitc1340
troublec1400
vex?c1425
surprise1485
vizy1488
attaintc1534
heart-burn?1537
molest1559
gar1614
possess1617
misaffect1618
corrept1657
invalid1803
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict
overharryeOE
aileOE
swencheOE
besetOE
traya1000
teenOE
to work (also do) (a person) woeOE
derve?c1225
grieve1297
harrya1300
noyc1300
travailc1300
to work (also do) annoyc1300
wrath14..
aggrievea1325
annoya1325
tribula1325
to hold wakenc1330
anguish1340
distrainc1374
wrap1380
strain1382
ermec1386
afflicta1393
cumbera1400
assayc1400
distressc1400
temptc1400
encumber1413
labour1437
infortune?a1439
stressa1450
trouble1489
arraya1500
constraina1500
attempt1525
misease1530
exercise1531
to hold or keep waking1533
try1539
to wring to the worse1542
pinch1548
affligec1550
trounce1551
oppress1555
inflict1566
overharl1570
strait1579
to make a martyr of1599
straiten1611
tribulatea1637
to put through the hoop(s)1919
snooter1923
the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)]
heavyc897
pineeOE
aileOE
sorryeOE
traya1000
sorrowOE
to work (also do) (a person) woeOE
angerc1175
smarta1200
to work, bake, brew balec1200
derve?c1225
grieve?c1225
sitc1225
sweam?c1225
gnawc1230
sughc1230
troublec1230
aggrievea1325
to think sweama1325
unframea1325
anguish1340
teen1340
sowa1352
distrainc1374
to-troublea1382
strain1382
unglad1390
afflicta1393
paina1393
distressa1400
hita1400
sorea1400
assayc1400
remordc1400
temptc1400
to sit (or set) one sorec1420
overthrow?a1425
visit1424
labour1437
passionc1470
arraya1500
constraina1500
misgrievea1500
attempt1525
exagitate1532
to wring to the worse1542
toil1549
lament1580
adolorate1598
rankle1659
try1702
to pass over ——1790
upset1805
to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823
to put (a person) through it1855
bludgeon1888
to get to ——1904
to put through the hoop(s)1919
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > suffer pain [verb (transitive)] > cause pain
aileOE
grieve?c1225
girdc1275
painc1375
putc1390
sorea1400
troublec1400
anguisha1425
vex?c1425
urn1488
suffera1500
exagitate1532
fire1602
trachle1889
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xlviii. 120 Wiþ þam wyrmum þe innan eglað þam men genim wegbrædan, getrifula & þæt seaw sele on cuclere supan.
OE Judith 185 Him ne uðe god lengran lifes, þæt he mid læððum us eglan moste.
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) ii. 40 Gif men innan wyrmas eglen [?a1200 Harl. 6258B eȝlian], genim wægbredan seaw, cnuca & wring & syle him supan.
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 133 (MED) Ða hali children..hie ne eileden nauerȝiete ne gode ne manne.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 203 Nu an flech mei eilli þe. Make þe toblenchen.
a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot Poems (1914) 31 (MED) Schent war þo schrewes and ailed vnsele.
2. transitive. With inanimate, abstract, or non-referential subject: to trouble, afflict; to affect deleteriously, or so as to behave in an undesirable or uncharacteristic manner; to impair the health or proper functioning of; to be wrong with.Frequently in interrogative contexts. In Old English with dative.
a. With reference to disease, illness, indisposition, or physical distress or pain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > affect or afflict [verb (impersonal)]
ailOE
OE Lacnunga (2001) I. clxxvi. 120 Gif wænnas eglian mæn æt þære heortan.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1086 Him geyfelade, & þet him stranglice eglade.
?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 49 Him eȝleþ se blodrine.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 842 (MED) Go we loke wat seknes him eyles.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 438 As sadly þe segge hym in his sadel sette As non vnhap had hym ayled.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 1970 (MED) He consayued sone in his attent What sekenes þe woman ayled.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 68 Maister, what eileth the, thou art lepre?
c1592 Faire Em sig. C2v Valingf. What ayleth thy eyes? Em. Oh blinde Sir, blinde, striken blind by mishap on a sudden.
1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. ii. sig. Sss2/1 The least Thing that ails him makes him squawl.
1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 232 Some..have sent for Physicians to know what ail'd them.
1759 J. Mills tr. H. L. Duhamel du Monceau Pract. Treat. Husbandry ii. ii. 244 The bad state of the roots of these plants, the colour of their blades,..left no room to doubt what ailed them.
1807 Evangelical Mag. Apr. 149 His nights were..nearly as free from pain as if nothing ailed him.
1851 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 75 367 She..had not the slightest idea what disease ailed her, nor did she know anything of the venereal disease.
1922 Cosmopolitan Nov. 14/1 When a cotton-mouth is sick..the snake doctor comes hurrying to him with the medication for what ails him.
1966 F. Nwapa Efuru vi. 120 Where does it ail you?
1989 M. C. Kearl Endings 407 They believe that medical science will provide a cure for anything that ails them, including old age and death.
2010 U. Dow & M. Essex Saturday is for Funerals 60 At first no one had seemed prepared to name what was ailing her, but finally the doctor had told her.
b. With reference to any kind of distress, unhappiness, unexpected or undesirable behaviour, etc.; also (in later use) to malfunctioning or poor performance.
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxxiv. 295 Se eadmoda biscop ðe we ymbe sprecað wæs swiðe geðyldig wið þwyrum mannum, and him ne eglode heora hospspræc.
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Deut. (Claud.) xxviii. 67 Hwa fylst us ðæt we dæges gibidon? For eowre forhtnysse & yrhðe, ðe eow eglað [L. qua terreberis].
lOE Laws of Edmund I (Rochester) ii. Prol. §2. 186 Me eleð [lOE Corpus Cambr. 383 egleð] swyðe & us eallum ða unrihtlican & mænigfealdan gefeoht, ðe betwux us sylfum syndan.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4766 Bilammp himm oþerr wa Þatt mare mihhte himm eȝȝlenn.
c1300 Holy Cross (Laud) l. 25 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 2 Ȝwat eilede eov, alas, ȝwy wolde ȝe him to deþe do?
a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) l. 6709 (MED) Alas deth, what eyleth the? Why delyuerest thou not the worlde of me?
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccclxxxvj/1 The blessyd vyrgyne katheryne apperceyued, & demaunded hym what hym eyled and why he sorowed.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Sam. xi. 5 What ayleth the people that they wepe [1611 King James aileth; a1425 E.V. What hath the puple]?
1568 W. Barker tr. G. B. Gelli Fearfull Fansies of Florentine Couper sig. C.jv What ayleth thys tynder that it wyll not take?
1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 13 Ask a Talmudest what ails the modesty of his marginall Keri, that Moses and all the Prophets cannot persuade him to pronounce the textuall Chetiv.
a1668 J. Alleine Alarme to Unconverted Sinners (1672) v. 107 Though the wrath of God abideth on him..yet he goes up and down as light, as if nothing ailed him.
1715 S. Centlivre Wife well Managed i. ii. 9 What ails my Pudsey? You look out of Humour with your nown Figgup, What have I done, ha?
1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue at Hum durgeon Nothing ails him except low spirits.
1820 J. Keats La Belle Dame i Ah, what can ail thee, wretched wight, Alone and palely loitering.
1829 W. Maginn tr. E. F. Vidocq et al. Mem. IV. lxiii. 159 Mad. Lom. ‘There is perhaps something the matter with the lock...’ M. Lom. ‘I see what ails it, you have forced it.’
1842 Ld. Tennyson Miller's Daughter (rev. ed.) in Poems (new ed.) I. 107 My mother thought, What ails the boy? For I was altered, and began To move about the house with joy.
1881 H. James Portrait of Lady III. iv. 57 He had a face a yard long; I wondered what ailed him.
1908 System Mar. 239/2 His motive had been determination to discover what ailed the business, to work out, if possible, a remedy.
1968 New York 12 Aug. 37/2 I would begin by explaining to the students just what was ailing them as writers.
2003 Miami Herald (Nexis) 10 July 1 d Baseball keeps getting sabotaged by everything we think ails it, even though nothing ails the game that doesn't ail our other sports, too.
c. With to and infinitive: to cause to behave in the specified untoward or undesirable manner. Only in interrogative contexts. Now rare.
ΚΠ
a1325 (?c1300) Northern Passion (Cambr. Gg.1.1) l. 1911 (MED) Alas, wat eiled vs to slepe þat we ne mitht him notht kepe?
c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 77 (MED) What eyled ȝow to seche me?
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 131 (MED) What heylyght þi leggys now to be lame.
1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell sig. E3 What ayle them to depraue Phillippe sparows graue.
1567 Triall of Treasure sig. A.iii What the Deuill ailed me to singe thus.
a1625 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Captaine i. iii, in Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Gg/2 What a vengeance ails ye, To be so childish to imagine me A founder of old fellows?
1658 A. Cokayne Trappolin iv. i, in Small Poems 471 I see his Highness is mad (as every body saies) otherwise what should ail him to talk thus?
1701 L. Smith Evid. Things not Seen 9 What ail'd such Persons to reflect on their past flagitious Practices with Horror and Affrightment of Soul, were there not something within them which suggested an after-Account and Reckoning?
1808 R. Southey Chron. Cid 449 Speak thou, Peter the Dumb, what ails thee to sit mute?
1868 F. P. Verney Stone Edge xii. 153 I canna think what ails him to kip away so long.
1898 G. Allen Incid. Bishop 56 What had ailed him to run away to sea and turn common sailor? That was his real great error.
1935 Boys' Life Dec. 10/1 That's right, I did do that... Now what do you suppose ailed me to forget all about it?
1987 J. Lindsey Hearts Aflame 301 ‘God's mercy, wench!’ Eda exclaimed... ‘What ails you to be so clumsy today?’
3.
a. transitive. With at. To cause (a person) to be displeased at or aggrieved towards, or object to or complain about something or someone. Chiefly in what ails you at ——?: ‘what do you have against ——?’, ‘what is your objection to ——?’ Chiefly Scottish and Irish English in later use.
ΚΠ
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 445 (MED) What eyleþ þe at us? we come nevere in þy lond.
c1440 Prose Life Alexander (Thornton) (1913) 53 (MED) What ayles ȝow at me þat ȝe will sla me?
a1505 R. Henryson Robene & Makyne 72 in Poems (1981) 177 Quhat alis lufe at me?
a1586 A. Arbuthnot in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 49 Quhat alis ȝow at me?
1637 S. Rutherford Let. 7 July in Joshua Redivivus (1664) 351 None here will have my Master, Alas! What aileth them at him?
1724 A. Ramsay Tea-table Misc. (new ed.) I. 37 What ails ye at my Dad, quoth he, My Minny or my Aunty.
1769 Get up & bar the Door in D. Herd Anc. & Mod. Scots Songs 331 What ails ye at the pudding broo, That boils into the pan?
1808 W. Neilson Introd. Irish Lang. iii. 59 What ailed him at Bryan? [translating Go de ḃi anaġaid Bhrian aige?]
1852 S. R. Whitehead Two Families II. viii. 179 ‘I don't like this house, ma'am,’ she began... ‘What ails you at it, Thompson?’ said Eliza carelessly.
1890 M. Taylor Miss Miles ii What do you mean about a new chapel, Sammy? What ails ye at t'oud 'un?
1911 A. D. Stewart Heather & Peat ix. 120 What ails ye at the man's name? Bob's a dacent lad.
1917 S. H. Adams Our Square 296 Molly's loyal Irish blood was up. ‘What ails ye at the world, at all!’ she demanded.
1979 F. Urquhart Palace of Green Days x. 63 What ails ye at playin' with Daisy and Tommy? You'd be better with them, gettin' the fresh air into yer lungs.
b. transitive. With at. Scottish and English regional (northern). To find (something) objectionable or exceptionable in something or someone. Chiefly in what do you ail at ——? Now rare.
ΚΠ
c1817 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches III. 191 ‘What can the fool mean?’ said old Richard, ‘What can he ail at the dogs?’
1818 J. Hogg Brownie of Bodsbeck II. 232 I say, tell me my good Trimmy, what you ail at these beautiful hounds?
1877 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Sixty Years Ago 69 When asked what he ailed at Mr Agnew, he replied—[etc.].
1896 S. P. Unwin in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1898) I. 31/2 [Yorkshire] What does ta ail at him.
1899 A. Wells Poems 190 What do you ail at sleep, that all so soon From his embrace impatiently you break?
4. intransitive. To be afflicted or affected by something deleteriously, or so as to behave in an undesirable or uncharacteristic manner; to be impaired in health or function; to have something the matter with one. In later use frequently in continuous tenses; cf. also ailing adj.Some examples here with (probably) adverbial uses of what (see what adv. 2a) may possibly belong at sense 5 (with pronoun use of what).
a. Generally. In early use esp. with reference to unease, unhappiness, or distress; in later use more usually with reference to impaired function or performance.In later use often as a figurative use of sense 4b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > be upset or perturbed [verb (intransitive)]
sweata1400
ail1485
toss1517
heavec1540
seethe1609
to be in a way1855
stew1917
the world > action or operation > operation upon something > exert operative influence [verb (intransitive)] > be affected by
yield1794
sympathize1876
ail1918
1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) xxi. xii. sig. eev As he laye in his bedd a slepe he fyl vpon a grete laughter, and therwyth al the felyshyp awoke and came to the bysshop & asked hym what he eyled.
1580 J. Florio tr. J. Cartier Shorte Narr. Two Nauigations Newe Fraunce 44 Iames Carthier..hearing them, and seeyng their gestures & ceremonies, asked of them what they ayled, and what was happened or chaunced anew.
1635 F. Quarles Emblemes ii. v. 81 Thou asks the Conscience what she ayles.
1640 R. Brome Antipodes i. iii. sig. B4,v Mar. Three yeares married say you, ha, ha, ha, Bar. What ayles she trow?
1664 M. A. F. Fox Two Gen. Epist. 7 What aileth the Sea that it begins again to rage? what ail the Waves that they thus swell?
a1713 T. Ellwood Hist. Life (1714) 20 I knew not what I ayled, but I knew I ayled something more than ordinary: and my Heart was very heavy.
1718 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 278 But my Hearers cry out; What a duce dost Thou ayl? Cut off thy Reflections; and give Us thy Tale.
1825 J. Constable Let. 24 Aug. (1966) IV. 99 Could I divest myself of anxiety of mind I could never ail anything.
1871 All Year Round 2 Sept. 322/1 One day when Stern sat by himself, melancholy, the captain came in and asked him how he ailed.
1918 M. Hess Rome & Jerusalem 232 Germany does not suffer from the oppression of a foreign yoke..but it is ailing as a result of its murdered revolution.
1970 in A. Sampson New Anat. Brit. (1971) xxi. 401 Cyclops has died. Strange Days has died. Grass Eye and Zig Zag ail. The alternative Press is in trouble all round.
2005 Queensland Country Life 8 Sept. 12/2 With cane prices ailing he went in search of an alternative crop to spread his risk.
b. spec. To be, or give signs of being, unwell or in poor health; to be indisposed; (in later use sometimes) to deteriorate in health, to sicken.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > be in ill health [verb (intransitive)]
sicka1150
langernc1440
aila1500
peak1580
languisha1616
suffer1800
underfunction1941
a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. 5241 And withe a gud wil and a stowt He said þat he walde ayl nathynge.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin i. 3 Know ye ought what thise bestes eiled thus for to dye?
1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon ii. viii. sig. A.iv/1 Columbine water is good to be dronken for them that be very faynt and haue no myght nor knowe not hym selfe what they ayle.
1595 S. Daniel First Fowre Bks. Ciuile Warres iii. lxii. sig. P3v His sences droope, his steedy eye vnquicke And much he ayles, and yet hee is not sicke.
a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iv. 6 If she be verie wel, what do's she ayle, that she's not verie well? View more context for this quotation
1657 J. Davies tr. H. D'Urfé Astrea I. 272 Ask him what he ailes, he cannot tell.
1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 5th Bk. Wks. viii. 33 You are perpetually ailing somewhat, making a moan, and never right.
1702 A. de la Pryme in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 23 1076 I know not what I ail, says he, I cannot swallow any Beer.
1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 204 Mistrusting what it ail'd, I took the Pot out of the Water.
1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xvi. 78 And when he ails ever so little..he is so peevish.
1825 Mem. in J. Ross Serm. p. xxx Though he was ailing a little on the evening of Saturday he was cheerful as usual.
1837 Periscope July in Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 27 224/1 The child usually has been ailing somewhat, for a week or perhaps longer, before any serious symptom is observed.
1869 Pall Mall Gaz. 18 Aug. 4 No wonder, the Lancet says, that diarrhœa has prevailed, and that the children ail.
1888 T. H. Parke Diary 16 Feb. in My Personal Experiences Equatorial Afr. x. 197 Poor Nelson is broken down generally, and is ailing badly with ulcers and rheumatism.
1905 Indian Forester Feb. 100 For three days it [sc. an elephant] was ailing from this disease, falling down and getting up repeatedly.
1963 G. Heyer False Colours viii. 123 They never ail, though they did have the measles and the whooping-cough, when they were small.
2002 C. McCullough October Horse vii. 382 She ailed, wasn't interested in her baby, refused to eat or exercise.
5. transitive. To suffer from (a disease, ailment, etc.). Earliest in to ail nothing (also nought) but good: to have nothing wrong with one (obsolete). Now rare.Almost exclusively with nothing or anything, or in interrogative contexts with what as apparent object. These might in several cases be regarded as adverbs and the verb as showing sense 4. The earliest examples might be taken as showing sense 2 with the person as object.
ΚΠ
1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) xxi. xii. sig. eev I doubte not syr Launcelot ayleth no thynge but good.
a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) l. 1992 (MED) Gaheriet eyles noght bot goode; he wolle sone come A-gayne.
a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Giiii For who loueth god can ayle nothynge but good.
1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue sig. D2v A Christall Mirrour..Wherein thou might'st behold what thing I aile.
1651 Exam. H. Parsons in S. G. Drake Ann. Witchcraft New Eng. (1869) 229 Ye Cow ayld Nothing that I could discerne.
1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xxi. 206 The Surgeon perceiving nothing that it [sc. an arm] ailed, was much startled at the motion.
1704 J. Locke Hist. Navigation in A. Churchill & J. Churchill Coll. Voy. I. p. lxxi/1 The rest ailing nothing but the Scurvy, were cur'd with eating sour Plumbs.
1804 Philos. Mag. 20 46 Two of my own children..were inoculated by Dr. Jenner for the cow-pock, and ailed nothing but the pustule on the arm.
1862 G. W. S. Piesse Art of Perfumery (ed. 3) 130 Whatever he ailed, the rose was made in some fashion or another to enter into the remedy for his recovery.
1874 Tract Mag. 5 8 I may have had a slight cold once or twice, but I never ailed anything that kept me from business.
1907 J. Craven Brontë Moorland Village xi. 90 Before the doctor..he pleaded he was ill. ‘What do you ail?’ demanded the doctor.
1969 N. Lofts King's Pleasure xix. 249 He said that the Princess ailed nothing that he had a cure for.
1972 ‘J. Herriot’ All Creatures Great & Small xliii. 268 He never seemed to ail anything beyond a tendency for his teeth to tartar up.
6. transitive. To interfere with, obstruct, hamper; to prevent or impede (a person) (from doing something). Frequently with to and infinitive. Scottish and Irish English in later use.In recent Irish English also with not to and infinitive in the same sense, in rhetorical questions, as what would ail me not to ——?: ‘why should I not ——?’ The meaning here is arguably that of sense 2c, but the usage seems to have developed from this sense.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > hinder in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > by interference
mareOE
disturbc1386
annoyc1405
interrupta1420
ail1499
blent1530
forelay1571
intervene1588
intervent1600
interpose1615
disrupt1817
derange1848
to put a crimp in (also into, on)1889
crab1899
1499 Promptorium Parvulorum (Pynson) sig. fiiv/2 Eylen, obsto.
a1500 (a1450) Generides (Trin. Cambr.) l. 3411 What aylith the to fight?
1563 J. Man tr. W. Musculus Common Places Christian Relig. 286 b What eyleth it [L. quid impedit] but by the same reason he should be baptised.
a1625 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) ii. iii. 29 Enter .4. Country people... 3. Doe we all hold, against the Maying? 4. Hold? what should aile us?
1705 R. Steele Tender Husband iii. 33 Fain. You're so gay—and dance so very high—. Hum. What should ail me? Did you think I was Wind-gall'd?
1762 S. Foote Orators ii. 52 Dermot. Arrha, be quiet, Terence. Terence. Dibble burn me but I will; hut, hut, not spake what should ail me.
1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. v. 95 And wasn't it the way to Glasgow you were speering if I kenn'd?—What suld ail me to ken it?
1867 J. G. Austin Outpost xxxix. 396 ‘Did you ever see that before?’ ‘Sure an' what would ail me owld eyes not to seen it, whin me own fingers sewed it?’
1892 R. Steuart Legends of North 178 ‘Ye'll min' him, Nanny?’ ‘What wud ail me tae min him?’
1910 Lady Gregory Image ii. 61 What would ail us not to give our votes by ballot?
1927 Trans. Gaelic Soc. Inverness 31 184 What wad ail me tae ken ma Carritches?
1937 L. O'Flaherty Famine xxiv. 187 ‘God help us all,’ said Hynes,..‘but you're holding out well, James.’ ‘And what would ail me?’ said Rabbit.
1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 3/2 Ail, hinder, prevent... What would ail it?
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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