| 释义 |
▪ I. projection, n.|prəʊˈdʒɛkʃən|
[ad. L. prōjectiōn-em a throwing forward, extension, projection, n. of action f. prōjicĕre, or a. F. projection (13– 14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.): see project ppl. a.]
I.
1. The action of projecting; the fact of being projected; throwing or casting forth or forward; impulsion, ejection.
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 109/1 It is commodious for the proiectione of phlegme. 1642H. More Song of Soul (1647) 19 His [the Sun's] rays have undenied Projection. 1691Ray Creation i. (1692) 23 To persuade him that this was done..by the rude scattering of Ink upon the Paper, or by the lucky Projection of so many Letters at all adventures. 1775Wesley Serm. lix. 10 Wks. 1811 IX. 128 Connect the force of projection and attraction how you can, they will never produce a circular motion. 1852Mundy Our Antipodes 117 The fall of the Viceroy's good chestnut..and the projection of his rider full ten feet over his head. 1862G. P. Scrope Volcanos 24 The immense trituration they sustain in the process of repeated projection and fall.
fig.a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 103 Shewing how all that which we call body, rather issued forth by an infinite projection from some mind.
2. a. The casting of some ingredient into a crucible; esp. in Alchemy, the casting of the powder of philosophers' stone (powder of projection) upon a metal in fusion to effect its transmutation into gold or silver; the transmutation of metals.
1594Plat Jewell-ho. iii. 87 You shall make a perfect proiection your selues vpon Mercurie. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 273 Projection is an exaltation chiefly in Metals, by a medicine cast upon them, which will suddenly penetrate and transfigurate them. 1633T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter i. 20 Alchymists that labour to make gold by projection. c1645Howell Lett. (1650) III. 17 To do the like touching the Philosophers stone, the powder of Projection, and potable gold. 1821Scott Kenilw. xxii, I will do projection in thy presence, my son,..and thine eyes shall witness the truth. 1836–41Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 11 At other times the performers..purchased what was termed a powder of projection, prepared by the adepts, containing a portion of gold.
b. fig. Change from one thing to another; transmutation.
1630B. Jonson New Inn iii. ii, I feel that transmutation of my blood, As I were quite become another creature, And all he speaks it is projection. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 111 ⁋2 We laugh at the timorous delays of plodding industry, and fancy that, by increasing the fire, we can at pleasure accelerate the projection. 1820Hazlitt Lect. Dram. Lit. 16 Public opinion was in a state of projection. 1828Southey in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 549 The golden opportunity is arrived, they have reached..the moment of projection. 1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 154 The lucky moment of projection was clearly come.
II.
3. The forming of mental projects or plans; scheming, planning.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, ii. iv. 46 Which of a weake and niggardly proiection, Doth like a Miser spoyle his Coat, with scanting A little Cloth. 1657S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 142 After the projection of divers experiments. 1776S. J. Pratt Pupil of Pleas. II. 230 The dead of the night..is generally my hour for projection. 1811Ora & Juliet IV. 23 He was endeavouring to abet the good plans that were in projection. 1838–9F. A. Kemble Resid. Georgia (1863) 87 The projection of a canal. 1846Grote Greece i. xxi. II. 235 The whole plot appears of one projection, from the beginning down to the death of the suitors.
†4. That which is projected or planned; a project, plan, design, scheme; a proposal. Obs.
1633Nabbes Tottenham Court iii. ii, The planting of hoppes was a rare projection in the Dutch. 1652Heylin Cosmogr. ii. 238 Having withall good courages and high projections. 1674[Z. Cawdrey] Catholicon 9 My projection is..that this Stipulation should once be solemnly made. 1753Johnson Adventurer No. 108 ⁋13 Men are so frequently cut off in the midst of their projections. 1804E. de Acton Tale without Title III. 218 Many other airy projections, which vanished as soon as they were formed.
III. 5. a. The action of placing a thing or part so that it sticks or stands out, or projects beyond the general line or surface; the fact or condition of being so placed as to project.
1644Bulwer Chiron. 30 The gentle and wel ordered Hand throwne forth by a moderate projection. 1772Hutton Bridges 97 The perpendicular projection will be equal to half the breadth..of the pier. 1806J. Dallaway Obs. Eng. Archit. 207 The central front is rendered mean..by the..projection of the wings. 1874Blackie Self-Cult. 42 Let him..sit erect, with his back to the light, and a full free projection of the breast. 1875Merivale Gen. Hist. Rome lxv. 525 The conquests..beyond the Danube constituted a deep projection of Roman civilisation into the wilds of barbarism.
b. The representation of an object in a picture in such a way as to make it appear to stand out in relief.
1603E. Heyward in Drayton Bar. Wars Pref. Verses, Since affection In iudgement may, as shaddow and proiection In Lantskip, make that which is low seeme high. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 597 The idea of projection is not so strongly excited; nor are we able to distinguish with the same certainty between a well-painted picture..and the objects themselves in relief. 1883Stevenson Silverado Sq. 194 The incredible projection of the stars themselves.
c. concr. Anything which projects or extends beyond the adjacent surface; a projecting part.
1756Burke Subl. & B. iii. xiv, Any ruggedness, any sudden projection, any sharp angle, is..contrary to that idea. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 131 The projections at the corners..are called buttresses. 1885Law Rep. 15 Q.B. Div. 316 A catch or small projection at the end of an iron pin.
IV.
6. a. Geom. The drawing of straight lines or ‘rays’ according to some particular method through every point of a given figure, usually so as to fall upon or intersect a surface and produce upon it a new figure each point of which corresponds to a point of the original figure. Hence, each of such rays, or of such points of the resulting figure, is said to be the projection of a point of the original one; or the whole resulting figure is said to be the projection of the original.
In central projection (often called simply projection), the rays are all drawn from one point or ‘centre’; in axial projection, a number of planes are similarly drawn from one line or ‘axis’.
1731W. Halfpenny Perspective 32 Whence, draw a Line to the Point of Distance: then is MU the Projection. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 539 The most useful kinds of architectural drawing depend upon the Theory of Projection. 1831Brewster Optics xxiii. 208 Supposing AOB, CPPD to be projections of great circles of the sphere. 1840Lardner Geom. xv. 185 The position and form of lines in space are expressed, in the higher geometry, by determining the projection of these lines on planes placed at right angles to each other. 1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 793/2 Any figure, plane or in space of three dimensions, may be projected to any surface from any point which is called the centre of proiection.
fig.1829I. Taylor Enthus. x. 301 Metaphysical projections of the moral system, how neat soever and entire, and plausible they may seem.
b. Math. Any homomorphism from a vector space or the like into a part of itself such that each element of the part is mapped on to itself; also, a homomorphism from a group into a quotient group.
1942Amer. Jrnl. Math. LXIV. 115 The study of groups which have projections on abelian groups. 1950Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. LVI. 488 The systematic use of these injection and projection homomorphisms is at the heart of our formulation of the duality phenomena. 1976D. E. Christie Basic Topology vii. 191 An indispensable tool for products is the projection, a function from the product to one of the factors.
7. a. The drawing according to scale, and on mathematical principles, of a plan, chart, or map of a surface, or a diagram on the flat of a machine or the like; spec. the representation of any spherical surface on the flat, e.g. of the whole or any part of the surface of the earth, more fully called map-projection (see b).
1557Recorde Whetst. M ij, It serueth so many waies, in building: in proiection of plattes, for measuring of ground, timber, or stone. 1812–16Playfair Nat. Phil. II. 67 In the construction of maps..by the projection of the spherical surface on a plane, such as it would be seen to the eye situated in a particular point; or by the developement, that is, the spreading out of a spherical on a plane surface. 1857W. Binns Elem. Treat. Orth. Project. ii. (1862) 12 The difference betwixt perspective drawing, or scenographic projection and orthographic projection. 1869Tyndall Notes Lect. Light 30 Take two drawings—projections, as they are called—of the frustum of a cone; the one as it is seen by the right eye, the other as it is seen by the left. 1887D. A. Low Machine Draw. (1892) 123 Whilst the notion of projection had been imparted, projection lines being drawn, yet the student had utterly failed to realise from the sketches the form of the object he was drawing.
b. Chartography. A representation on a plane surface, on any system, geometrical or other, of the whole or any part of the surface of the earth, or of the celestial sphere; any one of the many modes in which this is done.
The earlier modes were actually the result of geometrical projection; but the name has been extended to representations which lie quite outside the etymological sense.
The projections (in this extended sense) that have been used to represent the whole, the half, or parts of the earth's surface, are more than thirty; they have been classified by Major C. F. Close (Sketch of Map Projections, 1901, Text-bk. of Topogr. & Geogr. Surveying, 1905, xi.) under the following heads: i. orthomorphic or conformal (conform, or conformable), preserving the forms of areas (but not their relative sizes); ii. equal area projection (equivalent, or surface-true), in which equal areas of the surface are represented by equal areas on the map, but the forms of these, when large, are distorted; iii. perspective projection, representing the surface as seen from some point of view at the centre, on the surface, or at various distances from it; iv. zenithal projection (q.v.) or azimuthal; v. conical projection (q.v.); vi. cylindrical projection (q.v.); vii. conventional projection, produced by arbitrary rules for convenience of drawing and the approximate representation of a number of properties; such is the globular, commonly used in school maps of the two hemispheres. Another conventional projection is the two-point equidistant, showing accurately the distances from every point to each of two chosen points. Of the varieties in actual use, many belong to two, and some to three of these classes; thus Mercator's projection is orthomorphic and cylindrical. For gnomonic, homolographic, orthographic, polyconic, sinusoidal, stereographic, etc. projections, see these adjs. Many projections are also named after their inventors, as Mercator's, Bonne's (modified conical equal-area), Sanson-Flamsteed's (sinusoidal equal-area), Airy's (balance of errors), Cassini's (rectangular co-ordinate) used in the 1-inch Ordnance Maps of England, and 6-inch of Great Britain, the six different projections of Lambert; Albers', a conical equal-area projection with two standard parallels; and Clarke's, projected from a centre outside the globe onto a diametrically opposite plane. Projections may be interrupted, so that the representation is not convex but lobate or partly dissected; and transverse, representing a globe rotated through a right or other angle from its conventional orientation. For these see the works cited above, and other special treatises.
1570Dee Math. Pref. a iv b, Of making due proiection of a Sphere in plaine. 1625N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. vii. (1635) 182 (Polar projection) This kinde of proiection, though more vnusuall,..wants not his special vse in describing the parts of the Earth neere the Pole. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. viii. 73 Charts, according to Mercator's or Wright's Projection. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Projection of the Sphere in Plano, is a true Geometrical Delineation of the Circles of the Sphere, or any assigned Parts of them, upon the Plane of some one Circle; as on the Horizon, Meridian, Equator, Tropick, etc. Ibid., Polar Projection, is a Representation of the Earth, or of the Heavens, projected on the Plane of one of the Polar Circles. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., Astrolabes, Quadrants, Sun-dials, Maps, &c., are Projections of the Sphere; which are of three sorts, viz. Gnomonick, Orthographick and Stereographick. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 56 General maps..are projected upon the plane of some great circle..and from this circle the projection is said to be meridional, equatorial, or horizontal. 1866Proctor Handbk. Stars 12 Note, The term projection has come to be applied in mapping to any mode of construction founded on some definite geometrical principle. 1867Denison Astron. without Math. 13 In Mercator's projection, which is a favourite one for maps, the globe is supposed to be stretched out on the inside of a cylinder which touches it all round the equator, and the cylinder is then cut and opened out flat or ‘developed’. 1905C. F. Close Topogr. & Geogr. Surveying xi. 92 The term projection, though sanctioned by long usage, is an unfortunate one. The great majority of useful map projections are not obtained in any geometrical way. A map projection is to be treated as the representation on a plane, by any law, of the terrestrial meridians and parallels. 1910J. I. Craig Theory Map-Projections v. 45 (heading) Transverse conical projection... This projection is of no practical importance. Ibid. 53 (heading) Zenithal or azimuthal projections. Ibid. 55 Lambert's equivalent azimuthal projection. 1910Encycl. Brit. XVII. 656/1 (caption) Clarke's perspective projection for a spherical radius of 108°. 1912A. R. Hinks Map Projections i. 6 There is a class of projections sometimes named azimuthal, from the fact that the azimuths, or true bearings, from the centre of the map, of all points, are shown correctly. Ibid. 7 The objection to the term azimuthal is that it is hard to pronounce, and several writers have followed German in calling always this class of projection zenithal. Ibid. iii. 26 Albers' conical equal area projection. 1922C. Close in Ordnance Survey Prof. Papers No. 5. 6 (heading) Two-point equidistant projection. 1927J. A. Steers Introd. Study Map Projections vi. 152 (heading) ‘Interrupted’ projections. 1969G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs i. 9 Distances..can be shown correctly from one, or two, but no more, chosen points on certain special projections. [Note] The zenithal equidistant and the two-point equidistant projections respectively. Ibid. 17 If a map can be broken in some areas that do not matter—the oceans if map is needed mainly for continental areas, or vice versa—and the meridians gathered together at several ‘central’ meridians the good qualities of the ‘central’ areas are more widely spread. Fig. 4F shows such an interrupted sinusoidal projection. Ibid. 20 Let us try projecting it [sc. the globe] onto a flat sheet of paper touching the globe, at the north pole to begin with, and furthermore see what happens when we move the source of light... The results form a group of projections known collectively as zenithal or azimuthal projections. Ibid. 24 If in relation to the parallels, the words ‘their true distance apart’ in the preceding specification is [sic] replaced by ‘spaced so that the area between them is the same as that on the globe’ we get Alber's projection. Ibid. 25 Suppose we want to make a transverse Mercator's projection based on (say) 90°W. and not the equator.
c. Cryst. The projection of a point in each face of a crystal upon an imaginary containing sphere, called the sphere of projection.
From the centre of the sphere a line is drawn perpendicular to each face of the crystal, so that to each of these there corresponds a point on the sphere: a plane map of the sphere showing all these points is called a projection of the crystal.
1878Gurney Crystallogr. 32 The diameter of the sphere of projection which is at right angles to the zone plane is called the zone axis. 1895Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. ii. 27 On the sphere of projection, and the principles of its stereographic representation. Ibid. 28 Fig. 9 represents in orthographic projection the faces and the poles of the cubo⁓octahedron. Ibid. 29 The plane of projection thus bounded by a great circle of the sphere is represented by the plane of the paper on which the circle is drawn, which latter will be termed the circle of projection or primitive circle.
d. Econ. A forecast based on present trends.
1952Economist 30 Aug. 526/1 The FBI's figure..amounts almost exactly in total to a direct projection of the sharp upward trend in consumption during 1950 and 1951. 1962Listener 16 Aug. 235/1 When this work has reached the stage of placing the various national projections alongside one another, the foundations of planning will have been laid. 1969Times 4 Sept. 7 The eminent thinker acknowledges that economic performance is not conclusive but insists that it furnishes the basic structure and framework of power. Here is his G.N.P. projection for 1980. 1976Time 27 Dec. 48/2 Among those who doubt the Carter projections are the members of Time's Board of Economists.
8. a. The action of projecting, or fact of being optically projected, as a figure or image, against a background: see project v. 9 b. spec. The process of projecting (an image on) a film or transparency on to a screen for viewing.
1881T. Webb in Nature 3 Nov. 10/1 Why, when a satellite passes behind the limb, is it sometimes..visible behind or through it, either from optical projection, as stars have been seen in front of the moon, or [etc.]? 1896R. W. Paul Brit. Pat. 4686, I prefer to employ the following mechanism,..causing the film to be propelled instantaneously a small amount, after which it remains still for projection of the picture. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 770 Erroneous projection and diplopia. 1912F. A. Talbot Moving Pictures ix. 99 This second lens is used for the projection of lantern slides. 1953L. J. Wheeler Princ. Cinematogr. vi. 193 Both lanterns must be accurately trained on the screen to give the appearance of continuous projection. 1976Times 22 Apr. 11/3 Amplified sound, music, lighting, slide projection, videotape, all the tools of the professional chatterbox will be deployed to tempt conference organizers.
fig.1901N. Amer. Rev. Feb. 319 The projection of his reputation against a background of foreign appreciation, more or less luminous.
b. Mus. The projective quality of sound; acoustic penetration. Also transf. of an instrument.
1977Gramophone Dec. 1045/1 So fine was the earlier recording that the later one..is not necessarily an improvement, even if the sound has slightly more clarity and projection. 1977Oxf. Times 16 Dec. 16 The Allegri Quartet..tested the viola and cello in exchanged positions. The increased projection of the viola was remarkable.
9. a. A mental figure or image visualized and regarded as an objective reality.
1836Emerson Nat., Spirit Wks. (Bohn) II. 167 The world proceeds from the same spirit as the body of man. It is a..projection of God in the unconscious. 1838― Lit. Ethics Nature, etc. (1883) 157 The youth, intoxicated with his admiration of a hero, fails to see that it is only a projection of his own soul which he admires. 1891Watts in Athenæum 22 Aug. 259/1 If there is in any literary work a true projection of life, it must..be classed as poetry. 1903Myers Human Personality I. 694, I had..been studying..various cases of astral projection in Phantasms of the Living..making up my mind..to try..to accomplish a projection of myself by force of will-concentration.
b. Psychoanal. The unconscious process or fact of projecting one's fears, feelings, desires, or fantasies on to other persons, things, or situations, in order to avoid recognizing them as one's own and so as to justify one's behaviour. Also in more general use.
1909Peterson & Brill tr. Jung's Psychol. of Dementia Praecox iv. 87 By the method of outward projection they frequently place the responsibility on some foreign agency. 1923J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist iv. 167 This projection, or interpretation of external reality in terms of one's self, is a curious and almost universal attribute of the human mind. 1924J. Riviere tr. Freud's Defence of Neuro-Psychoses in Coll. Papers I. ix. 180 In paranoia the reproach is repressed in a manner which may be described as projection; by the defence-symptoms of distrust directed against others being erected. 1938G. W. Allport Personality vi. 173 There is likewise a complementary form of projection whereby a person does not attribute his own frame of mind to others but rather one that justifies and explains his own frame of mind to himself. 1944Horizon IX. 169 His [sc. Lenin's] fanatical hatred of the Bourgeoisie of which, in analytical terms, the Russian revolution was merely a ‘projection’. 1950T. S. Eliot Cocktail Party i. ii. 59 The man I saw before, he was only a projection—I see that now—of something that I wanted. 1966R. D. Laing et al. Interpersonal Perception ii. 16 Projection refers to a mode of experiencing the other in which one experiences one's outer world in terms of one's inner world. 1966Listener 5 May 653/2 Rogozhin..who tries to win Nastasya with money, and ends by murdering her, can be seen to be a projection of Myshkin's urge to power and destruction. 1975K. R. Scherer et al. Human Aggression & Conflict iv. 117 Perhaps through the mechanism of complementary projection, they perceived the students to be particularly hostile, dangerous, and intent on overpowering the soldiers. 1976Smythies & Corbett Psychiatry xv. 271 Projection means the attribution to external agencies of one's own psychological conflicts.
c. The conveying of a positive image of one's personality to others by one's manner and actions.
1955Times 10 May 3/7 Attack, boldness, and what actors call ‘projection’ of the artist's personality, are undeniably all there. 1957[see project v. 10 c].
10. Physiol. and Psychol. The process whereby a stimulus is perceived as being located at a point other than where the sensation or perception occurs (see quots.).
1887G. T. Ladd Elem. Physiol. Psychol. ii. vi. 387 The law of eccentric projection is generally stated thus: Objects are perceived in space as situated in a right line off the ends of the nerve-fibres which they irritate. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xvii. 41 The other cases of translocation of our sensations are equally easily interpreted without supposing any ‘projection’ from a centre at which they are originally perceived. Ibid. 42, I conclude..that there is no truth in the ‘eccentric projection’ theory. 1892Van Liew & Beyer tr. Ziehen's Introd. Physiol. Psychol. iv. 77 By ‘eccentric projection’ we understand the fact that a sensation produced by the stimulation of the nerve-trunk instead of the nerve-ends is reglarly attributed to irritation of the peripheral ramifications of the nerve. 1902J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. II. 358/2 Projection, the spatial objectivation of objects in sense perception... This usage is vague and descriptive, varying from the mere recognition of a spatial datum to the hypothesis of the spatial projection of states at first purely ‘inner’ and unspatial. It is also complicated with the hypothesis..that nervous projection.., to the periphery, sometimes extends out in lines at right angles to the sensitive surface. Ibid., Projection (nervous, or ‘eccentric’), the property of the nervous system whereby stimulations are referred to the periphery of the body or to the end-organs. 1972Encycl. Psychol. III. 47/1 Projection, eccentric, the introspective observation that sensory experiences are usually localised outside the body at the same position as the stimulus object... Thus the blue is seen as on the sky rather than in the retina.
11. Physiol. The spatial distribution, in the brain, or other parts of the central nervous system, of the points to which nerves or nerve impulses go from any given area or organ; const. on, upon, to the receiving part; also concr., a tract of projection fibres.
1924Scand. Sci. Rev. X. 18 [This case verified my supposition..that every limited lesion of the calcarine cortex causes a corresponding limited blind spot in the visual field, or, that there exists a mathematical projection of the peripheral retina in the calcarine cortex.] Ibid. 37 The projection of the retina on the calcarine cortex. 1925Jrnl. Neurol. & Psychopath. VI. 3 It is very probable that the projection of the retina on the primary centres in the ape is similar to that in man. 1934Proc. R. Soc. B. CXV. 504 Although the existence of the cortico-pontine fibres has long been recognized.., there has as yet been no solution of the problem of their distribution in the pons and projection on the cerebellum. 1936Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LXIV. 7 The thalamic projection to the frontal cortex has occasioned much discussion. 1938J. F. Fulton Physiol. Nerv. System xv. 335 In addition to the corticospinal projections, the cerebral cortex in the higher forms gives rise to a vast extrapyramidal projection passing to many subcortical levels. 1951T. C. Ruch in S. S. Stevens Handbk. Exper. Psychol. iv. 136/1 The projection of the body surface upon the posteroventral nucleus of the thalamus was worked out in greater detail. 1973W. J. S. Krieg Synoptic Functional Neuroanat. 4/2 In the pons..the cortical projections are broken into bundles, and many fibers form connections to the cerebellum here.
V.
12. attrib. and Comb., as projection dynamics, projection maker, projection phenomenon, projection screen, projection surface, projection work; projection booth, box = projection room below; projection-fibre, a nerve fibre connecting one part of the central nervous system with another, esp. the cortex with the brain stem or spinal cord; projection lens, the objective lens in a film or slide projector, which projects an enlarged image into space; projection measurement: see quot. 1890; projection printing Photogr., printing in which an optical system is placed between the negative and the printing paper, so that enlargement or reduction of image size is possible; hence projection printer, an apparatus for this; projection room, a room in a cinema or film studio designed to contain the projector and its operators, through windows in the wall of which the film is projected; projection rule, in Transformational Grammar, a rule, based on underlying phrase markers, for combining lexical senses of words so as to predict their semantic role in a given sentence; projection system, the nervous system by which impulses received through the senses are projected upon the consciousness; in mod. use, a system of projection fibres; projection test = projective test (see projective a. 5 b); projection welding, resistance welding in which welding is effected at one or more projecting points of contact previously formed in the components by pressing; so projection weld n. and (with hyphen) v. trans., -welded ppl. a.; also projection welder, an apparatus for projection welding.
1929F. Green Film finds its Tongue xviii. 249 Out in the theatre, sitting in the audience, is an Observer. He has a telephone that leads to the projection booth. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 45 (Advt.), Recreation area consisting of large family room with..projection booth and screen for home movie entertainment.
1934S. Chesmore Behind Cinema Screen ix. 85 In modern theatres the projection box is roomy..and well lit. 1966P. O'Donnell Sabre-Tooth iv. 67 The projection box was equipped with a kershaw filmstrip and slide projector.
1953C. E. Osgood Method & Theory in Exper. Psychol. vi. 229 (heading) Projection dynamics in perception.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 328 The centrum ovale..contains not only projection fibres..but also fibres which connect the cortex with the optic thalamus. 1920S. W. Ranson Anat. Nerv. System xviii. 297 Many of the fibers of the medullary white center connect the cerebral cortex with the thalamus and lower lying portions of the nervous system. These are known as projection fibers, and may be divided into two groups according as they convey impulses to or from the cerebral cortex. 1970L. J. A. DiDio Synopsis of Anat. xix. 437/2 White matter of the cerebral hemispheres... It is composed of myelinated nerve fibers that may be divided into three groups: projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers. Ibid., Projection fibers are those that establish either ascending or descending connections between the cerebral cortex and structures outside the telencephalon.
1917C. N. Bennett Guide to Kinematogr. ix. 131 A secondary effect is often produced through the additional length of focus of the projection lens. 1962Which? Mar. 68/1 The slide is put into a slide carrier in the projector and slid in front of a lamp and behind a projection lens.
1680J. J. Becher (title) Magnalia Naturæ: or, the Philosophers-stone Lately expos'd to publick Sight and Sale,..how Wenceslaus Seilerus, The late Famous Projection-maker..made away with a very great Quantity of Pouder of Projection, by projecting with it before the Emperor.
1890Billings Med. Dict., Projection measurement, distance between lines tangent to opposite sides of the body, measured vertically to a given plane.
1962Henderson & Gillespie Text-bk. Psychiatry xii. 294 When a failure of repression occurs the paranoid symptoms develop as projection phenomena.
1940Lucas & Dudley Making your Photographs Effective xi. 168 The apparatus required for projection printing consists of the projection printer, or enlarger,..and the easel. 1965M. J. Langford Basic Photogr. xviii. 324 The term ‘enlarger’ although common usage, is deceptive. ‘Projection printer’ is the more accurate description of an optical device to give prints both larger and smaller than the original negative.
1923Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. LXX. 350 The remaining factor in contact printing is the distance between the light and the negative... The question of printing distance operates equally in projection printing. 1974A. Feininger Darkroom Techniques II. 51 Unlike contact printing,..projection printing allows a photographer a considerable amount of control as far as the final appearance of the print is concerned.
1914R. Grau Theatre of Science iii. 48 The fixture and office furniture are of massive mahogany and plate glass and the projection room is the last word in luxurious splendor. 1930Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 29 Mar. 7/4 A fire occurred in the projection room of the Swan Cinema. 1975Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xxv. 425 Almost a quarter of the schools had a projection room.
1962Katz & Postal Integrated Theory Ling. Descr. iii. 64 The set of projection rules of a semantic component is..an unordered set. Each rule applies when the conditions of its application are met, and no two rules apply in the same case because no two rules have the same conditions of application. 1964Fodor & Katz Struct. Lang. xix. 493 A semantic theory must contain two components: a dictionary of the lexical items of the language and a system of rules (which we shall call projection rules). 1965N. Chomsky Aspects of Theory of Syntax iv. 154 The projection rules must now be adapted to detect and interpret conflicts in feature composition. 1966J. J. Katz Philos. Lang. iv. 153 A system of projection rules that provide the combinatorial machinery for projecting the semantic representation for all supraword constituents in a sentence. 1977Language LIII. 93, I assume..that semantic representations are complex objects, related to different aspects of syntactic structure by means of ‘projection rules’, or ‘interpretive rules’, of different types.
1946Koestler Thieves in Night 170 You are fond of people..as projection-screens for your own feelings. 1954― Invisible Writing xxvi. 276 My emotions were self-centred, and those who inspired them served merely as projection-screens.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. ii. 59 The entire cortex being, according to him [sc. Munk], nothing but a projection-surface for sensations, with no exclusively or essentially motor part.
1876Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 8) II. 565 First projection system..between the convolutions above and the cerebral ganglia..corresponds for the most part to the corona radiata. 1890A. Hill tr. Obersteiner's Anat. Central Nerv. Organs 168 Through the fibres of this system sense-pictures are projected on the perceptive cortex, and..the cortex..reflects outwards again the states of stimulation, information with regard to which is transferred to it by means of sensory nerves. The whole of these conducting paths Meynert, therefore, terms a ‘projection system’. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 98 Degeneration of the first afferent (sensory) projection systems of neurons.
1958M. Argyle Relig. Behaviour ix. 104 The orthodox [church members] scored higher on ego-defensiveness and dependency measured by various projection tests. 1962Listener 11 Jan. 62/2 Achievement motivation as measured by the projection test in which children were asked to write stories about pictures. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour i. 18 In ‘projection tests’ subjects are asked to tell a story about people shown in rather vaguely-drawn pictures... There is considerable doubt over the validity of such projection tests, and they cannot be said to provide very good predictions.
1950Hipperson & Watson Resistance Welding iii. 86 Projection welds may be made with a great variety of projection shapes and sizes. Ibid. 88 Unequal thicknesses of sheet may be projection welded. 1961J. A. Oates Welding Engineer's Handbk. xxiii. 249 In cases where the projection welds have to be made on a narrow flange it is an advantage to use an elongated projection. 1980L. M. Gourd Princ. Welding Technol. xi. 167 Reinforcing rings are frequently projection-welded around holes in sheet-metal tanks.
1950Hipperson & Watson Resistance Welding i. 25 A few typical projection welded applications..are shown. 1980L. M. Gourd Princ. Welding Technol. xi. 166 (caption) Examples of projection-welded details.
1946Philips Resistance Welding Handbk. i. 15 Owing to the number of spots, projection welders are of a higher kVA. than normal spot welders. 1968Romans & Simons Welding Processes & Technol. v. 39 The majority of projection welders are operated by compressed air.
1918Hamilton & Oberg Electric Welding iii. 119 The welding of sheet metal is not restricted to one spot at a time, as any reasonable number of welds can be made at one operation by the method known as ‘point-’ or ‘projection-welding’. 1975Bram & Downs Manuf. Technol. ii. 63 In projection welding the component is shaped to provide localised current flow, concentrating the welding heat at the areas of projection.
1905Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1154 A room..fitted-up for electrometer, photo⁓micrographic and other ‘projection’ work.
▪ II. † proˈjection, v. Obs.
[f. prec.]
trans. To make a projection or geometrical delineation of.
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 346, I have taught you in the projectioning the Horizontal Dyal the original way of doing this. |