> as lemmas

a1754 J. Strange Rep. Cases (1755) 2 1058 Even in Parliament there was not an actual representation of all orders and degrees of men, there being more subjects who do not vote in elections, than who do.

1774 J. Gray Right Brit. Legislature to tax Amer. Colonies Vindicated 3 The colonists have advanced those propositions as a most formidable phalanx in defence of the doctrine, that in a free state there can be no taxation but by personal assent, or actual representation.

1866 Spectator 28 Apr. 457/1 The true working class,—the artisan class that is fit and eager for representation,—gaining thereby only about as much actual representation as the untrue working class,—the class of mechanics willing to accept bribes because they have no political ideas.

1898 Arena Sept. 480 The English doctrine remains to this day ‘virtual representation’. The American doctrine soon became ‘actual representation,’ and without that no power to levy taxes.

1917 C. M. Walsh Feminism viii. 263 As now used by some woman suffragists, the principle has acquired the sense of No taxation without actual representation.

1999 S. Tamale in E. K. Quashigah & O. C. Okafor Legitimate Governance in Afr. viii. 253 Guinier..urges minority groups never to settle for virtual representation but instead to demand ‘actual’ representation.