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单词 swain
释义

swainn.

Brit. /sweɪn/, U.S. /sweɪn/
Forms: Middle English swein, Middle English sweyn, Middle English swayn, Middle English–1500s swayne, squayne, Scottish swane, Middle English–1600s swaine, (Middle English swæin, suein, Middle English sueyn, suayn, suain, Middle English sweyne, 1500s suane), Middle English, 1600s– swain.
Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Norse sveinn.
Etymology: < Old Norse sveinn boy, servant, attendant, = Old English swán swon n. Occurs as the second element of a compound in boatswain (late Old English bátswegen), coxswain.
1. A young man attending on a knight; hence, a man of low degree. (Often coupled with knight.) Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > [noun] > person
swaina1150
ladc1300
loon1535
blue coat1583
gaffer1589
snake1590
meaner1596
frock1612
groundling1630
frock-man1657
coolie1803
simple1824
yellow dog1862
Harry1874
smock-frock1898
society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun] > boy attendant on knight
swaina1150
pagec1400
a1150 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1128 Se eorl wearð gewunded at an gefiht fram anne swein.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14253 Ælc sloh adun-riht weore he swein [c1300 Otho sweyn] weore he cniht.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9559 Næs þer nan swa wracche swein þat he nes a wel god þein.
c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 234 Þai sett hem to mete anon, Erl, baroun, sweyn & grom.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6279 King ne knight, suier ne suain [Fairf. 14 squayne, Gött. suayn, Trin. Cambr. sweyn].
c1425 Wyntoun Cron. ix. vii. 904 For ellis alsweil may be slayne A mychty man, as may a swayne.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 235 Quhill I liff, and may haf mycht To lede a ȝheman or a swane.
a1500 (?c1400) Sir Triamour (Cambr.) (1937) l. 546 Knyghtys, squyers and swayne.
1575 G. Gascoigne Fruites of Warre cx, in Posies sig. Iv In regiment..Where officers..Shall be abusde by euery page and swayne.
2. A male servant, serving-man; an attendant, follower. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > service > servant > [noun] > man or boy
knightc950
knapec1000
shalkOE
knaveOE
sergeantc1200
swainc1275
groom1297
garcion13..
ladc1300
harlota1350
serving-mana1400
manservant1409
varlet1483
handman1496
custrelinga1556
Sim Shakebuckler?1560
lackey-boy1575
vadelect1586
muchacho1591
round robin1591
varlettoa1616
vadelet1661
gossoon1684
skip1699
mozo1811
Jack1836
tea-boy1847
John1848
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1750 Forð wende þe king Leir nauede he bute enne swein [c1300 Otho sweine].
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Reeve's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 107 Hym bihoues serue hym self þt has na swayn.
c1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 44 Worschipe me here, & bicome my swayn, And y schal ȝeue þee al this.
1568 Newe Comedie Iacob & Esau v. ii. sig. F.iij The elder must nowe serue the yonger as his swayne.
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Qiiiv/1 A Squayne, assecla.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Sept. 42 The shepheards swayne you cannot well ken, But it be by his pryde, from other men.
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Swaine, a seruant.
3. A man; a youth; a boy. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > young person > youth or young man > [noun]
frumberdlingc1000
young manOE
childc1225
hind1297
pagec1300
youtha1325
fawnc1369
swainc1386
stripling1398
boy1440
springaldc1450
jovencel1490
younkera1522
speara1529
gorrel1530
lad1535
hobbledehoy1540
cockerel1547
waga1556
spring1559
loonc1560
hensure1568
youngster1577
imp1578
pigsney1581
cocklinga1586
demy1589
muchacho1591
shaver1592
snipper-snappera1593
callant1597
spaught1598
stubble boy1598
ghillie1603
codling1612
cuba1616
skippera1616
man-boy1637
sprig1646
callow1651
halflang1660
stubbed boy1683
gossoon1684
gilpie1718
stirraha1722
young lion1792
halfling1794
pubescent1795
young man1810
sixteener1824
señorito1843
tad1845
boysie1846
shaveling1854
ephebe1880
boychick1921
lightie1946
young blood1967
studmuffin1986
the world > people > person > child > boy > [noun]
knightc893
knapec1000
knaveOE
knape childc1175
knave-childa1225
groom?c1225
knight-bairnc1275
pagec1300
mana1382
swainc1386
knave-bairna1400
little mana1425
man-childa1438
boy1440
little boya1475
lad1535
boykin1540
tomboya1556
urchin1556
loonc1560
kinchin-co(ve)1567
big boy1572
dandiprat1582
pricket1582
boy child1584
callant1597
suck-egg1609
nacketc1618
custrel1668
hospital-boy1677
whelp1710
laddie1721
charity-boy1723
pam-child1760
chappie1822
bo1825
boyo1835
wagling1837
shirttail boy1840
boysie1846
umfaan1852
nipper1859
yob1859
fellow-my-lad?1860
laddo1870
chokra1875
shegetz1885
spalpeen1891
spadger1899
bug1900
boychick1921
sonny boy1928
sonny1939
okie1943
lightie1946
outjie1961
oke1970
c1386 G. Chaucer Sir Thopas 13 Sire Thopas wax a doghty swayn.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 18987 Of mi gast i sal a streme To suayn [Trin. Cambr. mon] and womman giue alsua. [Cf. Joel ii. 29.]
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 1509 Swyfte swaynes ful swyþe swepen þertylle.
c1400 Laud Troy Bk. 15265 How sche myght venge hir on that swayn That hadde hir two sones sclayn.
c1440 York Myst. xvii. 207 Nowe shall þei..tell me of þat litill swayne [sc. the child Jesus].
?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 47 Thus beswik I that swane with my sueit wordis.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. 79 With that sprong forth a naked swayne [sc. Cupid].
1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island xii. lxv. 175 By a mighty Swain he [sc. the Dragon] soon was led Unto a thousand thousand torturings.
4. A country or farm labourer, frequently a shepherd; a countryman, rustic. archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > rustic or peasant
tillman940
churla1000
ploughman1223
bondmanc1250
bondc1275
ploughswain1296
countrymanc1300
boundec1320
Hobc1325
charla1400
landmana1400
Jack (John) Upland1402
carlc1405
bowerc1430
peasanta1450
rurala1475
agrest1480
bergier1480
carlleina1500
rustical?1532
ploughboy1544
boor1548
rusticc1550
kern1556
tillsman1561
clown1563
Jocka1568
Jock upalanda1568
John Uponlanda1568
russet coat1568
rustican1570
hind?1577
swain1579
Corydon1581
mountain man1587
Phillis1589
sylvan1589
russeting1597
Joan1598
stubble boy1598
paysan1609
carlota1616
swainling1615
raiyat1625
contadino1630
under-swaina1644
high shoe1647
boorinn1649
Bonhomme1660
high-shoon-man1664
countrywoman1679
villan1685
russet gown1694
ruralist1739
paysanne1748
bauer1799
bonderman1804
bodach1830
contadina1835
agrestian1837
peasantess1841
country jake1845
rufus1846
bonder1848
hayseed1851
bucolic1862
agricole1882
country jay1888
child (son, etc.) of the soil1891
hillbilly1900
palouser1903
kisan1935
woop woop1936
swede-basher1943
1579 S. Gosson Apol. Schoole of Abuse in Ephemerides Phialo f. 83v Giue them whippes in their handes, and sende them like swaynes to plough and carte.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. vi. sig. Hh2v The gentle Shepheard swaynes, which sat Keeping their fleecy flockes.
1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia iii. ii. 39 Lyke morall Esops mysled Country swaine.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) iv. iv. 9 Your high selfe..you haue obscur'd With a Swaines wearing. View more context for this quotation
1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1687) xxix. 341 Those Swains with their Sheephooks in their hands.
1746 T. Smollett Tears Scotl. 13 Thy swains are famish'd on the rocks, Where once they fed their wanton flocks.
1770 O. Goldsmith Deserted Village 2 Where health and plenty cheered the labouring swain.
1809 T. Campbell Gertrude of Wyoming i. ii The happy Shepherd Swains had nought to do But feed their flocks.
1840 W. M. Thackeray Paris Sketch Bk. I. 268 The occasional visit..served..to remind the rural swains of the existence of a republic in France.
1892 Tennyson in Ld. Tennyson Mem. (1897) II. xxii. 402 I asked my way..of a Yorkshire ‘swain’.
5. A country gallant or lover; hence gen. a lover, wooer, sweetheart, esp. in pastoral poetry.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > a lover > [noun] > male lover
servantc1405
specialc1425
servitorc1450
love-lad1586
young man1589
inamorato1592
swainc1592
gentleman friend1667
enamorado1677
spark1707
beau?1720
Johnny1726
man friend1736
feller1842
novio1843
soupirant1849
fella1874
man1874
fellow1878
square-pusher1890
stud1895
papa1896
lover mana1905
boyfriend1906
daddy1912
lover-boy1925
sheikh1925
sweetback1929
sweet man1942
older man1951
boyf1990
c1592 Faire Em sig. B3v In deede my Manuile hath some cause to doubt, When such a Swaine is riuall in his loue.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iv. ii. 39 Who is Siluia? what is she? That all our Swaines commend her? View more context for this quotation
1672 J. Playford Introd. Skill Musick (ed. 6) i. 67 Will Cloris cast her Sun-bright Eye upon so mean a Swain as I?
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 14 To the dear Mistress of my Love-sick Mind, Her Swain a pretty Present has design'd.
1706 J. Addison Rosamond ii. ii To be slain By a barbarous swain That laughs at your pain.
1794 R. B. Sheridan Duenna (new ed.) i. 27 So! my swain yonder has done admiring himself.
1822 W. Irving Bracebridge Hall iv. 38 Should any faithless swain persist in his inconstancy.
1864 F. Locker Housemaid viii If her Sunday-swain is one Who's fond of strolling.
1881 ‘Rita’ My Lady Coquette iii She gives such smiles, and looks, and attentions to her devoted swains.
6. A freeholder within the forest. (A sense invented by Manwood to account for swanimote n.)
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > by freehold > types of
franklin1297
feoffor1426
frank-tenementary1488
liferenter1535
feoffee1542
purlieu man1573
charterer?1592
fiar1597
swaina1610
life tenant1623
life holder1776
fief-holder1864
common holder1987
a1610 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forest (1615) xxiii. 217 This word Swaine, in the Saxons speech is a Bookeland man, which at this day is taken for a Charterar or a freeholder: and so the Swanimote is in English, a Court within the Forest, whereunto all the freeholders doe owe suit and seruice.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. iii. vi. 72 The court of sweinmote is to be holden before the verderors, as judges,..the sweins or freeholders within the forest composing the jury.
1880 Whitworth in Antiquary Feb. 94/1 Swanimote, Swaynmote, Swynmote, &c., or meeting of the Forest Swains.

Compounds

swainloaf n. Obsolete bread to be eaten by servants (see sense 2) as opposed to pandemain n., ‘panis dominicus’ (lord's bread).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > low-quality bread
pig breadOE
swainloaf1358
bread of afflictiona1425
bread of trete1607
1358 Catal. Anc. Deeds A. 9847 (1902) IV. 469 [Black loaves called] swaynloves.
a1652 R. Brome Love-sick Court iv. ii. 145 in Five New Playes (1659) The chief Swain heads of Thessaly.
1842 Dumfries Herald Oct. More swain-like than king-like.

Derivatives

swain v. transitive with it. to play the lover or wooer.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > courtship or wooing > court or engage in courtship [verb (intransitive)] > play the lover or wooer
swain1840
1840 Lady C. M. C. Bury Hist. Flirt xi He is impatient to swain it with some new face.
ˈswainess n. Obsolete a female lover.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > a lover > [noun] > female lover
inamorata1651
swainessa1652
amorosa1658
inamoretta1720
mama1916
red-hot mama1924
a1652 R. Brome Love-sick Court v. iii. 165 in Five New Playes (1659) That swain-ess was my self.
ˈswaining n. love-making, ‘spooning’.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > amorous love > [noun] > love-making
dallyingc1440
lovemakinga1500
amouring1675
swaining1840
1840 F. Trollope Michael Armstrong i. 17 His general manner to ladies had a good deal of what in female slang is called swaining.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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