bloodwiten.

Brit.

/ˈblʌdˌwʌɪt/, U.S.

/ˈblədˌwaɪt/

Forms:

α. Old English–Middle English blodwite, early Middle English blodewithe, early Middle English blodwythe, early Middle English blodyite (transmission error), Middle English blodewyte, Middle English blodwithe, Middle English blodwyte, Middle English bloodwyte, 1700s– bloodwite; Scottish pre-1700 blodewite, pre-1700 blodwite, pre-1700 bloidewyte, pre-1700 bloidwite, pre-1700 bloodwyte, pre-1700 bludewite, pre-1700 bludewyte, pre-1700 bluduite, pre-1700 bludvyte, pre-1700 bluidwite, pre-1700 bluidwyte, pre-1700 1800s bludwite.

β. Middle English blodewyt (northern), late Middle English bludwyt (northern), 1500s blodewit, 1500s– bloodwit ( /ˈblʌdˌwɪt/); also Scottish pre-1700 blodewit, pre-1700 blodewyt, pre-1700 blodwit, pre-1700 bloidwit, pre-1700 bloidwyt, pre-1700 bloodweete, pre-1700 bloodweit, pre-1700 bloodwitt, pre-1700 bloodwytt, pre-1700 blowdweit, pre-1700 bludeweit, pre-1700 bludewet, pre-1700 bludewit, pre-1700 bludewyt, pre-1700 bludveit, pre-1700 bludvet, pre-1700 bludvit, pre-1700 bludweit, pre-1700 bludwete, pre-1700 bludwett, pre-1700 bludwit, pre-1700 bludwitt, pre-1700 bludwyet, pre-1700 bludwyt, pre-1700 bludwyth, pre-1700 bluideweitt, pre-1700 bluidvit, pre-1700 bluidweet, pre-1700 bluidweit, pre-1700 bluidwitt; Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at Bludewite) also records a form of the second element pre-1700 -wiet.

γ. Scottish pre-1700 bloodeweik, pre-1700 bloodwick, pre-1700 bloudweck, pre-1700 bludevict, pre-1700 bludeweke, pre-1700 bludewik, pre-1700 bluidweik.

δ. Scottish pre-1700 bluidwed, pre-1700 bluidwod.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: blood n., wite n.²

Etymology: < blood n. + wite n.² Compare post-classical Latin blodwita , blodewita (1086 in Domesday Bk.; < Old English). Compare also post-classical Latin sanguis , lit. ‘blood’, bloodshed, fine for bloodshed (1086, 1134, 1263 in British sources; also as forisfactura sanguinis , sanguis effusus , etc.). Compare fight-wite n. at fight n. Compounds 2.In sense 2 used to translate the Arabic legal term diya ‘compensation payable for an act of shedding another person's blood or injuring another person’, this being taken to be closer in sense to the Anglo-Saxon legal concept than to concepts of homicide in more recent European law codes. Compare blood-fine n. at blood n. Compounds 5. Earlier currency (in extended use in a non-legal context) is perhaps shown by the following gloss rendering Latin sanguines (plural), lit. ‘bloods’, referring (in the source) to blood sacrifices (perhaps compare the use of post-classical Latin sanguis cited above, although this is not attested until slightly later):OE Lambeth Psalter xv. 4 Non congregabo conuenticula eorum de sanguinibus : na ic gegadrige gesamnunga heora of blodum uel of blodwitum.However, it is unclear whether the example shows the same word; the context is not one in which such a legal term is expected and presents semantic problems. The second element has alternatively been explained (by J. R. Stracke in Philol. Q. 53 (1974) 121–2) as wite n.¹, with the compound meaning literally ‘blood sages’, in the sense ‘advocates for or experts in blood sacrifice’ (although this is semantically equally problematic and seems to imply that conuenticula is rendered twice by the gloss). Another possibility is that the form is, in fact, a scribal error for blodgitum , dative plural of blōdgyte bloodshed ( < blōd blood n. + gyte outpouring, shedding ( < an ablaut variant of the same Germanic base as yet v.)); blōdgyte is attested elsewhere in the same interlinear gloss (also in form blodgite) rendering the plural of Latin sanguis, perhaps after the use of Latin effusio sanguinis ‘shedding of blood’ in psalm commentaries by Arnobius and Bede (the glossator of Lambeth Psalter is known to have been knowledgeable in patristic commentary). The identity of the second element was evidently opaque to many later speakers, hence the wide variety of spellings recorded, especially in Older Scots.

Law.

1. Feudal Law. A fine payable for the offence of shedding blood; (also) a legal action for this offence; (occasionally) †the offence itself (obsolete). Also: the right of levying this fine; (occasionally) †the privilege of exemption from it (obsolete). Now historical.To be distinguished from fight-wite (see fight n. Compounds 2), a fine for the related offence of fighting.Bloodwite was payable to the king or to the lord in whose jurisdiction the offence was committed. According to oral tradition reported in Domesday Book and in a series of forged charters (the earliest of which date from the first half of the 12th cent.: compare quot. lOE), the fine was exacted from the time of Edward the Confessor (or earlier); however, verifiable evidence is wanting, and use of the term in an authentic legal document is first attested in a late copy of a (genuine) charter of William the Conqueror dating from 1068 (see quot. 1309).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > compensation > [noun] > for man's life

man-botea1000

bloodwitelOE

manworthlOE

wergilda1214

kinbootc1425

eric1587

were1607

blood-fine1818

blood money1826

society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > legal privilege or immunity > applying to specific duties or punishments

ferd-farec1020

bloodwitelOE

lOE Writ of Edward the Confessor, Westminster (Sawyer 1137) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 358 Ic ann heom ðer ofer sakæ & socne, toll & team,..blodwite & wear[d]wite.

1199 in M. Gibbs Early Charters Cathedral St. Paul (1939) 37 Quod predictus episcopus et successores..habeant..tenementa..cum soka et saka..quieta de omnibus geldis..& blodwite & fichtwite.

1208–18 in C. Innes Liber S. Marie de Calchou (1846) I. 76 Habebit..terram..quietam ab omni seruicio, & curiam de blodewyt & birthinsake & de aliis talibus paruis querelis.

c1250 Bracton's Note Bk. (1887) II. 574 (MED) Si aliquis eorum effudit sanguinem, dabit blodwyte.

1309 ( Royal Charter: William I to St. Martin-le-Grand, London in D. Bates Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum (1998) 598 Habeant etiam socnam et sacam, et toll, et team, et infangennetheof, blodwite, mundbrice.

?c1350 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 33 Blodwite, quite de sanc espandu.

1406 in J. B. Paul Registrum Magni Sigilli Scotorum (1882) II. 17/2 Landis..to be haldin..wyth bludewite, merchet and herielde and wyth al other fredomys.

1472 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 22 Ryc' Emson maid afray of John Broun & drue blod on hym, ye bludwyt vj s. viij d., ye ton halfe to ye kyrke, ye tother to ye lord.

?a1500 Leges Quatuor Burgorum xvii, in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 336/2 In burgh sall nocht be herde bludewyt na ȝit stokisdynt na merchet na hereȝelde na nane suilk maner of thyng.

1561 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Stirling (1887) I. 78 The said Thomas..to remane in warde quhil he fynd souerte for his unlaw and bluidwite.

1567 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 242 Quhatsumeuer persoun..being convict of bludewyte, sall pay ane vnlaw of fyve pund.

1607 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1876) I. 270 Ane..laudibill act..anent the bestowing and imploying of the vnlawis and bluidwodis of said bruch.

1683 J. Dalrymple Decisions Lords of Council & Session I. 520 The true cause of the Bond was by Transaction of a Blood-wit.

1726 T. Hope Minor Practicks 93 The Jurisdiction of a Baron or Barony, properly only comprehends Courts of Blood, and Bloodwit.

1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. I. i. iv. 42 He [sc. a Baron] might, by our later practice, have judged in reckless fire-raising..and in riots and bloodwits, the fines of which he might have appropriated to himself.

1807 New Encycl. IV. 66/1 Blood-wit, or Blood-wite..denotes an exemption from the penalty..granted by the King to certain persons and communities as a special favour.

1814 W. Scott Waverley III. i. 7 The bloodwit was made up to your ain satisfaction by assythment.

1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People i. 2 The blood-wite or compensation in money for personal wrong.

1902 N. Howard Kiartan 35 Who redeems us? What blood-wite shall atone for all your scores?

1934 E. H. Glover Eng. Police i. 13 King Alfred considerably modified this by inflicting corporal punishment in place of the payment of ‘blood-wite’, while at the same time the right of private revenge was considerably curtailed.

1937 W. C. Dickinson Court Bk. Barony of Carnwath p. xcvi In the action of bloodwite brought against William Anderson.

2003 J. M. Bennett in Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 13 132 Leyrwite was twinned with bloodwite, a fine for drawing blood in a violent assault.

2. gen. A penalty for murder, esp. (usually in form bloodwit) in Islamic jurisprudence.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > fine > [noun] > for killing

man-botea1000

bloodwite1872

1872 E. W. Lane Arab.-Eng. Lexicon I. iv. 1607/3 The bloodwit for purely-unintentional homicide being a hundred camels, which those who are responsible for it undertake to give in.

1882 J. Payne 1001 Nights II. 202 That my son's head be paid with the bloodwit of Sherkan's head only.

1924 S. M. Zwemer Law of Apostasy in Islam iv. 77 The Prophet decreed that the relatives of the slayer responsible for the bloodwit should pay it.

1954 J. N. D. Anderson Islamic Law in Afr. ii. 200 It is noteworthy that the blood-wit payable in Sokoto was recently doubled by order of the Sultan.

1993 A. A. K. Sherwani Impact Islamic Penal Laws Trad. Arab Soc. iv. 52 Such money is called Diyah or blood-money or blood-wit. It is an alleviation or concession.

2000 Z. J. Kosztolnyik in D. P. Hupchick & R. W. Weisberger Hungary's Hist. Legacies 51 To avoid a blood feud, the court relied upon levying a fine (bloodwit) on the accused.

2009 F. Feldbrugge Law in Medieval Russia ii. 44 The killing of any of these persons leads to the imposition of a fine... The name of this fine is vira (bloodwite) and it is to be paid to the prince.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	bloodwite
释义	bloodwiten. Brit. /ˈblʌdˌwʌɪt/, U.S. /ˈblədˌwaɪt/ Forms: α. Old English–Middle English blodwite, early Middle English blodewithe, early Middle English blodwythe, early Middle English blodyite (transmission error), Middle English blodewyte, Middle English blodwithe, Middle English blodwyte, Middle English bloodwyte, 1700s– bloodwite; Scottish pre-1700 blodewite, pre-1700 blodwite, pre-1700 bloidewyte, pre-1700 bloidwite, pre-1700 bloodwyte, pre-1700 bludewite, pre-1700 bludewyte, pre-1700 bluduite, pre-1700 bludvyte, pre-1700 bluidwite, pre-1700 bluidwyte, pre-1700 1800s bludwite. β. Middle English blodewyt (northern), late Middle English bludwyt (northern), 1500s blodewit, 1500s– bloodwit ( /ˈblʌdˌwɪt/); also Scottish pre-1700 blodewit, pre-1700 blodewyt, pre-1700 blodwit, pre-1700 bloidwit, pre-1700 bloidwyt, pre-1700 bloodweete, pre-1700 bloodweit, pre-1700 bloodwitt, pre-1700 bloodwytt, pre-1700 blowdweit, pre-1700 bludeweit, pre-1700 bludewet, pre-1700 bludewit, pre-1700 bludewyt, pre-1700 bludveit, pre-1700 bludvet, pre-1700 bludvit, pre-1700 bludweit, pre-1700 bludwete, pre-1700 bludwett, pre-1700 bludwit, pre-1700 bludwitt, pre-1700 bludwyet, pre-1700 bludwyt, pre-1700 bludwyth, pre-1700 bluideweitt, pre-1700 bluidvit, pre-1700 bluidweet, pre-1700 bluidweit, pre-1700 bluidwitt; Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at Bludewite) also records a form of the second element pre-1700 -wiet. γ. Scottish pre-1700 bloodeweik, pre-1700 bloodwick, pre-1700 bloudweck, pre-1700 bludevict, pre-1700 bludeweke, pre-1700 bludewik, pre-1700 bluidweik. δ. Scottish pre-1700 bluidwed, pre-1700 bluidwod. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: blood n., wite n.² Etymology: < blood n. + wite n.² Compare post-classical Latin blodwita , blodewita (1086 in Domesday Bk.; < Old English). Compare also post-classical Latin sanguis , lit. ‘blood’, bloodshed, fine for bloodshed (1086, 1134, 1263 in British sources; also as forisfactura sanguinis , sanguis effusus , etc.). Compare fight-wite n. at fight n. Compounds 2.In sense 2 used to translate the Arabic legal term diya ‘compensation payable for an act of shedding another person's blood or injuring another person’, this being taken to be closer in sense to the Anglo-Saxon legal concept than to concepts of homicide in more recent European law codes. Compare blood-fine n. at blood n. Compounds 5. Earlier currency (in extended use in a non-legal context) is perhaps shown by the following gloss rendering Latin sanguines (plural), lit. ‘bloods’, referring (in the source) to blood sacrifices (perhaps compare the use of post-classical Latin sanguis cited above, although this is not attested until slightly later):OE Lambeth Psalter xv. 4 Non congregabo conuenticula eorum de sanguinibus : na ic gegadrige gesamnunga heora of blodum uel of blodwitum.However, it is unclear whether the example shows the same word; the context is not one in which such a legal term is expected and presents semantic problems. The second element has alternatively been explained (by J. R. Stracke in Philol. Q. 53 (1974) 121–2) as wite n.¹, with the compound meaning literally ‘blood sages’, in the sense ‘advocates for or experts in blood sacrifice’ (although this is semantically equally problematic and seems to imply that conuenticula is rendered twice by the gloss). Another possibility is that the form is, in fact, a scribal error for blodgitum , dative plural of blōdgyte bloodshed ( < blōd blood n. + gyte outpouring, shedding ( < an ablaut variant of the same Germanic base as yet v.)); blōdgyte is attested elsewhere in the same interlinear gloss (also in form blodgite) rendering the plural of Latin sanguis, perhaps after the use of Latin effusio sanguinis ‘shedding of blood’ in psalm commentaries by Arnobius and Bede (the glossator of Lambeth Psalter is known to have been knowledgeable in patristic commentary). The identity of the second element was evidently opaque to many later speakers, hence the wide variety of spellings recorded, especially in Older Scots. Law. 1. Feudal Law. A fine payable for the offence of shedding blood; (also) a legal action for this offence; (occasionally) †the offence itself (obsolete). Also: the right of levying this fine; (occasionally) †the privilege of exemption from it (obsolete). Now historical.To be distinguished from fight-wite (see fight n. Compounds 2), a fine for the related offence of fighting.Bloodwite was payable to the king or to the lord in whose jurisdiction the offence was committed. According to oral tradition reported in Domesday Book and in a series of forged charters (the earliest of which date from the first half of the 12th cent.: compare quot. lOE), the fine was exacted from the time of Edward the Confessor (or earlier); however, verifiable evidence is wanting, and use of the term in an authentic legal document is first attested in a late copy of a (genuine) charter of William the Conqueror dating from 1068 (see quot. 1309). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > compensation > [noun] > for man's life man-botea1000 bloodwitelOE manworthlOE wergilda1214 kinbootc1425 eric1587 were1607 blood-fine1818 blood money1826 society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > legal privilege or immunity > applying to specific duties or punishments ferd-farec1020 bloodwitelOE lOE Writ of Edward the Confessor, Westminster (Sawyer 1137) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 358 Ic ann heom ðer ofer sakæ & socne, toll & team,..blodwite & wear[d]wite. 1199 in M. Gibbs Early Charters Cathedral St. Paul (1939) 37 Quod predictus episcopus et successores..habeant..tenementa..cum soka et saka..quieta de omnibus geldis..& blodwite & fichtwite. 1208–18 in C. Innes Liber S. Marie de Calchou (1846) I. 76 Habebit..terram..quietam ab omni seruicio, & curiam de blodewyt & birthinsake & de aliis talibus paruis querelis. c1250 Bracton's Note Bk. (1887) II. 574 (MED) Si aliquis eorum effudit sanguinem, dabit blodwyte. 1309 ( Royal Charter: William I to St. Martin-le-Grand, London in D. Bates Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum (1998) 598 Habeant etiam socnam et sacam, et toll, et team, et infangennetheof, blodwite, mundbrice. ?c1350 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 33 Blodwite, quite de sanc espandu. 1406 in J. B. Paul Registrum Magni Sigilli Scotorum (1882) II. 17/2 Landis..to be haldin..wyth bludewite, merchet and herielde and wyth al other fredomys. 1472 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 22 Ryc' Emson maid afray of John Broun & drue blod on hym, ye bludwyt vj s. viij d., ye ton halfe to ye kyrke, ye tother to ye lord. ?a1500 Leges Quatuor Burgorum xvii, in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 336/2 In burgh sall nocht be herde bludewyt na ȝit stokisdynt na merchet na hereȝelde na nane suilk maner of thyng. 1561 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Stirling (1887) I. 78 The said Thomas..to remane in warde quhil he fynd souerte for his unlaw and bluidwite. 1567 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 242 Quhatsumeuer persoun..being convict of bludewyte, sall pay ane vnlaw of fyve pund. 1607 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1876) I. 270 Ane..laudibill act..anent the bestowing and imploying of the vnlawis and bluidwodis of said bruch. 1683 J. Dalrymple Decisions Lords of Council & Session I. 520 The true cause of the Bond was by Transaction of a Blood-wit. 1726 T. Hope Minor Practicks 93 The Jurisdiction of a Baron or Barony, properly only comprehends Courts of Blood, and Bloodwit. 1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. I. i. iv. 42 He [sc. a Baron] might, by our later practice, have judged in reckless fire-raising..and in riots and bloodwits, the fines of which he might have appropriated to himself. 1807 New Encycl. IV. 66/1 Blood-wit, or Blood-wite..denotes an exemption from the penalty..granted by the King to certain persons and communities as a special favour. 1814 W. Scott Waverley III. i. 7 The bloodwit was made up to your ain satisfaction by assythment. View more context for this quotation 1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People i. 2 The blood-wite or compensation in money for personal wrong. 1902 N. Howard Kiartan 35 Who redeems us? What blood-wite shall atone for all your scores? 1934 E. H. Glover Eng. Police i. 13 King Alfred considerably modified this by inflicting corporal punishment in place of the payment of ‘blood-wite’, while at the same time the right of private revenge was considerably curtailed. 1937 W. C. Dickinson Court Bk. Barony of Carnwath p. xcvi In the action of bloodwite brought against William Anderson. 2003 J. M. Bennett in Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 13 132 Leyrwite was twinned with bloodwite, a fine for drawing blood in a violent assault. 2. gen. A penalty for murder, esp. (usually in form bloodwit) in Islamic jurisprudence. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > fine > [noun] > for killing man-botea1000 bloodwite1872 1872 E. W. Lane Arab.-Eng. Lexicon I. iv. 1607/3 The bloodwit for purely-unintentional homicide being a hundred camels, which those who are responsible for it undertake to give in. 1882 J. Payne 1001 Nights II. 202 That my son's head be paid with the bloodwit of Sherkan's head only. 1924 S. M. Zwemer Law of Apostasy in Islam iv. 77 The Prophet decreed that the relatives of the slayer responsible for the bloodwit should pay it. 1954 J. N. D. Anderson Islamic Law in Afr. ii. 200 It is noteworthy that the blood-wit payable in Sokoto was recently doubled by order of the Sultan. 1993 A. A. K. Sherwani Impact Islamic Penal Laws Trad. Arab Soc. iv. 52 Such money is called Diyah or blood-money or blood-wit. It is an alleviation or concession. 2000 Z. J. Kosztolnyik in D. P. Hupchick & R. W. Weisberger Hungary's Hist. Legacies 51 To avoid a blood feud, the court relied upon levying a fine (bloodwit) on the accused. 2009 F. Feldbrugge Law in Medieval Russia ii. 44 The killing of any of these persons leads to the imposition of a fine... The name of this fine is vira (bloodwite) and it is to be paid to the prince. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.lOE
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