† sithen.¹

Forms:

α. early Old English siið, Old English siþþe (dative), Old English syþ (rare), Old English syð (rare), Old English–early Middle English sið, Old English–Middle English siþ, late Old English syðan (dative), late Old English syððe (dative), late Old English–Middle English syd, early Middle English siðe, early Middle English siððen (plural), Middle English seeþe, Middle English siche (in a late copy, transmission error), Middle English sid, Middle English siht (perhaps transmission error), Middle English sihte (perhaps transmission error), Middle English sihþ, Middle English sijt, Middle English sijth, Middle English sitht (perhaps transmission error), Middle English siþe, Middle English syde, Middle English sye (transmission error), Middle English syþe, Middle English ziþe (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s sith, Middle English–1500s syth, Middle English–1500s sythe, Middle English–1500s (1800s–1900s archaic) sithe, late Middle English sethen (plural), late Middle English sethis (plural), late Middle English sethys (plural), 1500s syith (Scottish).

β. Plural Scottish pre-1700 cyse, pre-1700 sayis, pre-1700 sies, pre-1700 sis, pre-1700 sise, pre-1700 syce, pre-1700 syis, pre-1700 sys, pre-1700 syse, pre-1700 syss.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian sīth time (attested only in dative plural sethen ), Old Saxon sīth way, journey, time, Old High German sind way, journey, direction, side (Middle High German sint ), Old Icelandic sinn time (also sinni journey, time), Old Swedish sin (also sinne ) time (Swedish †sinn (also †sinne )), Old Danish sin (also sinni ) time (Danish sind (also sinde ), now only in compound adverbs and set uses with numbers), Gothic sinþs time < an ablaut variant (e -grade) of the Germanic base of send v.¹ < the same Indo-European base as Early Irish sét , Welsh hynt , both in the sense ‘way’; perhaps further related to the Indo-European base of classical Latin sentīre to feel (see sentient adj.), although the semantic development is difficult to account for.Specific senses. The use in senses relating to time (see branch II.) constitutes an important strand in the semantic development of this word. This use is attested early (in Gothic, where it is the only attested use; likewise in Old Frisian), and is present in other older stages of Germanic (but apparently not in Old High German); it is prominent in North Germanic, surviving in Icelandic, Faroese, and Norwegian (Nynorsk), although in standard Swedish and Danish it is now restricted to certain compound adverbs and phrases (some derived originally from the dative plural form), as e.g. Swedish någonsin , Danish nogen sinde , both in the sense ‘ever’, lit. ‘sometime’, Swedish tusen sinom tusen ‘thousands upon thousands’. With the sense development compare gang n. 6, go n.¹ 2, and the similar use of Middle Dutch reise , rēse (Dutch reis , now archaic), Middle Low German rēse , reise , Old Swedish, Swedish resa (see reise n.). In uses relating to frequency or order of occurrence (see sense 5) or comparison and quantity (see sense 6) the word frequently shows adverbial use of the dative in Old English (dative singular sīþe , dative plural sīþum ; the preceding numeral or other quantifier also takes the dative or instrumental case if it inflects). The frequent attestation of dative plural sīþum in constructions denoting multiple occurrence (and perhaps also the less frequent attestation of partitive genitive plural sīþa ) is reflected in early Middle English constructions with forms such as siðen , siþe (beside the s -plurals that continue the Old English nominative and accusative plural sīþas ). Endingless forms after cardinal numbers higher than ‘1’ survive into the 16th cent. With sense 6b compare Danish tred-sinds-tyve sixty, lit. ‘three times twenty’, fir-sinds-tyve eighty, lit. ‘four times twenty’. Specific forms. The Older Scots β. forms show assimilatory loss of the dental consonant before the plural ending -s ; compare similarly North Frisian (Föhr, Amrum) -sis , in e.g. tweisis twice, maningsis many times. In Middle English sometimes written following immediately after a preceding word without a space, as though a cliticized form; compare e.g. quots. c1225 at sense 2a, a1400 at sense 6b. Possibly related Germanic verb. The same Germanic base (with nasal suffix) is perhaps also seen in the Class III strong verb represented by Old English sinnan to take notice of, heed, (also) to go away, depart, Old Frisian sinna to think about, Middle Low German sinnen to strive for, to request, Old High German sinnan to go, make one's way, to strive for (Middle High German sinnen to think about, to notice, understand, German sinnen to think about); however, the presumed primary sense of ‘to go’ is attested only in Old High German (and in an isolated occurrence in Old English), and the relationship is disputed. (For the verbal derivative from sithe n.¹ see sithe v.¹)

Obsolete.

I. Senses relating to travel, experience, or behaviour.

1. The action of going or travelling; travel, journeying; a journey, a voyage; a path, a way.Frequent in Old English verse in these senses.In quot. OE⁵ in the phrase langsuma sīð, lit. ‘longsome journey’, with reference to death; cf. forthsithe n., hensith n. at hen adv. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > aspects of travel > a journey > [noun]

forec900

wayOE

farec1000

sitheOE

gangOE

journey?c1225

gatea1300

pilgrimagec1300

voyage1338

wending1340

raik?c1350

turna1400

repairc1425

went1430

reisea1450

progressionc1450

progressa1460

race1513

peregrination1548

travel1559

passance1580

dogtrot1856

trek1895

ulendo1921

OE Beowulf (2008) 1278 His modor..gifre ond galgmod gegan wolde sorhfulne sið.

OE Blickling Homilies 173 Þa hie to samne incoman, he him rehte hu myccle scipbrocu he gebad on þæm siþe.

OE Genesis B 378 Me habbað hringa gespong, sliðhearda sal siðes amyrred, afyrred me min feðe.

OE Exodus 479 Wæs seo hæwene lyft heolfre geblanden, brim berstende blodegesan hweop, sæmanna sið.

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 959 God him geunne þæt his goddæda swyðran weorðan þonne misdæda, his sawle to gescyldnysse on langsuman siðe [lOE Laud syðe].

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxviii. 371 The Holy Gost before vs glad Full softly on his sithe.

a. Something that happens to or is experienced by a person, esp. in the course of a journey or difficult undertaking; an incident, an occurrence; (as a mass noun) the course of events experienced by a person; a person's fortune, luck, or fate.Frequently modified by an adjective with negative meaning, as hard, unseely, etc., indicating misfortune or hardship; cf. sense 2b. See also bale-sithe n. at bale n.¹ Compounds, sorrow-sithe at sorrow n. and adj. Compounds 1a, wosith n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > [noun] > fortune or luck

sitheOE

hapc1275

fortunea1300

timingc1300

thriftc1305

speeda1325

casta1400

venturea1450

issuec1475

luck1481

success1548

speeding1573

chancing1583

potluck1592

ship1851

joss1913

OE Beowulf (2008) 1986 Higelac ongan sinne geseldan..fricgcean; hyne fyrwet bræc, hwylce Sægeata siðas wæron.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxi. 205 He ða com to his breðer, and his sið be endebyrdnysse sæde.

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1057 Wala, þæt wæs hreowlic sið & hearmlic eallre þissere þeode, þæt he swa raðe his lif geendade.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 79 He hefde þurst and hunger and chele and alle wreche siþe.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) 41 Nat i hwet vnselisið makede me her to sechen.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2546 Egipte folc adden nið, For ebris adden seli sið.

a1425 in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 8 (MED) Whenne he is wrothe þou art nought blythe; Allas, allas, that hard syth!

a1500 Promptorium Parvulorum (King's Cambr.) 457 Sithe, vicis.

b. Mishap, misfortune, trouble. Also: sin, wickedness, wrongdoing; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun]

unhealc700

unselthc888

bale-sithea1000

unselea1023

un-i-selthOE

sithec1250

ruthc1275

unwhatec1275

tempestc1330

illa1340

infelicityc1384

banec1400

naufragiea1425

infortunitya1438

naufrage1480

calamity1490

inconvenience1509

wanweirda1522

inconveniency1553

wroth1581

murderation1862

c1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 126 [B]idde huue..til vre fader..for alle cristinfolk that is in gode lif, that god schilde ham to-dai fro sinne and fro sithe.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12899-900 [Heo] weop for hire wei-sið. wanede hire siðes þat heo wæs on liues.

c1330 Gregorius (Auch.) (1914) l. 576 Schame it is..For to libbe in sorwe and siþ [c1390 Vernon sihþ].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 9456 In soru and sithe to him and his.

a1500 Life St. Anne (Tanner) (1928) l. 240 She and other..mayden chylderyn wern..take in to þe temple..and so be kept in clennesse fro sythys [a1500 Harl. 4012 Synne and] owtrage.

3. A person's conduct, behaviour, or way of life.

ΚΠ

OE Beowulf (2008) 3058 Se sið ne ðah þam ðe unrihte inne gehydde wræce [read wrætte] under wealle.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 69 Walewa ðas siðes, þat ani mann ðat godd hafð iȝiuen witt and wisdom, scall liuien [read luuien] more ðe scaftes ðe godd ȝescop, ðanne he do his sceppend.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 274 Wid ðat pride him wex a nyð, Ðat iwel weldeð al his sið.

4. The course or duration of a person's life; a person's lifetime.See also life sithe n. at life n. Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > present life

worldeOE

this lifeOE

world-lifeOE

sithea1225

journey?c1225

pilgrimagec1384

weeping-dalec1400

valec1446

peregrinationc1475

scene1662

shades1816

earth life1842

macro-world1968

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 55 He haueð to us muchel nið alle þa deies of ure sið.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 993 So bo hit euer in unker siþe Þat þu bo sori & ich bliþe.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1400 Adam was for þis tiþand blith, Sua glad was he neuer his sith.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 27021 Þou has soght in all þe sith Werldes welth to lijf in pese.

c1450 (?a1400) Quatrefoil of Love (BL Add.) (1935) 55 (MED) Alle thi sythe [a1500 Bodl. Add. syd] may þou sighe and neuer mare be nere.

II. Senses relating to time.In Old English frequently showing adverbial use of the dative (singular and plural) or (with numbers) use of the partitive genitive; in Middle English frequently with unmarked plural; see discussion in etymology.

a. Any one of the occasions on which something is done or happens; each occasion or instance of a repeated or recurring action or circumstance; = time n. 18a.

(a) With a cardinal number or an adjective of quantity, indicating frequency of occurrence.See also fele-sith at fele adj.² 4, seresith adv., sevensithe adv.Compare also parallel formations with an adverb of time, as e.g. andersith adv. at ender adj. Derivatives, eft-sith adv. at eft adv. Compounds, often sithe adv. at often adv. and adj. Compounds 1, oftsithe adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > frequency > [noun] > recurrence > a recurrence

sitheOE

timec1275

return1585

retrieve1595

reoccurrence1788

monotone1856

re-run1922

replay1957

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xvii. 4 Si septies in die peccauerit in te : gif uel ðæh seofo siða [OE Rushw. Gospels siofo siðum on dæge, OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus Cambr. on dæg seofan siþun, c1200 Hatton on ane daige seofe syðen] gesynngiga in ðec.

OE Beowulf (2008) 1579 He..wolde Grendle forgyldan guðræsa fela ðara þe he geworhte to Westdenum oftor micle ðonne on ænne sið.

OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) vii. 256 Sceaf gate horn on þry scenceas; & þare ylcan gate meolc wið wine gemencgede on þry siþas drince.

OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Josh. (Claud.) vi. 15 On ðam seofoðan dæge hi ferdon seofon siðon ymb ða burh.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1025 Þe bisscopp sellf..Þær shollde cumenn o þe ȝer Ann siþe.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 596 Niȝen siðen [c1300 Otho siþe] he bi-eode þat weofed.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 2162 Hise fet he kisten an hundred syþes.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 2189 Þo was hauelok swiþe bliþe, And þankede God ful fele siþe.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3093 Bi-sek get god ðis one siðe, Ðat he vs of ðis pine friðe.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 123 Þat welle chaunge[þ] hewe and colors foure siþes a ȝere.

c1390 Lament. Mary to St. Bernard (Vernon) l. 273 in Englische Studien (1885) 8 97/1 I..swouhnede mony a siþe.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 3239 Sche seyde ‘allas’ more þan an hundrid sythe.

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 6166 Euery day..Seuene sythys in-to þe eyr..she up lyftyd was.

c1456 R. Pecock Bk. Faith (Trin. Cambr.) (1909) 232 (MED) Thus it fallith in unnoumbrable sithis in Ynglond.

c1480 (a1400) St. Bartholomew l. 59 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 181 A hundre syis one day kneland.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxxxiiii. f. lxx^v He went .v. sythes to Rome and came agayne.

?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) ii. l. 1008 in Shorter Poems (1967) 66 Ȝeildand Venus thankis a thousand sith [1579 Edinb. syith].

1595 E. Spenser Colin Clouts come Home Againe sig. A3^v The woods were heard to waile full many a sythe.

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. l. 55826 Rycht oft thair haif I bene And of sic danger sindrie syis hes sene.

1827 T. D. Lauder Wolfe of Badenoch III. ix. 229 Full many sithes have I tried to awaken that noble subject, but the witchery of inspiration is past.

1916 C. M. Doughty Titans i. 11 Have swallows, in their nose-thrills, builded nests; And in their ear-holes, mice, ten thousand sithes.

(b) With an ordinal number, indicating order of occurrence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > particular time > [noun]

sitheeOE

tidec897

timeeOE

mealeOE

whilec950

throwOE

charec1000

stevenOE

timeOE

seasona1300

tempest1382

world1389

occasionc1425

tidement1575

period1602

minute1607

hinta1670

epoch1728

eOE Rubrics & Direct. for Use of Forms of Service (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) in A. B. Kuypers Bk. of Cerne (1902) 3 Do ðonne fiorðan siðe ðin hleor ðriga to iorðan fore alle godes cirican.

OE Blickling Homilies 27 Þæt deofol hine þa genam þriddan siþe, and he hine lædde upon..hea dune.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1110 To Eastron he wæs æt Mærlebeorge, & to Pentecosten forman siþe his hired on þam niwan Windlesoran heold.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 325 Ich singe..Þe þridde siþe ad middelniȝte.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 1052 He..kipte up þat heui ston, Þat he sholde puten wiþe; He putte at þe firste siþe, Ouer alle þat þer wore.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 3 Kings xviii. 44 In þe seuenþe..siþe [a1425 Corpus Oxf. sijth; a1425 L.V. tyme], lo a litil cloude..steȝede vp fro þe se.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 6335 Þe toþer day..þar he slepe at morntide, He fand þa wandis him biside; þe thrid sid [a1400 Vesp. night, a1400 Trin. Cambr. tyme] suagat he fand, þat did him..to understand þat sumkines takining suld þar be Closid in þa wandes thre.

b. A point in or length of time.

(a) A point in time marking or marked by some event or circumstance; the moment or point of time at which something happens; an occasion. Also: a particular period in time; an age, an era.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > period > [noun]

timeOE

daysOE

sitheOE

agec1325

siecle1483

secle?1533

Iron Age1592

cycle1842

time span1880

the world > time > particular time > [noun] > time of occurrence

sitheOE

seasona1400

turna1400

datec1400

when1616

nick1645

whenabouts1898

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1009 Þa sume siðe hæfde se cyning hi forne forgan mid ealre fyrde þa hi to scypon woldan.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1107 Æt þes ylcan syde, onmang þa odðre [read oðre] þe abbodrices underfengon, Ernulf þe ær wæs prior on Cantwarbyrig feng to þam abbodrice on Burh.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5372 Summ siþe þær he talde hemm spell Off heofennrichess blisse.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 293 At sume siþe herde itelle Hu alured sede on his spelle.

c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 356 Wel was hire þat siþe.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. x. 17 Also þis siþe [altered from siþ]: preye ȝe þe lord [etc.].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6421 If he þam slaked ani sith, Sir amalech wan als suith.

1421 H. Luttrell in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. I. 85 For in this sith in the bailliage of Caux..ther ys no steryng of none evyl doers.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 4204 Þan was he sary in þat sithe & sadly he pleyned.

a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) l. 696 (MED) He grauntis them at that ylke sythe home that he wille with them Ride.

1567 G. Turberville tr. Ovid Heroycall Epist. f. 92^v Sometime laide bolte vpright of former loue would sing: And other sithes by beck would giue a signe of secrete thing.

1590 R. Greene Mourning Garment 13 He spendes the yeare as blyth, As doth the King at euerie tyde or syth.

(b) A length or span of time; a period, a spell.

ΚΠ

c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Royal) 56 Us reoweð þet sið þet we so longe habbeð ileuet þine reades.

a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 28 Leuedi, for þen ilke siþe þat tov were of þi sone bliþe, al mi sunnes þov do me fro.

a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 30 An ende he casteþ ous fol colde in sunne ant serewe syþe.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13094 Hu lang siþe, Sal he him hide?

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1453 (MED) Salamon sete him s[eve]n ȝere and a syþe more.

6. In plural. Preceded by a number (in words or figures).

a. Expressing comparison: followed by an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree (e.g. seven sithes brighter, a hundred sithes better), or by as or so with an adjective or adverb (e.g. a thousand sithes so bright, six sithes as much). Cf. time n. 19a.

ΚΠ

eOE Prose Dialogue of Solomon & Saturn II (2009) 76 Ðeah..anra gehwilc [ord] sie xii ðusendum siða scearpra ðonne seo an flan ðe sie fram hundtwelftigum hyrdenna geondhyrded.

OE Blickling Homilies 147 Heo hæfde seofon siþum beorhtran saule þonne snaw.

c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 169 Þeo sunne [bið] seofen siðe brihtre þenne heo nu is.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 610 Seoue siðe brihtre þen beo sunne.

c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 483 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 313 An hundret siþe and fiue and sixti..þe sonne is more þane þe eorþe.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Ecclus. xxxv. 13 Seuen siþe [a1425 L.V. fold] as myche he shal ȝelden to þee.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10090 (MED) Bot þe sunn o rightwisnes, þat in her lef licam light, Hir mad a thusand sith sa bright.

1429–30 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §27. m. 11 Who so doth the contrarie..shall restore to the partie the double, and to the kyng, six syth as miche as he so receyved.

c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 311 An hundryd sythys bettyr then they deserue.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde ii. xxxi. sig. i2^v His cercle is gretter..than the cercle of the mone,..xij sithes somoche.

c1530 A. Barclay Egloges i. sig. Cij ^v His church, is twenty sythe more gay Than all the churches, betwene the same & kent.

b. Followed by a number (esp. ten or twenty) or an expression of quantity: expressing the multiplication of this by the preceding number. Cf. time n. 19b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > [noun] > multiplication > times

sithesOE

such five (as or so)OE

timesc1410

times1610

multiplicity1841

OE Blickling Homilies 79 Ehtatyne syþum hund teontig þusenda hi tosendon, & wið feo sealdon wide into leodscipas.

OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 28 Þara circul habbað feower siðon seofon gear, þæt beoð eahta and twentig geara.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1070 Ða com Turold abbot & æhte siþe twenti frencisce men mid him.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 598 Alle italde bitale, fif siðe tene.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 554 Sixtene siðe tuenti scipen tuhten from hauene.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 234 Þe tale of zixti.., þet is of zixziþe ten.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 45 (MED) Þe roundenesse of þe worlde aboute is þre hundred siþes and fiftene siþes an hondred þowsand paas.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11345 Anna,..þat liued had foursith tuenti yeier In viduid.

a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 2096 I will have three sythe double of his [treasure].

a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 3909) (1926) l. 4529 (MED) Faur sith ten that is faurty, & ten sith faur faurty also.

a1525 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 153 The roundnes of the warld about is iij^cxv syis c^m pase.

Phrases

P1. on (or in) one sithe: at one and the same time; simultaneously.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > simultaneity or contemporaneousness > [adverb]

on (or in) one sitheeOE

togethersc1175

togetherc1200

at once?c1225

at one shiftc1325

jointly1362

at one strokec1374

with that ilkec1390

at one shipea1400

withc1440

at a timec1485

at (in) one (an) instant1509

all at a shove1555

pari passu1567

in (also at, with) one breath1590

in that ilkec1590

with the same1603

in one1616

concurrently1648

concurringly1650

contemporarily1669

simultaneously1675

synchronistically1684

coevallya1711

in (also with) the same breath1721

synchronically1749

at a slap1753

synchronously1793

contemporaneously1794

coinstantaneously1807

coetaneouslya1817

consentaneously1817

at one or a sweep1834

coincidentally1837

at the very nonce1855

one time1873

coincidently1875

in parallel1969

real time1993

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxii. 208 Ne forlæt þu þæs blodes to fela on ænne siþ, þyles se seoca man to werig weorðe.

lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xvi. 276 Neron..se het æt sumum cyrre forbærnan æalle Romeburg on anne sið.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. b^v Syne thay..salust the souerane sone in ane sith.

P2. by sithes: at times, from time to time.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > frequency > infrequency > [adverb] > sometimes or occasionally

whiloma900

whilea1000

stoundmealc1000

stundumOE

otherwhileOE

umquhile1154

with and withc1175

by stoundsa1225

otherwhilesc1225

umbestound?c1225

umbewhilec1230

then and thenc1275

sometime…sometime1297

umstounda1300

by while13..

over while13..

sometime1340

umbe throwea1350

at timesa1382

now and again (also anon, eft, now)a1393

umbwhile1393

eftsoona1398

sometimea1400

by sithesc1400

umbestoundsc1400

from time to (formerly unto) time1423

now and (also or) then1445

ever now and nowa1470

when and whenc1470

occasionallya1475

in timesa1500

whiles?a1500

whilomsa1500

sometimes1526

somewhiles1528

at whiles1540

ever now and then1542

a-whiles1546

somewhiles…, somewhiles1547

at sometimes1548

now and thenc1550

ever and anon1558

by occasions1562

on (also upon) occasion1562

as soon…as soon1581

every now and then (also again)1642

by a time1721

once and a while1765

ever and again1788

periodically1825

in spots1851

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 17 Where werre & wrake & wonder Bi syþeȝ hatȝ wont þer-inne.

?a1425 (a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Lamb. 472) (2000) i. xxxvi. l. 939 Unto sum men and women He geveth it al here lyvetyme, bi sithes whan He visiteth hem.

a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 48 (MED) Of them the other philosophres..have be sithe toke thair begynnyng.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	sithe
释义	† sithen.¹ Forms: α. early Old English siið, Old English siþþe (dative), Old English syþ (rare), Old English syð (rare), Old English–early Middle English sið, Old English–Middle English siþ, late Old English syðan (dative), late Old English syððe (dative), late Old English–Middle English syd, early Middle English siðe, early Middle English siððen (plural), Middle English seeþe, Middle English siche (in a late copy, transmission error), Middle English sid, Middle English siht (perhaps transmission error), Middle English sihte (perhaps transmission error), Middle English sihþ, Middle English sijt, Middle English sijth, Middle English sitht (perhaps transmission error), Middle English siþe, Middle English syde, Middle English sye (transmission error), Middle English syþe, Middle English ziþe (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s sith, Middle English–1500s syth, Middle English–1500s sythe, Middle English–1500s (1800s–1900s archaic) sithe, late Middle English sethen (plural), late Middle English sethis (plural), late Middle English sethys (plural), 1500s syith (Scottish). β. Plural Scottish pre-1700 cyse, pre-1700 sayis, pre-1700 sies, pre-1700 sis, pre-1700 sise, pre-1700 syce, pre-1700 syis, pre-1700 sys, pre-1700 syse, pre-1700 syss. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian sīth time (attested only in dative plural sethen ), Old Saxon sīth way, journey, time, Old High German sind way, journey, direction, side (Middle High German sint ), Old Icelandic sinn time (also sinni journey, time), Old Swedish sin (also sinne ) time (Swedish †sinn (also †sinne )), Old Danish sin (also sinni ) time (Danish sind (also sinde ), now only in compound adverbs and set uses with numbers), Gothic sinþs time < an ablaut variant (e -grade) of the Germanic base of send v.¹ < the same Indo-European base as Early Irish sét , Welsh hynt , both in the sense ‘way’; perhaps further related to the Indo-European base of classical Latin sentīre to feel (see sentient adj.), although the semantic development is difficult to account for.Specific senses. The use in senses relating to time (see branch II.) constitutes an important strand in the semantic development of this word. This use is attested early (in Gothic, where it is the only attested use; likewise in Old Frisian), and is present in other older stages of Germanic (but apparently not in Old High German); it is prominent in North Germanic, surviving in Icelandic, Faroese, and Norwegian (Nynorsk), although in standard Swedish and Danish it is now restricted to certain compound adverbs and phrases (some derived originally from the dative plural form), as e.g. Swedish någonsin , Danish nogen sinde , both in the sense ‘ever’, lit. ‘sometime’, Swedish tusen sinom tusen ‘thousands upon thousands’. With the sense development compare gang n. 6, go n.¹ 2, and the similar use of Middle Dutch reise , rēse (Dutch reis , now archaic), Middle Low German rēse , reise , Old Swedish, Swedish resa (see reise n.). In uses relating to frequency or order of occurrence (see sense 5) or comparison and quantity (see sense 6) the word frequently shows adverbial use of the dative in Old English (dative singular sīþe , dative plural sīþum ; the preceding numeral or other quantifier also takes the dative or instrumental case if it inflects). The frequent attestation of dative plural sīþum in constructions denoting multiple occurrence (and perhaps also the less frequent attestation of partitive genitive plural sīþa ) is reflected in early Middle English constructions with forms such as siðen , siþe (beside the s -plurals that continue the Old English nominative and accusative plural sīþas ). Endingless forms after cardinal numbers higher than ‘1’ survive into the 16th cent. With sense 6b compare Danish tred-sinds-tyve sixty, lit. ‘three times twenty’, fir-sinds-tyve eighty, lit. ‘four times twenty’. Specific forms. The Older Scots β. forms show assimilatory loss of the dental consonant before the plural ending -s ; compare similarly North Frisian (Föhr, Amrum) -sis , in e.g. tweisis twice, maningsis many times. In Middle English sometimes written following immediately after a preceding word without a space, as though a cliticized form; compare e.g. quots. c1225 at sense 2a, a1400 at sense 6b. Possibly related Germanic verb. The same Germanic base (with nasal suffix) is perhaps also seen in the Class III strong verb represented by Old English sinnan to take notice of, heed, (also) to go away, depart, Old Frisian sinna to think about, Middle Low German sinnen to strive for, to request, Old High German sinnan to go, make one's way, to strive for (Middle High German sinnen to think about, to notice, understand, German sinnen to think about); however, the presumed primary sense of ‘to go’ is attested only in Old High German (and in an isolated occurrence in Old English), and the relationship is disputed. (For the verbal derivative from sithe n.¹ see sithe v.¹) Obsolete. I. Senses relating to travel, experience, or behaviour. 1. The action of going or travelling; travel, journeying; a journey, a voyage; a path, a way.Frequent in Old English verse in these senses.In quot. OE⁵ in the phrase langsuma sīð, lit. ‘longsome journey’, with reference to death; cf. forthsithe n., hensith n. at hen adv. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > travel > aspects of travel > a journey > [noun] forec900 wayOE farec1000 sitheOE gangOE journey?c1225 gatea1300 pilgrimagec1300 voyage1338 wending1340 raik?c1350 turna1400 repairc1425 went1430 reisea1450 progressionc1450 progressa1460 race1513 peregrination1548 travel1559 passance1580 dogtrot1856 trek1895 ulendo1921 OE Beowulf (2008) 1278 His modor..gifre ond galgmod gegan wolde sorhfulne sið. OE Blickling Homilies 173 Þa hie to samne incoman, he him rehte hu myccle scipbrocu he gebad on þæm siþe. OE Genesis B 378 Me habbað hringa gespong, sliðhearda sal siðes amyrred, afyrred me min feðe. OE Exodus 479 Wæs seo hæwene lyft heolfre geblanden, brim berstende blodegesan hweop, sæmanna sið. OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 959 God him geunne þæt his goddæda swyðran weorðan þonne misdæda, his sawle to gescyldnysse on langsuman siðe [lOE Laud syðe]. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxviii. 371 The Holy Gost before vs glad Full softly on his sithe. 2. a. Something that happens to or is experienced by a person, esp. in the course of a journey or difficult undertaking; an incident, an occurrence; (as a mass noun) the course of events experienced by a person; a person's fortune, luck, or fate.Frequently modified by an adjective with negative meaning, as hard, unseely, etc., indicating misfortune or hardship; cf. sense 2b. See also bale-sithe n. at bale n.¹ Compounds, sorrow-sithe at sorrow n. and adj. Compounds 1a, wosith n. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > [noun] > fortune or luck sitheOE hapc1275 fortunea1300 timingc1300 thriftc1305 speeda1325 casta1400 venturea1450 issuec1475 luck1481 success1548 speeding1573 chancing1583 potluck1592 ship1851 joss1913 OE Beowulf (2008) 1986 Higelac ongan sinne geseldan..fricgcean; hyne fyrwet bræc, hwylce Sægeata siðas wæron. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxi. 205 He ða com to his breðer, and his sið be endebyrdnysse sæde. OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1057 Wala, þæt wæs hreowlic sið & hearmlic eallre þissere þeode, þæt he swa raðe his lif geendade. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 79 He hefde þurst and hunger and chele and alle wreche siþe. c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) 41 Nat i hwet vnselisið makede me her to sechen. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2546 Egipte folc adden nið, For ebris adden seli sið. a1425 in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 8 (MED) Whenne he is wrothe þou art nought blythe; Allas, allas, that hard syth! a1500 Promptorium Parvulorum (King's Cambr.) 457 Sithe, vicis. b. Mishap, misfortune, trouble. Also: sin, wickedness, wrongdoing; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] unhealc700 unselthc888 bale-sithea1000 unselea1023 un-i-selthOE sithec1250 ruthc1275 unwhatec1275 tempestc1330 illa1340 infelicityc1384 banec1400 naufragiea1425 infortunitya1438 naufrage1480 calamity1490 inconvenience1509 wanweirda1522 inconveniency1553 wroth1581 murderation1862 c1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 126 [B]idde huue..til vre fader..for alle cristinfolk that is in gode lif, that god schilde ham to-dai fro sinne and fro sithe. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12899-900 [Heo] weop for hire wei-sið. wanede hire siðes þat heo wæs on liues. c1330 Gregorius (Auch.) (1914) l. 576 Schame it is..For to libbe in sorwe and siþ [c1390 Vernon sihþ]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 9456 In soru and sithe to him and his. a1500 Life St. Anne (Tanner) (1928) l. 240 She and other..mayden chylderyn wern..take in to þe temple..and so be kept in clennesse fro sythys [a1500 Harl. 4012 Synne and] owtrage. 3. A person's conduct, behaviour, or way of life. ΚΠ OE Beowulf (2008) 3058 Se sið ne ðah þam ðe unrihte inne gehydde wræce [read wrætte] under wealle. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 69 Walewa ðas siðes, þat ani mann ðat godd hafð iȝiuen witt and wisdom, scall liuien [read luuien] more ðe scaftes ðe godd ȝescop, ðanne he do his sceppend. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 274 Wid ðat pride him wex a nyð, Ðat iwel weldeð al his sið. 4. The course or duration of a person's life; a person's lifetime.See also life sithe n. at life n. Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > present life worldeOE this lifeOE world-lifeOE sithea1225 journey?c1225 pilgrimagec1384 weeping-dalec1400 valec1446 peregrinationc1475 scene1662 shades1816 earth life1842 macro-world1968 a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 55 He haueð to us muchel nið alle þa deies of ure sið. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 993 So bo hit euer in unker siþe Þat þu bo sori & ich bliþe. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1400 Adam was for þis tiþand blith, Sua glad was he neuer his sith. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 27021 Þou has soght in all þe sith Werldes welth to lijf in pese. c1450 (?a1400) Quatrefoil of Love (BL Add.) (1935) 55 (MED) Alle thi sythe [a1500 Bodl. Add. syd] may þou sighe and neuer mare be nere. II. Senses relating to time.In Old English frequently showing adverbial use of the dative (singular and plural) or (with numbers) use of the partitive genitive; in Middle English frequently with unmarked plural; see discussion in etymology. 5. a. Any one of the occasions on which something is done or happens; each occasion or instance of a repeated or recurring action or circumstance; = time n. 18a. (a) With a cardinal number or an adjective of quantity, indicating frequency of occurrence.See also fele-sith at fele adj.² 4, seresith adv., sevensithe adv.Compare also parallel formations with an adverb of time, as e.g. andersith adv. at ender adj. Derivatives, eft-sith adv. at eft adv. Compounds, often sithe adv. at often adv. and adj. Compounds 1, oftsithe adv. ΘΚΠ the world > time > frequency > [noun] > recurrence > a recurrence sitheOE timec1275 return1585 retrieve1595 reoccurrence1788 monotone1856 re-run1922 replay1957 OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xvii. 4 Si septies in die peccauerit in te : gif uel ðæh seofo siða [OE Rushw. Gospels siofo siðum on dæge, OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus Cambr. on dæg seofan siþun, c1200 Hatton on ane daige seofe syðen] gesynngiga in ðec. OE Beowulf (2008) 1579 He..wolde Grendle forgyldan guðræsa fela ðara þe he geworhte to Westdenum oftor micle ðonne on ænne sið. OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) vii. 256 Sceaf gate horn on þry scenceas; & þare ylcan gate meolc wið wine gemencgede on þry siþas drince. OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Josh. (Claud.) vi. 15 On ðam seofoðan dæge hi ferdon seofon siðon ymb ða burh. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1025 Þe bisscopp sellf..Þær shollde cumenn o þe ȝer Ann siþe. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 596 Niȝen siðen [c1300 Otho siþe] he bi-eode þat weofed. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 2162 Hise fet he kisten an hundred syþes. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 2189 Þo was hauelok swiþe bliþe, And þankede God ful fele siþe. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3093 Bi-sek get god ðis one siðe, Ðat he vs of ðis pine friðe. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 123 Þat welle chaunge[þ] hewe and colors foure siþes a ȝere. c1390 Lament. Mary to St. Bernard (Vernon) l. 273 in Englische Studien (1885) 8 97/1 I..swouhnede mony a siþe. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 3239 Sche seyde ‘allas’ more þan an hundrid sythe. 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 6166 Euery day..Seuene sythys in-to þe eyr..she up lyftyd was. c1456 R. Pecock Bk. Faith (Trin. Cambr.) (1909) 232 (MED) Thus it fallith in unnoumbrable sithis in Ynglond. c1480 (a1400) St. Bartholomew l. 59 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 181 A hundre syis one day kneland. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxxxiiii. f. lxx^v He went .v. sythes to Rome and came agayne. ?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) ii. l. 1008 in Shorter Poems (1967) 66 Ȝeildand Venus thankis a thousand sith [1579 Edinb. syith]. 1595 E. Spenser Colin Clouts come Home Againe sig. A3^v The woods were heard to waile full many a sythe. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. l. 55826 Rycht oft thair haif I bene And of sic danger sindrie syis hes sene. 1827 T. D. Lauder Wolfe of Badenoch III. ix. 229 Full many sithes have I tried to awaken that noble subject, but the witchery of inspiration is past. 1916 C. M. Doughty Titans i. 11 Have swallows, in their nose-thrills, builded nests; And in their ear-holes, mice, ten thousand sithes. (b) With an ordinal number, indicating order of occurrence. ΘΚΠ the world > time > particular time > [noun] sitheeOE tidec897 timeeOE mealeOE whilec950 throwOE charec1000 stevenOE timeOE seasona1300 tempest1382 world1389 occasionc1425 tidement1575 period1602 minute1607 hinta1670 epoch1728 eOE Rubrics & Direct. for Use of Forms of Service (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) in A. B. Kuypers Bk. of Cerne (1902) 3 Do ðonne fiorðan siðe ðin hleor ðriga to iorðan fore alle godes cirican. OE Blickling Homilies 27 Þæt deofol hine þa genam þriddan siþe, and he hine lædde upon..hea dune. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1110 To Eastron he wæs æt Mærlebeorge, & to Pentecosten forman siþe his hired on þam niwan Windlesoran heold. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 325 Ich singe..Þe þridde siþe ad middelniȝte. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 1052 He..kipte up þat heui ston, Þat he sholde puten wiþe; He putte at þe firste siþe, Ouer alle þat þer wore. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 3 Kings xviii. 44 In þe seuenþe..siþe [a1425 Corpus Oxf. sijth; a1425 L.V. tyme], lo a litil cloude..steȝede vp fro þe se. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 6335 Þe toþer day..þar he slepe at morntide, He fand þa wandis him biside; þe thrid sid [a1400 Vesp. night, a1400 Trin. Cambr. tyme] suagat he fand, þat did him..to understand þat sumkines takining suld þar be Closid in þa wandes thre. b. A point in or length of time. (a) A point in time marking or marked by some event or circumstance; the moment or point of time at which something happens; an occasion. Also: a particular period in time; an age, an era. ΘΚΠ the world > time > period > [noun] timeOE daysOE sitheOE agec1325 siecle1483 secle?1533 Iron Age1592 cycle1842 time span1880 the world > time > particular time > [noun] > time of occurrence sitheOE seasona1400 turna1400 datec1400 when1616 nick1645 whenabouts1898 OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1009 Þa sume siðe hæfde se cyning hi forne forgan mid ealre fyrde þa hi to scypon woldan. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1107 Æt þes ylcan syde, onmang þa odðre [read oðre] þe abbodrices underfengon, Ernulf þe ær wæs prior on Cantwarbyrig feng to þam abbodrice on Burh. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5372 Summ siþe þær he talde hemm spell Off heofennrichess blisse. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 293 At sume siþe herde itelle Hu alured sede on his spelle. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 356 Wel was hire þat siþe. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. x. 17 Also þis siþe [altered from siþ]: preye ȝe þe lord [etc.]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6421 If he þam slaked ani sith, Sir amalech wan als suith. 1421 H. Luttrell in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. I. 85 For in this sith in the bailliage of Caux..ther ys no steryng of none evyl doers. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 4204 Þan was he sary in þat sithe & sadly he pleyned. a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) l. 696 (MED) He grauntis them at that ylke sythe home that he wille with them Ride. 1567 G. Turberville tr. Ovid Heroycall Epist. f. 92^v Sometime laide bolte vpright of former loue would sing: And other sithes by beck would giue a signe of secrete thing. 1590 R. Greene Mourning Garment 13 He spendes the yeare as blyth, As doth the King at euerie tyde or syth. (b) A length or span of time; a period, a spell. ΚΠ c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Royal) 56 Us reoweð þet sið þet we so longe habbeð ileuet þine reades. a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 28 Leuedi, for þen ilke siþe þat tov were of þi sone bliþe, al mi sunnes þov do me fro. a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 30 An ende he casteþ ous fol colde in sunne ant serewe syþe. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13094 Hu lang siþe, Sal he him hide? c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1453 (MED) Salamon sete him s[eve]n ȝere and a syþe more. 6. In plural. Preceded by a number (in words or figures). a. Expressing comparison: followed by an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree (e.g. seven sithes brighter, a hundred sithes better), or by as or so with an adjective or adverb (e.g. a thousand sithes so bright, six sithes as much). Cf. time n. 19a. ΚΠ eOE Prose Dialogue of Solomon & Saturn II (2009) 76 Ðeah..anra gehwilc [ord] sie xii ðusendum siða scearpra ðonne seo an flan ðe sie fram hundtwelftigum hyrdenna geondhyrded. OE Blickling Homilies 147 Heo hæfde seofon siþum beorhtran saule þonne snaw. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 169 Þeo sunne [bið] seofen siðe brihtre þenne heo nu is. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 610 Seoue siðe brihtre þen beo sunne. c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 483 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 313 An hundret siþe and fiue and sixti..þe sonne is more þane þe eorþe. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Ecclus. xxxv. 13 Seuen siþe [a1425 L.V. fold] as myche he shal ȝelden to þee. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10090 (MED) Bot þe sunn o rightwisnes, þat in her lef licam light, Hir mad a thusand sith sa bright. 1429–30 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §27. m. 11 Who so doth the contrarie..shall restore to the partie the double, and to the kyng, six syth as miche as he so receyved. c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 311 An hundryd sythys bettyr then they deserue. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde ii. xxxi. sig. i2^v His cercle is gretter..than the cercle of the mone,..xij sithes somoche. c1530 A. Barclay Egloges i. sig. Cij ^v His church, is twenty sythe more gay Than all the churches, betwene the same & kent. b. Followed by a number (esp. ten or twenty) or an expression of quantity: expressing the multiplication of this by the preceding number. Cf. time n. 19b. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > [noun] > multiplication > times sithesOE such five (as or so)OE timesc1410 times1610 multiplicity1841 OE Blickling Homilies 79 Ehtatyne syþum hund teontig þusenda hi tosendon, & wið feo sealdon wide into leodscipas. OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 28 Þara circul habbað feower siðon seofon gear, þæt beoð eahta and twentig geara. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1070 Ða com Turold abbot & æhte siþe twenti frencisce men mid him. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 598 Alle italde bitale, fif siðe tene. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 554 Sixtene siðe tuenti scipen tuhten from hauene. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 234 Þe tale of zixti.., þet is of zixziþe ten. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 45 (MED) Þe roundenesse of þe worlde aboute is þre hundred siþes and fiftene siþes an hondred þowsand paas. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11345 Anna,..þat liued had foursith tuenti yeier In viduid. a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 2096 I will have three sythe double of his [treasure]. a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 3909) (1926) l. 4529 (MED) Faur sith ten that is faurty, & ten sith faur faurty also. a1525 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 153 The roundnes of the warld about is iij^cxv syis c^m pase. Phrases P1. on (or in) one sithe: at one and the same time; simultaneously. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > simultaneity or contemporaneousness > [adverb] on (or in) one sitheeOE togethersc1175 togetherc1200 at once?c1225 at one shiftc1325 jointly1362 at one strokec1374 with that ilkec1390 at one shipea1400 withc1440 at a timec1485 at (in) one (an) instant1509 all at a shove1555 pari passu1567 in (also at, with) one breath1590 in that ilkec1590 with the same1603 in one1616 concurrently1648 concurringly1650 contemporarily1669 simultaneously1675 synchronistically1684 coevallya1711 in (also with) the same breath1721 synchronically1749 at a slap1753 synchronously1793 contemporaneously1794 coinstantaneously1807 coetaneouslya1817 consentaneously1817 at one or a sweep1834 coincidentally1837 at the very nonce1855 one time1873 coincidently1875 in parallel1969 real time1993 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxii. 208 Ne forlæt þu þæs blodes to fela on ænne siþ, þyles se seoca man to werig weorðe. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xvi. 276 Neron..se het æt sumum cyrre forbærnan æalle Romeburg on anne sið. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. b^v Syne thay..salust the souerane sone in ane sith. P2. by sithes: at times, from time to time. ΘΚΠ the world > time > frequency > infrequency > [adverb] > sometimes or occasionally whiloma900 whilea1000 stoundmealc1000 stundumOE otherwhileOE umquhile1154 with and withc1175 by stoundsa1225 otherwhilesc1225 umbestound?c1225 umbewhilec1230 then and thenc1275 sometime…sometime1297 umstounda1300 by while13.. over while13.. sometime1340 umbe throwea1350 at timesa1382 now and again (also anon, eft, now)a1393 umbwhile1393 eftsoona1398 sometimea1400 by sithesc1400 umbestoundsc1400 from time to (formerly unto) time1423 now and (also or) then1445 ever now and nowa1470 when and whenc1470 occasionallya1475 in timesa1500 whiles?a1500 whilomsa1500 sometimes1526 somewhiles1528 at whiles1540 ever now and then1542 a-whiles1546 somewhiles…, somewhiles1547 at sometimes1548 now and thenc1550 ever and anon1558 by occasions1562 on (also upon) occasion1562 as soon…as soon1581 every now and then (also again)1642 by a time1721 once and a while1765 ever and again1788 periodically1825 in spots1851 c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 17 Where werre & wrake & wonder Bi syþeȝ hatȝ wont þer-inne. ?a1425 (a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Lamb. 472) (2000) i. xxxvi. l. 939 Unto sum men and women He geveth it al here lyvetyme, bi sithes whan He visiteth hem. a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 48 (MED) Of them the other philosophres..have be sithe toke thair begynnyng. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). sithen.² Brit. /sʌɪð/, /sʌɪθ/, U.S. /saɪð/, /saɪθ/ Forms: α. 1500s sythe, 1500s–1600s (1800s–1900s regional) sithe, 1500s–1700s sith. β. 1500s sigthe, 1500s sygthe, 1500s (1800s English regional (Gloucestershire)) sigth. Etymology: < sithe v.² Compare earlier siche n., sike n.², sight n.², sigh n.The early modern English β. forms could alternatively be interpreted as showing sight n.² (compare discussion at sithe v.²). Now rare (English regional (chiefly midlands and East Anglian) and U.S. regional in later use). A sigh. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > lamentation or expression of grief > sighing > [noun] > a sigh sichec1000 sike?c1225 sighinga1300 sighta1375 sighc1381 sithe?1553 sospire?1578 the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > audible breathing > [noun] > sighing > a sigh sichec1000 sike?c1225 sighinga1300 sighta1375 sighc1381 soughc1386 suspirec1450 sithe?1553 sospire?1578 ?1553–77 Life Fisher (Harl. 6382) (1921) 129 And with that (geving a sigth) said [etc.]. 1578 R. Robinson tr. Dyall of Dayly Contemplacion sig. L.v^v A certaine tendernesse of bitter passion and sorowe, proceeding out of his so deepe sithes, entire lamentation, and bitter plaint. 1592 W. Raleigh Let. July (1999) 70 All thos tymes past, the loves, the sythes, the sorrowes, the desires, can they not way doune one fraile misfortune. 1609 R. Armin Hist. Two Maids More-clacke sig. E4^v Be smilefull, and expresse no griefe in sithes. 1633 A. Cowley Piramus & Thisbe 71 With many a Sith, many a speaking Teare. a1790 P. Pond Jrnl. in Coll. State Hist Soc. Wisconsin (1908) 336 At Lengh she turns Over with a Sith and Quits the Hold of the Blanket. 1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 351 Sithe, a sigh. 1864 Knickerbocker Monthly Nov. 456/2 ‘Only one more vyge..an' then I shall give up follerin' the seas, for good.’ ‘A long vyge!’ says I with a sithe. 1905 M. Holley Around World with Josiah Allen's Wife i. 16 ‘I should feel dretful lost and wobblin' without him,’ sez I, with a deep sithe. Derivatives sitheful adj. sorrowful, sad. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] ungladc888 wearyc888 drearyc1000 dreary-moodOE heavyc1000 unmerryOE droopy?c1225 mournc1275 sada1300 languishinga1325 amayedc1330 matec1330 unlightc1330 unblissful1340 lowa1382 mishappyc1390 dullc1393 elengely1393 droopinga1400 heavy-hearteda1400 joylessa1400 sytefula1400 mornifc1400 tristy?c1400 lightless?1406 heartlessa1413 tristc1420 amatec1425 languoring?c1425 mirthlessc1430 heavisome1435 darkc1440 gloomingc1440 comfortlessc1460 amateda1470 chermatc1475 tristfula1492 lustless?1507 dolorous1513 ruthful1513 downcast1521 deject1528 heartsicka1529 lumpisha1535 coolc1540 dowlyc1540 glum1547 discouraged1548 uncheerfulc1555 dumpish1560 out of heart1565 sadded1566 amoped1573 tristive1578 desolated1580 dejected1581 à la mort1586 delightless1589 afflicted1590 gladless1590 groanful1590 gloomya1593 muddy1592 sitheful1592 cloudy1594 leaden-hearted1596 disconsolated1598 clum1599 life-weary1599 spiritless1600 dusky1602 chop-fallen1604 flat1604 disanimated1605 jaw-fallen1605 moped1606 chap-fallen1608 decheerful1608 uncheerful1612 lacklustrea1616 pulled1616 dumpya1618 depressed1621 head-hung1632 grum1640 downa1644 dispirited1647 down-at-mouth1649 down in (rarely of) the mouth1649 unhearted1650 sunlessa1658 sadful1658 unlightened1659 chagrin1665 saddened1665 damp1667 moping1674 desponding1688 tristitious1694 unenjoying1697 unraised1697 unheartya1699 unked1698 despondent1699 dismal1705 unjoyful1709 unrejoiced1714 dreara1717 disheartened1720 mumpish1721 unrejoicing1726 downhearted1742 out of spirits1745 chagrineda1754 low-spirited1753 sombrea1767 black-blooded1771 glumpy1780 oorie1787 sombrous1789 morose1791 Novemberish1793 glumpish1800 mopeful1800 die-away1802 blue-devilish1804 blue-devilled1807 malagrugrous1818 down in the hip1826 yonderly1828 sunshineless1831 downfaced1832 broody1851 in a (or the) trough1856 blue-devilly1871 drooped1873 glummy1884 pippy1886 humpy1889 pipped1914 lousy1933 pissed1943 crappy1956 doomy1961 bummed1970 1592 R. Dallington tr. F. Colonna Hypnerotomachia sig. B2 Those miserable louers,..feeding their framed passions not otherwise then with sithfull imaginations. 1610 R. Niccols Winter Nights Vision in Mirour for Magistrates (new ed.) Normandie. 650 As bird in cage..sadly sits and sings,..Till breath be spent in many a sithfull song. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). sithen.³ Brit. /sʌɪð/, U.S. /saɪð/ Forms: 1500s 1900s– siethe, 1700s– sithe, 1800s– sythe (Scottish). Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: English sive , chive n.¹ Etymology: Variant of sive (see chive n.¹), with assimilatory substitution of /ð/ for /v/. With the phonological development compare sythe n., sythe v. rare (regional in later use). Chiefly in plural. The herb chives. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word and at Sythe) records the word as still in use in Lothian, Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, and Roxburghshire in 1970 and in form sythe in Lanarkshire in 1972. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > onion, leek, or garlic > chives rush leekeOE chivea1400 sivec1440 civet1531 sweth1562 sithe1573 rush garlic1578 rush onion1578 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 39^v Seedes & herbes for the kytchen... Spinnage,..Suckerye,..Siethees [1577 Siethes]. 1712 W. Rogers Cruising Voy. 135 There's abundance of good Herbs, as Parsly, Purslain, Sithes in great plenty. 1823 A. Hewit Poems 102 Beds o' sythes an' ither means. 1853 G. P. R. Pulman Rustic Sketches (new ed.) Gloss. Sithes, chives. 1900 A. B. Lyons Plant Names 23 Northern U.S., Europe and Asia..Chives (Cives, Civet, Sithes, Siethes, Syves, Sweth). 1923 G. Watson Roxburghshire Word-bk. 271 Sithe, the chive or cive. Usually plural. 1947 O. Percival Our Old-fashioned Flowers 108 Allium schoenoprasum, Chive, Cheve, Cive, Siethe, Siever, Clive-garlic. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † sithev.¹ Forms: Old English siþian, Old English siðian, Old English syðian (rare), early Middle English siþie, early Middle English siðe, early Middle English siðie. Etymology: Cognate with Old Saxon sīthon , Old High German sindōn (Middle High German sinden ), Old Icelandic sinna < the same Germanic base as sithe n.¹The prefixed form gesīþian to go, to depart (compare y- prefix) is also attested; compare also eftsīþian , an element-by-element gloss of Latin repedare to return, go back (compare eft adv.), forsīþian to perish, to die (compare for- prefix¹), midsīþian to accompany, to associate with (compare mid prep.¹), samodsīþian to accompany (compare samed adv.), and also wræcsīþian to wander, to travel abroad, to be in exile (compare wrack n.¹). Obsolete. intransitive. To go; to journey, to travel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > go on a journey ferec950 foundOE sitheOE to come upOE comeOE undernimc1275 to take or make (a, the, or one's) voyage1297 travelc1300 journeyc1330 to take one's waya1375 reisea1387 to fare a waya1400 voyage1477 wayfare1534 peregrinate1593 sojourn1608 to fare a voyage1609 to journey itc1680 to take one's foot in one's hand1755 stroke1823 trek1850 peruse1895 OE Beowulf (2008) 808 Scolde his aldorgedal on ðæm dæge þysses lifes earmlic wurðan, ond se ellorgast on feonda geweald feor siðian. OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 346 Hit gelamp þa sume dæg, ða ða se Hælend siðode, þæt sum man him cwæð to, Ic wille siþian mid ðe. c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 21 He ne siðode ham to his huse mid him. c1225 (?OE) Soul's Addr. to Body (Worcester) (Fragm. G) l. 8 Nu ic scal soriliche siþien from þe. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10618 Cheldric..þohte forð siðen [c1300 Otho wende] & ouer sæ liðen. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 515 Ȝef ȝe ones make haueð, fro him ne wile ȝe siðen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online December 2020). sithev.² Brit. /sʌɪð/, /sʌɪθ/, U.S. /saɪð/, /saɪθ/ Forms: α. late Middle English sethe, late Middle English seþhe, late Middle English siþe, late Middle English syth, late Middle English–1500s 1900s– sythe, 1500s sitht (past tense), 1500s–1600s sith, 1500s– sithe, 1700s–1800s scythe. β. late Middle English syȝthe, late Middle English syhthe, 1500s sygthe, 1500s–1600s sighthe, 1500s–1600s sigthe. Etymology: Variant of sigh v., with substitution of /θ/ for /ç/. Compare siche v., sike v., sight v.²On the sporadic sound change involved here see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) I. 181–2. The β. forms could alternatively be interpreted as showing sight v.² The following example has sometimes been interpreted as showing earlier currency; however, the past tense form siþte is more likely to represent a form of sihte (see siche v.; þt for ht is typical of the scribal language of the Otho manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut):c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 1552 Ȝeo eode in-to bure and ofte siþte sore. Now rare (English regional (chiefly midlands and southern) and U.S. regional (New England) in later use). intransitive. To sigh. Also transitive: to say with a sigh. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > lamentation or expression of grief > sighing > sigh [verb (intransitive)] sichec893 sikec1175 sigh1377 to sigh unsound?a1400 sightc1450 sithec1450 throb1557 to break a sigh1765 heave1820 sock1863 the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > audible breathing > [verb (intransitive)] > sigh sichec893 sikec1175 sughc1175 sigh1377 sightc1450 sithec1450 suspirec1450 soughc1475 supire?1590 to break a sigh1765 sock1863 c1450 (c1415) in W. O. Ross Middle Eng. Serm. (1940) 168 (MED) When þat he com to þe place where þat is fadur was, he fell downe lowly, seþhynge and vepynge. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 334 Why dost þou sythe so sore and qwake? a1500 (a1400) Sir Cleges (Adv.) (1930) l. 98 As he walkyd vpp and dovn Sore syȝthyng. 1528 in Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Ref., Rec. (1865) I. 133 The said holiness..sithed and wiped his eyes. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxx^v Some sighthed and sayd nothyng. 1588 R. Greene Perimedes sig. H3 He lookt, he sitht, he courted with a kisse. 1607 J. Marston What you Will iii. i So I say sithing and sithing say my end is to paste vp a Si quis. 1610 R. Tofte tr. N. de Montreux Honours Acad. i. 9 He onely studied then alone, to nourish his sad griefe, To sighthe his secret sorrowes forth, and waile without reliefe. c1692 J. Coad Mem. Wonderful Provid. (1849) 72 A new born child, (that is living,) doth sith and sob. ?1740 Lover's Mag. 11 William..Soon as her well known Voice he heard Sithed and cast his Eyes below. 1790 ‘A. Pasquin’ Postscript to New Bath Guide 75 Oh! he sith'd out quite loud as he handed Miss Bella From the drawing-room stair-case all down to the carriage. 1861 A. Strickland Old Friends & New Acquaintances 2nd Ser. vii. iii. 264 He sat down in his chair again, and looked at mother, and then he sithed. 1873 ‘Josiah Allen's Wife’ My Opinions & Betsey Bobbet's 89 ‘Alas!’ sithes the woman to herself. 1901 Longman's Mag. May 47 Little Em Linnick hollen an' suffen' an' sythin' like a babby! 1914 Dial. Notes 4 81 [Maine and New Hampshire] Sythe, to sigh. 1923 E. Gepp Essex Dial. Dict. (ed. 2) 100 Sithe, to sigh. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.¹eOEn.²?1553n.³1573v.¹OEv.²c1450
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† sithen.1

Phrases

sithen.2

Derivatives

sithen.3

† sithev.1

sithev.2

† sithen.¹

sithen.²

sithen.³

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sithev.²