freshenv.

Brit.

/ˈfrɛʃn/, U.S.

/ˈfrɛʃən/

Forms: see fresh adj., n.¹, and adv. and -en suffix⁵; also 1600s– freshning (present participle, now nonstandard).

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: fresh adj., -en suffix⁵.

Etymology: < fresh adj. + -en suffix⁵.

1. transitive. To give strength or energy to (a person, a person's mind, spirits, etc., or a part of the body); to reinvigorate, revive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > refresh or invigorate [verb (transitive)]

akeleOE

restOE

comfort1303

ease1330

quickc1350

recurea1382

refresha1382

refetec1384

restorec1384

affilea1393

enforcec1400

freshc1405

revigour?a1425

recomfortc1425

recreatec1425

quicken?c1430

revive1442

cheerc1443

refection?c1450

refect1488

unweary1530

freshen1532

corroborate1541

vige?c1550

erect?1555

recollect?1560

repose1562

respite1565

rouse1574

requicken1576

animate1585

enlive1593

revify1598

inanimate1600

insinew1600

to wind up1602

vigorize1603

inspiritc1610

invigour1611

refocillate1611

revigorate1611

renovate1614

spriten1614

repaira1616

activate1624

vigour1636

enliven1644

invigorate1646

rally1650

reinvigorate1652

renerve1652

to freshen up1654

righta1656

re-enlivena1660

recruita1661

enlighten1667

revivify1675

untire1677

reanimate1694

stimulate1759

rebrace1764

refreshen1780

brisken1799

irrigate1823

tonic1825

to fresh up1835

ginger1844

spell1846

recuperate1849

binge1854

tone1859

innerve1880

fiercen1896

to tone up1896

to buck up1909

pep1912

to zip up1927

to perk up1936

to zizz up1944

hep1948

to zing up1948

juice1964

1532 R. Whittington tr. Erasmus De Ciuilitate Morun Puerilium sig. C.6^v/2 As they fresshen the myndes of men, so they engendre good maner.

1657 J. Davies tr. H. D'Urfé Astrea II. sig. Q2 The good Druid went to seeke out some hearbs by the bank sides, which he knew were good to be applyed unto my wounds, and which would a little freshen and invigorate my spirits.

1723 R. Burrow Civil Society & Govt. Vindicated 9 The mere Civilizing Men..does by innumerable Methods revive and freshen Mens natural Notices and Propensions to Good and Generous, Useful and Lovely Actions.

1805 R. Southey in Ann. Rev. 3 227 [They] get into the suburbs..and freshen themselves for the confinement of the week to come.

1937 Legenda (Wellesley Coll., Mass.) 217 (advt.) At exam time, Wellesley girls drink 33% more milk, knowing how it soothes nerves and freshens tired minds.

2000 Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 9 Dec. A totally exclusive treatment that incorporates a full sports massage, designed to reinvigorate and freshen tired and stressed muscle tissue.

2. intransitive. Of the wind: to become fresh; to become stronger and colder. Also with to, into something stronger; also with up.Cf. earlier fresh v. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow strongly > increase

rise?1520

fresh1599

to come up1647

freshen1669

ascend1715

to get up1834

to blow up1840

stiffen1844

to breeze up1867

to pipe up1901

1669 J. Yonge Jrnl. 21 Mar. (1963) (modernized text) 116 The wind freshning, we make the sail we can; see no ice but many noddies, ice birds, and one gul.

1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World iv. 79 The wind came about to the Eastward and freshened upon us.

1760 G. Washington Writings (1889) II. 143 The Wind freshened up as the Evening came on.

1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy II. i. 12 The wind now freshened fast.

1884 D. Pae Eustace 197 The wind was again freshening into a gale.

1990 Surfer July 66/1 The offshores freshened, and the boys had a good session out the back.

2018 Hobart (Australia) Mercury (Nexis) 28 July (Sport section) 69 On a wet and cold Sunday the forecast is for northerly winds of 10-15 knots, turning northwest and freshening to 15-20 knots.

a. transitive. To remove salt or saltness from (food, water, etc.); to reduce the salinity of (salt water, soil, etc.), esp. by adding fresh water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > pickle or preserve [verb (transitive)] > remove salt

weaken1530

unsalt1547

freshen?1684

?1684 R. Fitzgerald Brief 2 Treat. making Sea-water Fresh (single sheet) This Water..will serve to freshen the salt Meats, by watering the Beef or Pork in it after soaking in Salt Water.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 24 Lay as much fresh Earth or Mould upon it as you can to abate the Saltness of the Earth, plowing of it three or four Years to let the Rains and Air into the Land to freshen it.

1749 Acct. Voy. for Discov. North-west Passage II. 14 Water Holes..were cut in the Ice, for freshening the Meat.

1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) I. ii. 138 It freshens the ocean many leagues with its flood.

1841 Farmers' Reg. 28 Feb. 126/2 The black grass (juncus bulbosus) grows principally where the water is freshened by streams from the uplands.

1878 T. S. Goodholme et al. Domest. Cycl. (new ed.) 113/2 Pick the fish into small pieces... Freshen by leaving it in water an hour.

2002 G. E. Thomas & K. Stamnes Radiative Transfer in Atmosphere & Ocean (paperback ed.) i. 25 Melting of sea ice also freshens the sea surface.

b. intransitive. To lose salt or saltness; to become less saline, esp. by the addition of fresh water.

ΚΠ

1698 E. Bellamy tr. J. Huarte Examen de Ingenios xvii. 450 If two pieces of Fish equally Salt, are put in two Vessels of Fresh-Water to freshen, that on which a handful of Salt is thrown, will freshen sooner than the other.

1773 G. Balfour Memorandum in Mariner's Mirror (1922) 8 249 It is only considered what the meat should weigh when the salt is shaken off, before it's put into the harness tub to freshen.

1876 Home Cook Bk. (ed. 2) 33 All salt fish will freshen faster in warm weather than in cold, unless water a little warm is used.

1974 Geothermal Energy Res., Devel., & Commerc. Demonstr. Act: Hearings before Subcomm. Energy (93rd Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives) 266 Salinity is known to be much lower..at these depths, and indications are strong that the water will freshen with time and may become directly usable for agriculture and industry.

2008 D. S. Scott Smelling Land (rev. ed.) xiv. 128 Nordic sea surface water is freshening.

a. intransitive. To assume a fresh or new look; to become bright or vivid, to brighten. Also: to increase in freshness or newness. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > become refreshed or invigorated [verb (intransitive)]

to take (one's, a) breatha1398

to pull, shake oneself togethera1400

wheta1400

recomfortc1425

revigour1447

breathe1485

respirea1500

convailc1500

unweary1530

air1633

recruit1644

refresh1644

reanimate1645

invigorate1646

rally1646

to perk upa1656

renovate1660

reawake1663

freshen1694

renervate1801

recuperate1843

to recharge one's (also the) batteries1911

1694 R. Orpen London-master sig. D The blood freshens at the murtherer when he is brought to lay his hand upon the Corps before the Inquest.

1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 14 The Roe-buck swift Loiters at Ease before the driving Pack..'till the steaming Scent That freshens on the Blade, provokes their Rage.

1819–20 W. Irving Christmas Dinner in Sketch Bk. (1865) 281 How truly is a kind heart a fountain of gladness, making everything in its vicinity to freshen into smiles!

1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre I. ix. 136 A greenness grew over those brown beds which, freshening daily, suggested the thought that Hope traversed them at night.

1922 C. L. Betts Perfume Holder 196 The velvet grass is freshening o'er the lea.

1981 C. K. Hofling Custer & Little Big Horn iv. 31 The trail was freshening; by studying various indications, including the pony droppings, the scouts could report that the regiment was catching up.

(a) transitive. To restore (something) to a fresh condition; to renew; to make (something) newer, cleaner, or more attractive. Now chiefly in to freshen up 2 at Phrasal verbs.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > remove impurities from [verb (transitive)]

mereeOE

spurge1303

fine1340

sendre1340

purea1350

purgec1350

purifya1398

depurea1400

clarifyc1430

expurge1483

defecatec1487

subtiliate1551

refine?1572

neatify1581

distil1599

sublimate1601

sweeten1601

depurate1620

infresh1635

lustre1645

lustrate1653

freshen1710

chasten1715

epurate1799

enchastena1806

dispollute1862

the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > restore [verb (transitive)] > renovate or renew

newOE

freshc1300

renovela1325

renewa1382

renulec1384

refreshc1425

repairc1425

anewc1440

ennew1523

renovatea1555

renove1588

regenerate1607

righta1656

reficiate1657

freshen1710

refreshen1780

to fresh up1831

recondition1857

renovize1932

1710 D. Hilman Tusser Redivivus Aug. 14 The freshning and managing your Pasture Ground so to your Advantage, that you may have wherewithal to keep your Cattle upon, as long as they will thrive upon it.

1714 R. North Disc. Fish & Fish-ponds (new ed.) xviii. 69 Putting the fish in..you may keep them there, freshening the Water every twelve Hours, 'till the Frost breaks.

1808 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 94 He will beat the Austrians, and freshen his popularity in France by so doing.

1856 Sheboygan Lake (Wisconsin) Jrnl. 6 May 2/2 The plaudits of all good men recurringly and constantly freshen the memory of his great deeds.

1944 H. J. C. Grierson & J. C. Smith Crit. Hist. Eng. Poetry (1946) xli. 557 Miss Sitwell has taught us to see things we never saw before, and has helped to supple the rhythms and freshen the diction of English verse.

2002 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 27 July (Final ed.) j3 I would freshen and brighten the room with grassy green walls, bright white trim and a flat white ceiling.

2006 Esquire Mar. (A-Z Style section) 67/4 The store has recently freshened its image..without losing any of its heritage or traditional elegance.

(b) transitive. To provide (a place) with fresh air; to make (air) fresh or fresher; to make (something) pleasantly cool or refreshed.

ΚΠ

1745 S. Sutton Hist. Acct. New Method extracting Foul Air 40 That Air so discharged must be as constantly supplied by fresh Air down the Hatches, or such other Communication as are open into the Hold: whereby the same must be continually freshened, and it's Air rendered more wholesome, and fit for Respiration.

1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 13 Freshen'd from the wave the Zephyr blew.

1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda II. xxi. 324 Let in a little air to freshen the room.

1938 Life 7 Feb. 40/3 (advt.) I might add they freshen the mouth, too.

1999 C. Dolan Ascension Day (2000) ii. 24 Isobel tidied up his room, freshened the air by leaving his window open for an hour or two, [etc.].

2019 Sun (Nexis) 8 Dec. 28 The toothpaste freshens breath, helps fight cavities and reduces plaque with regular brushing.

5. transitive. Nautical. To let out or pull in slightly (a rope or cable), so as to change the part exposed to stress and chafing at a hole or a point where it is twisted round something; to renew the material used to prevent (a rope or cable) from chafing. Cf. to freshen (the) hawse, to freshen the nip.Recorded earliest in to freshen (the) hawse.

ΚΠ

1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II Freshen the Hawse, among sailors, when a ship rides at anchor, there is always some canvas, mat, leather, or such like matter wound about the cable in the hawse-hole, and where it may rub against the stem.

1849 Friend 23 June 317/3 Over and over he called to ‘freshen the cable,’—a term in use among sailors for placing old sails round the cable at the hawser holes to prevent its chafing.

2017 Ropes in seasupport.org 15 Apr. (accessed 18 Feb. 2020) Chafing. Avoid chafing of ropes and freshen the rope frequently. This would change the place where rope is chafing and prevent localised damage to the rope.

6. intransitive. Chiefly U.S. Of a cow: to become fresh (see fresh adj. 4e).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > cow > [verb (intransitive)] > to give milk > in renewed or increased supply

freshen1894

1894 Wisconsin Farmers' Inst. Bull. No. 8. 186/2 When she freshened in November I said, ‘We are going to get a cracker out of this cow.’

1931 Randolph Enterprise (Elkins, W. Va.) 9 Apr. 2/2 I have for sale 2 year old Jersey heifers to freshen in April and two Jersey cows,..one of them fresh now.

1978 Western Jrnl. Agric. Econ. 3 80/1 The nutrient requirements of dairy cows vary over the lactation period. Protein content is more important for a cow that has just freshened.

2010 J. R. Gillespie & F. B. Flanders Mod. Livestock & Poultry Production (ed. 8) ix. 811 Breed heifers to freshen in the fall.

7. transitive. Chiefly U.S. To add new or more liquid to (a drink, esp. an alcoholic one); to top up (a person's drink).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [verb (transitive)] > freshen or top up drink

freshen1930

1930 J. P. McEvoy Denny & Dumb Cluck 122 Here, let me freshen your drink for you.

1971 M. Butterworth Flowers for Dead Witch xii. 158 You've let your Martini get warm... I'll freshen your glass.

1986 P. Barker Century's Daughter xv. 262 He..made himself a cup of coffee and carried the kettle back into the hall. ‘Do you want yours freshening?’

2009 J. O'Brien Better iv. 65 Can I freshen your drink?

Phrases

†P1. transitive. Nautical. to freshen (the) ballast: to divide, separate, or move the ballast on a ship. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1791 J. H. Moore Pract. Navigator (ed. 9) 265 Freshen the Ballast, Divide to separate it.

1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Friend 97 To freshen ballast, is to shift it.

1899 G. W. Miller Fettered by Fate x. 155 The mate being one of those tyrannical beings who delighted in giving them unnecessary and disagreeable jobs, such as..freshening ballast.

†P2. transitive. Nautical. to freshen (the) hawse: to let out or pull in slightly a cable passing through a hawsehole, so as to change the part exposed to stress or chafing; to renew the material used to prevent a cable from chafing. Also slang: (of a person) to have an alcoholic drink. Cf. to fresh the hawse, to freshen the nip. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1828 Night Watch II. v. 117 After we had been mustered at quarters, and the hammocks down, I went and freshened hawse with a nip of Tom's grog.

1836 W. N. Glascock Naval Service II. 143 This method leaves room to freshen hawse, in the event of having to veer to the clinch.

1913 U.S. Patent 1,051, 881 1/2 Such a chain will be found useful, particularly, for mooring vessels, since it is possible to freshen the hawse, or to disengage the chains of both bowers, when fouled, simply by opening one or more links.

P3. transitive. Nautical. to freshen the nip: to let out or pull in slightly a rope or cable, so as to change the part exposed to stress or chafing at a hole or a point where it is twisted round something; see nip n.³ 4a. Also figurative. Also slang: (of a person) to have an alcoholic drink. Cf. to freshen (the) hawse.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (intransitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific way

windc1550

heave1626

to round up1766

to veer and haul1769

to freshen the nip1807

single1900

swig1917

the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (intransitive)] > drink intoxicating liquor > drink spirits

to freshen the nip1827

grog1833

brandy1836

1807 Naval Chron. 17 385 Then rouse round the stump of the foremast twenty fathoms of cable with three turns, for occasionally veering away, or freshening the nip in the head door.

1827 J. F. Cooper Red Rover (1881) iii. 51 Profiting by the occasion ‘to freshen his nip’, as he quaintly called swallowing a pint of rum and water, he continued his narrative.

1841 Southern Literary Messenger 7 764/1 After going into the saloon (grog-shop) to ‘freshen the nip’—as they professionally called taking a glass of brandy and water—they led me into the upper tier of boxes.

1859 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem II. lxviii. 9 There wanted what sailors call ‘freshening the nip’. Let us try how the new nip will hold, before we insist too rashly on returning to the old.

1961 F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 98 Freshen the nip, veer or haul slightly so that a rope may be moved a little.

2016 T. Cunliffe Compl. Ocean Skipper ii. 182 Probably the best advice is to follow the old square-rigged seaman's policy of freshening the nip daily.

†P4. transitive. Nautical. to freshen (one's) way: (esp. of a ship) to increase speed. to freshen a person's way: to hurry a person up. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > go on a journey > push on with speed

expedite1596

to freshen (one's) way1790

1790 Abridgm. Minutes of Evid. Comm. Slave-Trade (House of Commons) No. 2. 229 When his traders were slack, he fired a gun into or over the town, to freshen their way.

1802 Eng. Encycl. IX. 282/1 As the ship accelerates, the wind apparently comes ahead, and we must continue to brace up as the ship freshens her way.

1855 F. Chamier My Trav. I. xi. 177 I freshened my way, and got home as quickly as possible.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 323 Freshen way. When the ship feels the increasing influence of a breeze. Also, when a man quickens his pace.

1911 J. D. Ross Sixty Years II. xxiv. 32 As the villain hung in the wind a bit, Johnnie spun him round and freshened his way with two or three hearty kicks.

Phrasal verbs

to freshen up

1. transitive. To give strength or energy to (a person, a person's mind, spirits, etc., or a part of the body); to reinvigorate, revive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > refresh or invigorate [verb (transitive)]

akeleOE

restOE

comfort1303

ease1330

quickc1350

recurea1382

refresha1382

refetec1384

restorec1384

affilea1393

enforcec1400

freshc1405

revigour?a1425

recomfortc1425

recreatec1425

quicken?c1430

revive1442

cheerc1443

refection?c1450

refect1488

unweary1530

freshen1532

corroborate1541

vige?c1550

erect?1555

recollect?1560

repose1562

respite1565

rouse1574

requicken1576

animate1585

enlive1593

revify1598

inanimate1600

insinew1600

to wind up1602

vigorize1603

inspiritc1610

invigour1611

refocillate1611

revigorate1611

renovate1614

spriten1614

repaira1616

activate1624

vigour1636

enliven1644

invigorate1646

rally1650

reinvigorate1652

renerve1652

to freshen up1654

righta1656

re-enlivena1660

recruita1661

enlighten1667

revivify1675

untire1677

reanimate1694

stimulate1759

rebrace1764

refreshen1780

brisken1799

irrigate1823

tonic1825

to fresh up1835

ginger1844

spell1846

recuperate1849

binge1854

tone1859

innerve1880

fiercen1896

to tone up1896

to buck up1909

pep1912

to zip up1927

to perk up1936

to zizz up1944

hep1948

to zing up1948

juice1964

1654 T. Cobbet Pract. Disc. Prayer ii. i. 176 His fresh suits freshen up the suppliants praying graces; put a new glosse upon his faith, love, feare, zeal, holy desires, and the like.

1812 R. Southey Let. 29 July in Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 287 A seasonable change of air and occupation to freshen me up for resuming my wonted employments.

1861 F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing (new ed.) xii. 70 It freshens up a sick person's whole mind to see ‘the baby’.

1870 M. Bridgman Robert Lynne I. vi. 81 The sea-breezes will freshen me up, after stewing in this hole.

1946 C. Bush Case Second Chance (1948) xvi. 201 I hate a cold bath but when I got home from the cinema I took one, and it certainly freshened me up.

2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 13 Sept. (Sport section) 67 He's a pretty important member of our team, so we just wanted to freshen him up... We just really want him to be light-legged.

2. transitive. To restore (something) to a fresh condition; to renew; to make (something) newer, cleaner, or more attractive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > make new or novel [verb (transitive)]

newOE

innew?a1475

newfangle1530

novelize1631

to freshen up1746

to fresh up1831

1746 A. F. Gen. Entertainer I. 191 Bubling streams..To cool and freshen up the grass.

1753 Let. to Person of Distinction 21 To freshen up old Narratives.

1840 Dublin Rev. Aug. 218 Even a trip to America has lost its effect in freshening up the withered laurels of the most successful modern aspirants to the vacant throne of the drama.

1874 E. O. M. Deutsch Lit. Remains 258 And must we again freshen up their memory on one or two little points in ecclesiastical history?

1932 Woman & Beauty Apr. 27 A slotted scarf gives a great many opportunities for freshening up an everyday frock.

1977 P. Bergen & K. Perutz I'd love to, but what'll I Wear? 229 Just make sure you have a delinter or clothes brush along to freshen up the suit.

2002 Bliss June 162/1 Hair perfume is fab for freshening up your locks if you haven't got time to wash them.

2005 RCM & E (Radio Control Models & Electronics) Apr. 15/2 Three new manoeuvres have also been added for the 2005 competition to freshen things up a little.

3. intransitive. Chiefly U.S. To make oneself cleaner or neater, esp. to wash one's hands and face, tidy one's hair, change one's clothes, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing oneself or body > wash oneself [verb (intransitive)] > and tidy oneself

to freshen up1882

wash and brush-up1959

1882 Civilian (Cumberland, Maryland) 26 Feb. Before that kettle biles, you might freshen up a mite.

1962 ‘A. Gilbert’ No Dust in Attic vi. 73 She thought she'd run along and freshen up.

1971 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Doctor Bird vii. 92 They all foregather..for drinks before dinner. Would you like to freshen up and we'll take you?

2000 K. Shamsie Salt & Saffron (2001) xv. 163 I'm going to freshen up. Aliya will entertain you.

Derivatives

ˈfreshened adj. that has been restored to a fresh condition; having freshness or newness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > [adjective] > having impurities removed

sublimeda1400

clarifiedc1430

depured?1504

well-refined1575

refined1584

sublimate1591

winnowed1609

depurated1651

depurate1657

sublimateda1676

freshened1728

epurated1815

sublimized1827

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > [adjective] > fresh or new > made as new

freshened1728

1728 J. Thomson Spring 12 Prelusive Drops, let all their Moisture flow In large Effusion o'er the freshen'd World.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho II. ii. 47 I..bid the freshen'd waters glide..Through winding woods and pastures wide.

1817 T. Moore Lalla Rookh 223 Gave her cheeks all the freshened animation of a flower that [etc.].

1894 Westm. Gaz. 31 Aug. 3/1 The simplest form of this grafting process is the bringing together of ‘freshened’ edges of flesh.

2014 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 12 Nov. d4 Last year saw freshened exterior styling on the Coupe and interior upgrades and refinements to all models.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	freshen
释义	freshenv. Brit. /ˈfrɛʃn/, U.S. /ˈfrɛʃən/ Forms: see fresh adj., n.¹, and adv. and -en suffix⁵; also 1600s– freshning (present participle, now nonstandard). Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: fresh adj., -en suffix⁵. Etymology: < fresh adj. + -en suffix⁵. 1. transitive. To give strength or energy to (a person, a person's mind, spirits, etc., or a part of the body); to reinvigorate, revive. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > refresh or invigorate [verb (transitive)] akeleOE restOE comfort1303 ease1330 quickc1350 recurea1382 refresha1382 refetec1384 restorec1384 affilea1393 enforcec1400 freshc1405 revigour?a1425 recomfortc1425 recreatec1425 quicken?c1430 revive1442 cheerc1443 refection?c1450 refect1488 unweary1530 freshen1532 corroborate1541 vige?c1550 erect?1555 recollect?1560 repose1562 respite1565 rouse1574 requicken1576 animate1585 enlive1593 revify1598 inanimate1600 insinew1600 to wind up1602 vigorize1603 inspiritc1610 invigour1611 refocillate1611 revigorate1611 renovate1614 spriten1614 repaira1616 activate1624 vigour1636 enliven1644 invigorate1646 rally1650 reinvigorate1652 renerve1652 to freshen up1654 righta1656 re-enlivena1660 recruita1661 enlighten1667 revivify1675 untire1677 reanimate1694 stimulate1759 rebrace1764 refreshen1780 brisken1799 irrigate1823 tonic1825 to fresh up1835 ginger1844 spell1846 recuperate1849 binge1854 tone1859 innerve1880 fiercen1896 to tone up1896 to buck up1909 pep1912 to zip up1927 to perk up1936 to zizz up1944 hep1948 to zing up1948 juice1964 1532 R. Whittington tr. Erasmus De Ciuilitate Morun Puerilium sig. C.6^v/2 As they fresshen the myndes of men, so they engendre good maner. 1657 J. Davies tr. H. D'Urfé Astrea II. sig. Q2 The good Druid went to seeke out some hearbs by the bank sides, which he knew were good to be applyed unto my wounds, and which would a little freshen and invigorate my spirits. 1723 R. Burrow Civil Society & Govt. Vindicated 9 The mere Civilizing Men..does by innumerable Methods revive and freshen Mens natural Notices and Propensions to Good and Generous, Useful and Lovely Actions. 1805 R. Southey in Ann. Rev. 3 227 [They] get into the suburbs..and freshen themselves for the confinement of the week to come. 1937 Legenda (Wellesley Coll., Mass.) 217 (advt.) At exam time, Wellesley girls drink 33% more milk, knowing how it soothes nerves and freshens tired minds. 2000 Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 9 Dec. A totally exclusive treatment that incorporates a full sports massage, designed to reinvigorate and freshen tired and stressed muscle tissue. 2. intransitive. Of the wind: to become fresh; to become stronger and colder. Also with to, into something stronger; also with up.Cf. earlier fresh v. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow strongly > increase rise?1520 fresh1599 to come up1647 freshen1669 ascend1715 to get up1834 to blow up1840 stiffen1844 to breeze up1867 to pipe up1901 1669 J. Yonge Jrnl. 21 Mar. (1963) (modernized text) 116 The wind freshning, we make the sail we can; see no ice but many noddies, ice birds, and one gul. 1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World iv. 79 The wind came about to the Eastward and freshened upon us. 1760 G. Washington Writings (1889) II. 143 The Wind freshened up as the Evening came on. 1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy II. i. 12 The wind now freshened fast. 1884 D. Pae Eustace 197 The wind was again freshening into a gale. 1990 Surfer July 66/1 The offshores freshened, and the boys had a good session out the back. 2018 Hobart (Australia) Mercury (Nexis) 28 July (Sport section) 69 On a wet and cold Sunday the forecast is for northerly winds of 10-15 knots, turning northwest and freshening to 15-20 knots. 3. a. transitive. To remove salt or saltness from (food, water, etc.); to reduce the salinity of (salt water, soil, etc.), esp. by adding fresh water. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > pickle or preserve [verb (transitive)] > remove salt weaken1530 unsalt1547 freshen?1684 ?1684 R. Fitzgerald Brief 2 Treat. making Sea-water Fresh (single sheet) This Water..will serve to freshen the salt Meats, by watering the Beef or Pork in it after soaking in Salt Water. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 24 Lay as much fresh Earth or Mould upon it as you can to abate the Saltness of the Earth, plowing of it three or four Years to let the Rains and Air into the Land to freshen it. 1749 Acct. Voy. for Discov. North-west Passage II. 14 Water Holes..were cut in the Ice, for freshening the Meat. 1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) I. ii. 138 It freshens the ocean many leagues with its flood. 1841 Farmers' Reg. 28 Feb. 126/2 The black grass (juncus bulbosus) grows principally where the water is freshened by streams from the uplands. 1878 T. S. Goodholme et al. Domest. Cycl. (new ed.) 113/2 Pick the fish into small pieces... Freshen by leaving it in water an hour. 2002 G. E. Thomas & K. Stamnes Radiative Transfer in Atmosphere & Ocean (paperback ed.) i. 25 Melting of sea ice also freshens the sea surface. b. intransitive. To lose salt or saltness; to become less saline, esp. by the addition of fresh water. ΚΠ 1698 E. Bellamy tr. J. Huarte Examen de Ingenios xvii. 450 If two pieces of Fish equally Salt, are put in two Vessels of Fresh-Water to freshen, that on which a handful of Salt is thrown, will freshen sooner than the other. 1773 G. Balfour Memorandum in Mariner's Mirror (1922) 8 249 It is only considered what the meat should weigh when the salt is shaken off, before it's put into the harness tub to freshen. 1876 Home Cook Bk. (ed. 2) 33 All salt fish will freshen faster in warm weather than in cold, unless water a little warm is used. 1974 Geothermal Energy Res., Devel., & Commerc. Demonstr. Act: Hearings before Subcomm. Energy (93rd Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives) 266 Salinity is known to be much lower..at these depths, and indications are strong that the water will freshen with time and may become directly usable for agriculture and industry. 2008 D. S. Scott Smelling Land (rev. ed.) xiv. 128 Nordic sea surface water is freshening. 4. a. intransitive. To assume a fresh or new look; to become bright or vivid, to brighten. Also: to increase in freshness or newness. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > become refreshed or invigorated [verb (intransitive)] to take (one's, a) breatha1398 to pull, shake oneself togethera1400 wheta1400 recomfortc1425 revigour1447 breathe1485 respirea1500 convailc1500 unweary1530 air1633 recruit1644 refresh1644 reanimate1645 invigorate1646 rally1646 to perk upa1656 renovate1660 reawake1663 freshen1694 renervate1801 recuperate1843 to recharge one's (also the) batteries1911 1694 R. Orpen London-master sig. D The blood freshens at the murtherer when he is brought to lay his hand upon the Corps before the Inquest. 1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 14 The Roe-buck swift Loiters at Ease before the driving Pack..'till the steaming Scent That freshens on the Blade, provokes their Rage. 1819–20 W. Irving Christmas Dinner in Sketch Bk. (1865) 281 How truly is a kind heart a fountain of gladness, making everything in its vicinity to freshen into smiles! 1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre I. ix. 136 A greenness grew over those brown beds which, freshening daily, suggested the thought that Hope traversed them at night. 1922 C. L. Betts Perfume Holder 196 The velvet grass is freshening o'er the lea. 1981 C. K. Hofling Custer & Little Big Horn iv. 31 The trail was freshening; by studying various indications, including the pony droppings, the scouts could report that the regiment was catching up. b. (a) transitive. To restore (something) to a fresh condition; to renew; to make (something) newer, cleaner, or more attractive. Now chiefly in to freshen up 2 at Phrasal verbs. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > remove impurities from [verb (transitive)] mereeOE spurge1303 fine1340 sendre1340 purea1350 purgec1350 purifya1398 depurea1400 clarifyc1430 expurge1483 defecatec1487 subtiliate1551 refine?1572 neatify1581 distil1599 sublimate1601 sweeten1601 depurate1620 infresh1635 lustre1645 lustrate1653 freshen1710 chasten1715 epurate1799 enchastena1806 dispollute1862 the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > restore [verb (transitive)] > renovate or renew newOE freshc1300 renovela1325 renewa1382 renulec1384 refreshc1425 repairc1425 anewc1440 ennew1523 renovatea1555 renove1588 regenerate1607 righta1656 reficiate1657 freshen1710 refreshen1780 to fresh up1831 recondition1857 renovize1932 1710 D. Hilman Tusser Redivivus Aug. 14 The freshning and managing your Pasture Ground so to your Advantage, that you may have wherewithal to keep your Cattle upon, as long as they will thrive upon it. 1714 R. North Disc. Fish & Fish-ponds (new ed.) xviii. 69 Putting the fish in..you may keep them there, freshening the Water every twelve Hours, 'till the Frost breaks. 1808 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 94 He will beat the Austrians, and freshen his popularity in France by so doing. 1856 Sheboygan Lake (Wisconsin) Jrnl. 6 May 2/2 The plaudits of all good men recurringly and constantly freshen the memory of his great deeds. 1944 H. J. C. Grierson & J. C. Smith Crit. Hist. Eng. Poetry (1946) xli. 557 Miss Sitwell has taught us to see things we never saw before, and has helped to supple the rhythms and freshen the diction of English verse. 2002 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 27 July (Final ed.) j3 I would freshen and brighten the room with grassy green walls, bright white trim and a flat white ceiling. 2006 Esquire Mar. (A-Z Style section) 67/4 The store has recently freshened its image..without losing any of its heritage or traditional elegance. (b) transitive. To provide (a place) with fresh air; to make (air) fresh or fresher; to make (something) pleasantly cool or refreshed. ΚΠ 1745 S. Sutton Hist. Acct. New Method extracting Foul Air 40 That Air so discharged must be as constantly supplied by fresh Air down the Hatches, or such other Communication as are open into the Hold: whereby the same must be continually freshened, and it's Air rendered more wholesome, and fit for Respiration. 1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 13 Freshen'd from the wave the Zephyr blew. 1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda II. xxi. 324 Let in a little air to freshen the room. 1938 Life 7 Feb. 40/3 (advt.) I might add they freshen the mouth, too. 1999 C. Dolan Ascension Day (2000) ii. 24 Isobel tidied up his room, freshened the air by leaving his window open for an hour or two, [etc.]. 2019 Sun (Nexis) 8 Dec. 28 The toothpaste freshens breath, helps fight cavities and reduces plaque with regular brushing. 5. transitive. Nautical. To let out or pull in slightly (a rope or cable), so as to change the part exposed to stress and chafing at a hole or a point where it is twisted round something; to renew the material used to prevent (a rope or cable) from chafing. Cf. to freshen (the) hawse, to freshen the nip.Recorded earliest in to freshen (the) hawse. ΚΠ 1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II Freshen the Hawse, among sailors, when a ship rides at anchor, there is always some canvas, mat, leather, or such like matter wound about the cable in the hawse-hole, and where it may rub against the stem. 1849 Friend 23 June 317/3 Over and over he called to ‘freshen the cable,’—a term in use among sailors for placing old sails round the cable at the hawser holes to prevent its chafing. 2017 Ropes in seasupport.org 15 Apr. (accessed 18 Feb. 2020) Chafing. Avoid chafing of ropes and freshen the rope frequently. This would change the place where rope is chafing and prevent localised damage to the rope. 6. intransitive. Chiefly U.S. Of a cow: to become fresh (see fresh adj. 4e). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > cow > [verb (intransitive)] > to give milk > in renewed or increased supply freshen1894 1894 Wisconsin Farmers' Inst. Bull. No. 8. 186/2 When she freshened in November I said, ‘We are going to get a cracker out of this cow.’ 1931 Randolph Enterprise (Elkins, W. Va.) 9 Apr. 2/2 I have for sale 2 year old Jersey heifers to freshen in April and two Jersey cows,..one of them fresh now. 1978 Western Jrnl. Agric. Econ. 3 80/1 The nutrient requirements of dairy cows vary over the lactation period. Protein content is more important for a cow that has just freshened. 2010 J. R. Gillespie & F. B. Flanders Mod. Livestock & Poultry Production (ed. 8) ix. 811 Breed heifers to freshen in the fall. 7. transitive. Chiefly U.S. To add new or more liquid to (a drink, esp. an alcoholic one); to top up (a person's drink). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [verb (transitive)] > freshen or top up drink freshen1930 1930 J. P. McEvoy Denny & Dumb Cluck 122 Here, let me freshen your drink for you. 1971 M. Butterworth Flowers for Dead Witch xii. 158 You've let your Martini get warm... I'll freshen your glass. 1986 P. Barker Century's Daughter xv. 262 He..made himself a cup of coffee and carried the kettle back into the hall. ‘Do you want yours freshening?’ 2009 J. O'Brien Better iv. 65 Can I freshen your drink? Phrases †P1. transitive. Nautical. to freshen (the) ballast: to divide, separate, or move the ballast on a ship. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1791 J. H. Moore Pract. Navigator (ed. 9) 265 Freshen the Ballast, Divide to separate it. 1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Friend 97 To freshen ballast, is to shift it. 1899 G. W. Miller Fettered by Fate x. 155 The mate being one of those tyrannical beings who delighted in giving them unnecessary and disagreeable jobs, such as..freshening ballast. †P2. transitive. Nautical. to freshen (the) hawse: to let out or pull in slightly a cable passing through a hawsehole, so as to change the part exposed to stress or chafing; to renew the material used to prevent a cable from chafing. Also slang: (of a person) to have an alcoholic drink. Cf. to fresh the hawse, to freshen the nip. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II Freshen the Hawse, among sailors, when a ship rides at anchor, there is always some canvas, mat, leather, or such like matter wound about the cable in the hawse-hole, and where it may rub against the stem. 1828 Night Watch II. v. 117 After we had been mustered at quarters, and the hammocks down, I went and freshened hawse with a nip of Tom's grog. 1836 W. N. Glascock Naval Service II. 143 This method leaves room to freshen hawse, in the event of having to veer to the clinch. 1913 U.S. Patent 1,051, 881 1/2 Such a chain will be found useful, particularly, for mooring vessels, since it is possible to freshen the hawse, or to disengage the chains of both bowers, when fouled, simply by opening one or more links. P3. transitive. Nautical. to freshen the nip: to let out or pull in slightly a rope or cable, so as to change the part exposed to stress or chafing at a hole or a point where it is twisted round something; see nip n.³ 4a. Also figurative. Also slang: (of a person) to have an alcoholic drink. Cf. to freshen (the) hawse. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (intransitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific way windc1550 heave1626 to round up1766 to veer and haul1769 to freshen the nip1807 single1900 swig1917 the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (intransitive)] > drink intoxicating liquor > drink spirits to freshen the nip1827 grog1833 brandy1836 1807 Naval Chron. 17 385 Then rouse round the stump of the foremast twenty fathoms of cable with three turns, for occasionally veering away, or freshening the nip in the head door. 1827 J. F. Cooper Red Rover (1881) iii. 51 Profiting by the occasion ‘to freshen his nip’, as he quaintly called swallowing a pint of rum and water, he continued his narrative. 1841 Southern Literary Messenger 7 764/1 After going into the saloon (grog-shop) to ‘freshen the nip’—as they professionally called taking a glass of brandy and water—they led me into the upper tier of boxes. 1859 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem II. lxviii. 9 There wanted what sailors call ‘freshening the nip’. Let us try how the new nip will hold, before we insist too rashly on returning to the old. 1961 F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 98 Freshen the nip, veer or haul slightly so that a rope may be moved a little. 2016 T. Cunliffe Compl. Ocean Skipper ii. 182 Probably the best advice is to follow the old square-rigged seaman's policy of freshening the nip daily. †P4. transitive. Nautical. to freshen (one's) way: (esp. of a ship) to increase speed. to freshen a person's way: to hurry a person up. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > go on a journey > push on with speed expedite1596 to freshen (one's) way1790 1790 Abridgm. Minutes of Evid. Comm. Slave-Trade (House of Commons) No. 2. 229 When his traders were slack, he fired a gun into or over the town, to freshen their way. 1802 Eng. Encycl. IX. 282/1 As the ship accelerates, the wind apparently comes ahead, and we must continue to brace up as the ship freshens her way. 1855 F. Chamier My Trav. I. xi. 177 I freshened my way, and got home as quickly as possible. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 323 Freshen way. When the ship feels the increasing influence of a breeze. Also, when a man quickens his pace. 1911 J. D. Ross Sixty Years II. xxiv. 32 As the villain hung in the wind a bit, Johnnie spun him round and freshened his way with two or three hearty kicks. Phrasal verbs to freshen up 1. transitive. To give strength or energy to (a person, a person's mind, spirits, etc., or a part of the body); to reinvigorate, revive. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > refresh or invigorate [verb (transitive)] akeleOE restOE comfort1303 ease1330 quickc1350 recurea1382 refresha1382 refetec1384 restorec1384 affilea1393 enforcec1400 freshc1405 revigour?a1425 recomfortc1425 recreatec1425 quicken?c1430 revive1442 cheerc1443 refection?c1450 refect1488 unweary1530 freshen1532 corroborate1541 vige?c1550 erect?1555 recollect?1560 repose1562 respite1565 rouse1574 requicken1576 animate1585 enlive1593 revify1598 inanimate1600 insinew1600 to wind up1602 vigorize1603 inspiritc1610 invigour1611 refocillate1611 revigorate1611 renovate1614 spriten1614 repaira1616 activate1624 vigour1636 enliven1644 invigorate1646 rally1650 reinvigorate1652 renerve1652 to freshen up1654 righta1656 re-enlivena1660 recruita1661 enlighten1667 revivify1675 untire1677 reanimate1694 stimulate1759 rebrace1764 refreshen1780 brisken1799 irrigate1823 tonic1825 to fresh up1835 ginger1844 spell1846 recuperate1849 binge1854 tone1859 innerve1880 fiercen1896 to tone up1896 to buck up1909 pep1912 to zip up1927 to perk up1936 to zizz up1944 hep1948 to zing up1948 juice1964 1654 T. Cobbet Pract. Disc. Prayer ii. i. 176 His fresh suits freshen up the suppliants praying graces; put a new glosse upon his faith, love, feare, zeal, holy desires, and the like. 1812 R. Southey Let. 29 July in Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 287 A seasonable change of air and occupation to freshen me up for resuming my wonted employments. 1861 F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing (new ed.) xii. 70 It freshens up a sick person's whole mind to see ‘the baby’. 1870 M. Bridgman Robert Lynne I. vi. 81 The sea-breezes will freshen me up, after stewing in this hole. 1946 C. Bush Case Second Chance (1948) xvi. 201 I hate a cold bath but when I got home from the cinema I took one, and it certainly freshened me up. 2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 13 Sept. (Sport section) 67 He's a pretty important member of our team, so we just wanted to freshen him up... We just really want him to be light-legged. 2. transitive. To restore (something) to a fresh condition; to renew; to make (something) newer, cleaner, or more attractive. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > make new or novel [verb (transitive)] newOE innew?a1475 newfangle1530 novelize1631 to freshen up1746 to fresh up1831 1746 A. F. Gen. Entertainer I. 191 Bubling streams..To cool and freshen up the grass. 1753 Let. to Person of Distinction 21 To freshen up old Narratives. 1840 Dublin Rev. Aug. 218 Even a trip to America has lost its effect in freshening up the withered laurels of the most successful modern aspirants to the vacant throne of the drama. 1874 E. O. M. Deutsch Lit. Remains 258 And must we again freshen up their memory on one or two little points in ecclesiastical history? 1932 Woman & Beauty Apr. 27 A slotted scarf gives a great many opportunities for freshening up an everyday frock. 1977 P. Bergen & K. Perutz I'd love to, but what'll I Wear? 229 Just make sure you have a delinter or clothes brush along to freshen up the suit. 2002 Bliss June 162/1 Hair perfume is fab for freshening up your locks if you haven't got time to wash them. 2005 RCM & E (Radio Control Models & Electronics) Apr. 15/2 Three new manoeuvres have also been added for the 2005 competition to freshen things up a little. 3. intransitive. Chiefly U.S. To make oneself cleaner or neater, esp. to wash one's hands and face, tidy one's hair, change one's clothes, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing oneself or body > wash oneself [verb (intransitive)] > and tidy oneself to freshen up1882 wash and brush-up1959 1882 Civilian (Cumberland, Maryland) 26 Feb. Before that kettle biles, you might freshen up a mite. 1962 ‘A. Gilbert’ No Dust in Attic vi. 73 She thought she'd run along and freshen up. 1971 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Doctor Bird vii. 92 They all foregather..for drinks before dinner. Would you like to freshen up and we'll take you? 2000 K. Shamsie Salt & Saffron (2001) xv. 163 I'm going to freshen up. Aliya will entertain you. Derivatives ˈfreshened adj. that has been restored to a fresh condition; having freshness or newness. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > [adjective] > having impurities removed sublimeda1400 clarifiedc1430 depured?1504 well-refined1575 refined1584 sublimate1591 winnowed1609 depurated1651 depurate1657 sublimateda1676 freshened1728 epurated1815 sublimized1827 the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > [adjective] > fresh or new > made as new freshened1728 1728 J. Thomson Spring 12 Prelusive Drops, let all their Moisture flow In large Effusion o'er the freshen'd World. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho II. ii. 47 I..bid the freshen'd waters glide..Through winding woods and pastures wide. 1817 T. Moore Lalla Rookh 223 Gave her cheeks all the freshened animation of a flower that [etc.]. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 31 Aug. 3/1 The simplest form of this grafting process is the bringing together of ‘freshened’ edges of flesh. 2014 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 12 Nov. d4 Last year saw freshened exterior styling on the Coupe and interior upgrades and refinements to all models. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.1532
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