commutev.

Brit.

/kəˈmjuːt/, U.S.

/kəˈmjut/

Etymology: < Latin commūtāre to change altogether, alter wholly, to exchange, interchange, < com- together, altogether + mūtāre to change. On the analogy of words through French: compare transmute , commutate v.

a. transitive. To give (one thing) in exchange for another, to change (for or into); to give and take (things) reciprocally, to exchange.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > exchange, change for [verb (transitive)]

changec1225

truck?c1225

interchangec1374

permutec1400

wrixlec1400

turnc1449

wissel1487

chaffer1530

niffer1540

bandy1589

to chaffer words1590

swap1590

barter1596

counterchange1598

commute1633

trade1636

countercambiate1656

ring1786

rebarter1845

trade1864

swop1890

permutate1898

interconvert1953

1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia (1821) iv. 268 May..exchange and commute..Moneys currant of England, into Moneys of this new Standerd of Ireland.

a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 107 Hee commuted Estates. Hee tooke our Sinnes upon him, and gave us his Righteousnesse.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Linc. 175 They shall find..what is gold worth, and may quickly be commuted into it, great plenty of good grain.

a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 144 in Wks. (1721) II. He and the Beasts seem Natures to commute, They act like Reason, and he like the Brute.

b. To put (two things) each in place of the other, substitute for each other, interchange.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > substitute [verb (transitive)]

changec1225

shifta1325

puta1400

underputc1400

put1483

put1535

subrogate1548

substitute1548

surrogate1586

counterchange1604

supplya1618

suffect1620

commute1667

succeed1667

to be in (another person's) shoes1842

sub1919

1667 R. Allestree Causes Decay Christian Piety ix. 263 Thus to commute our tasks, exchange these pleasant and gainful ones..for those uneasie and fruitless.

1832 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 166 To commute these terms in the translation of a Kantian Treatise, where subject and object..are accurately contradistinguished..is to convert light into darkness.

1870 F. C. Bowen Logic viii. 250 We cannot arbitrarily commute the Quantities.

c. To change for another, to alter.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change [verb (transitive)]

wharvec897

wendOE

i-wendeOE

awendOE

aturn?c1225

biwrixle?c1225

changec1225

turnc1225

shifta1325

vary1340

inchangea1382

strange1390

altera1398

alterate?a1425

permute?a1425

difference1481

renewc1515

alienate1534

wrixlec1540

to chop and change1557

variate1566

palter1587

permutate1598

immute1613

unmake1616

unsame1632

chop1644

veer1647

variegatea1690

refract1700

mutabilatea1704

commute1825

stranger1863

switch1919

1825 R. Southey Tale of Paraguay iv. 28 All thoughts and occupations to commute, To change their air, their water, and their food.

1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 132 The law was..treated as in theory perpetual; not as ignominiously abrogated, but as legitimately commuted.

2. ‘To buy off or ransom one obligation by another’ (Johnson); to change an obligation, etc. into something lighter or more agreeable; to redeem or get off an obligation by a money payment. Const. for, into rarely with.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [verb (transitive)] > by accepting payment

commute1633

compound1709

compromise1757

1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (iii. 11) 1345 There is no..commuting the penance.

1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xviii. 139 His Holinesse..absolved many of their vows from Palestine, and commuted them into a journey into France.

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. i. iv. (R.) He..thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind.

a1667 Bp. J. Taylor Wks. (1835) I. 853 God will not suffer us to commute a duty, because all is his due.

1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccccxcviii. 476 Some..Commute Swearing for Whoring, as if the Forbearance of the One were a Dispensation for the Committing of T'other.

a1716 O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. xxii. 206 We can't commute one Duty for another, because they are both alike required.

1782 H. More Daniel iv. 105 The false policy..which would commute our safety With God's eternal honour.

1859 J. C. Hobhouse Italy II. 247 Little sums paid..by women who wish to..commute a penance with a small present.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xvii. 542 The grant of men was commuted for a contribution in money.

a. To change (a punishment, or a sentence) for (to, into) another of less severity, or a fine (cf. 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)] > reduce sentence or penalty

forbuyc1315

lenify1567

commute1642

to let one off easy1821

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > sentence [verb (transitive)] > commute a sentence

commute1642

1642 T. Fuller Holy State ii. xvi. 111 The late custome in some places of commuting whipping into money.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 29 Others..had their deaths mercifully commuted by our Magistrates into banishment.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1872) V. §1 xliv. 298 Forfeiture was sometimes commuted to a fine.

1844 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. i. 8 The..feudal practice of commuting all punishments whatever for fines.

1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. viii. 469 The [capital] sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life.

b. with altered construction.

ΚΠ

1681 H. Prideaux Lett. (1875) 112 The Earl of Shaftesbury desires transportation, and would willingly commute banishment for his life.

1828 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I II. xi. 269 The pardon was refused, but a heavy fine commuted the offence.

a. To change (one kind of payment) into or for another; esp. to substitute a single payment for a number of payments, a fixed payment for an irregular or uncertain one, or a payment in money for one in kind (e.g. a tithe; cf. 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > payment > pay money or things [verb (transitive)] > pay lump sum for recurring charge

compound1665

commute1845

1795 Hull Advertiser 7 Mar. 3/1 The licence to wear hair powder will be commuted for a tax on powder itself.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. iv. 182 The quantity of corn payable as rent..on account of tithe that has been commuted.

1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. I. 274 The legislature..might commute the average receipts of Irish landowners into a fixed rent charge and raise the tenants into proprietors.

1884 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 25 689 She may commute into a capital sum..the benefit given to her..by way of annuity.

b. absol. spec. To purchase and use a commutation-ticket. Also, more generally, to travel daily or regularly to and from one's place of work in a city (by any means of conveyance); also transferred and figurative. Originally U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > rail travel > [verb (intransitive)] > travel regularly by season ticket

commute1889

society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > travel to and fro > to and from work

commute1935

1889 Cent. Dict. Commuter, one who commutes.

1906 Daily Chron. 25 Feb. 4 There are many business men who practically divide their time between New York and Chicago, and ‘commute’ (the American term for taking season tickets).

1935 G. Hopkins in H. O. Sturgis Belchamber p. vii Nobody ‘commuted’ in those days, not even the resident friend of an American living near Windsor.

1937 Times 24 Dec. 13/6 Small houses in the country, from which the men will ‘commute’ to New York, travelling to and fro each day by train.

1947 W. H. Auden Age of Anxiety iii. 76 A married tribe commutes, mild from suburbia.

1954 Southern Daily Echo 25 May He spends the winter in the West Indies and summer in England, commuting back and forth like the migrating swallows.

1959 Cambr. Rev. 16 May 507/1 The dons commute daily to the college.

1962 Daily Tel. 19 Mar. 15/4 The people who are ‘something in the City’ to-day mostly commute to Sussex and Surrey.

1966 Listener 14 July 49/1 Ken Russell and John Boorman commute with ease between the two worlds.

5. intransitive (a) To make up, compensate, compound for; (b) (of things) to serve as a substitute for.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > be a substitute [verb (intransitive)]

to stand for ——OE

to stand in a person's stead?a1515

to be in any one's coat1530

walk1558

to serve the turn of1565

succenturiate1647

commute1653

to hand the saw1654

substitute1675

surrogate1681

to be in (another person's) shoes1767

substitute1888

pinch-hit1911

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > be or become equal [verb (intransitive)] > compensate

supererogate1582

compensate1648

commute1653

compense1825

to take up the slack1930

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 156 Because I cut you short in that, I will commute for it, by telling you..a secret.

1663 J. Spencer Disc. Prodigies (1665) 378 Perhaps the shame and misery of this life may commute for hell.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 468 Built..by Margaret Æmiliana of Verona who had ben a <famous> Courtezan, or rather sinner..by this hoping to commute for her soule.

1782 W. F. Martyn Geogr. Mag. 1 40 The Greeks enjoin confessions and penances..for the latter they are allowed to commute.

6. transitive. To regulate (the direction of an electric current), esp. so that the direction of the current is made continuous.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > operation of machinery > regulate current [verb (transitive)]

commute1884

commutate1890

1884 S. P. Thompson Dynamo-electr. Machinery vii. 132 Each delivering alternate currents to a commutator, which com mutes them to intermittent uni-directional currents in the brushes.

1896 S. P. Thompson Dyn.-Electr. Mach. (ed. 5) 438 The commutator has 54 segments, and there are 54 ‘commuting coils’.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 578/1 The current may be commuted.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 579/2 To commute its direction in any coil as it passes through the interpolar gap.

7. Algebra. intransitive. Of two or more algebraic quantities: to give an identical result in whatever order they are written down. Cf. commutative adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)] > commute

commute1928

1928 H. W. Turnbull Theory of Determinants xvi. 257 K commutes with the operator βα.

1958 P. A. M. Dirac Princ. Quantum Mech. (ed. 4) ii. 24 It may happen as a special case that two linear operators ξ and η are such that ξη and ηξ are equal. In this case we say that ξ commutes with η, or that ξ and η commute.

1964 A. P. Robertson & W. Robertson Topol. Vector Spaces viii. 145 Suppose also that u and v commute (i.e. uov = vou).

Derivatives

coˈmmuted adj.

ΚΠ

1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxviii. 671 Commuted payments for customary labour.

coˈmmuting n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of > involving payment

composition1601

commuting1659

compounding1769

society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [adjective] > travelling to and from work

commuting1934

society > travel > [noun] > travelling to and fro > to and from work

commuting1953

1659 J. Milton Civil Power in Wks. (1851) 309 A popish commuting of penaltie, corporal for spiritual.

1677 T. Otway Cheats of Scapin ii. i, in Titus & Berenice sig. G4^v They'l..tell all your Fornications, Bastardings, and Commutings in their Courts.

1934 Amer. Speech 9 261 Of all commuting ladies the élite, They chase the glowing hours with flying feet.

1953 A. Huxley Let. 11 June (1969) 674 I wouldn't, if I were you, retire to a shack... The commuting will be a great burden.

1957 J. Braine Room at Top xii. 118 I thoroughly dislike commuting—people should live and work in the same place.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	commute
释义	commuten. Etymology: < commute v. 4b.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: coˈmmute. U.S. A journey made in commuting, esp. to or from one's place of work; the distance travelled. ΘΚΠ society > travel > aspects of travel > a journey > [noun] > journey to or from work commute1960 1960 Time 21 Nov. 100/2 He frequently test-drives a competitor's car on his commute to Ann Arbor. 1968 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 12 Oct. 16 A liberal-minded chap in a New York suburb put his house on the market and got ready to move to one where there was more room for his family and which was an easier commute. 1973 M. Truman Harry S. Truman v. 97 On this semiannual commute, we always went by car. 1982 S. F. X. Dean Such Pretty Toys (1983) v. 64 Doan didn't think the sixty-mile commute each way every day was any problem. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online June 2019). commutev. Brit. /kəˈmjuːt/, U.S. /kəˈmjut/ Etymology: < Latin commūtāre to change altogether, alter wholly, to exchange, interchange, < com- together, altogether + mūtāre to change. On the analogy of words through French: compare transmute , commutate v. 1. a. transitive. To give (one thing) in exchange for another, to change (for or into); to give and take (things) reciprocally, to exchange. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > exchange, change for [verb (transitive)] changec1225 truck?c1225 interchangec1374 permutec1400 wrixlec1400 turnc1449 wissel1487 chaffer1530 niffer1540 bandy1589 to chaffer words1590 swap1590 barter1596 counterchange1598 commute1633 trade1636 countercambiate1656 ring1786 rebarter1845 trade1864 swop1890 permutate1898 interconvert1953 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia (1821) iv. 268 May..exchange and commute..Moneys currant of England, into Moneys of this new Standerd of Ireland. a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 107 Hee commuted Estates. Hee tooke our Sinnes upon him, and gave us his Righteousnesse. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Linc. 175 They shall find..what is gold worth, and may quickly be commuted into it, great plenty of good grain. a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 144 in Wks. (1721) II. He and the Beasts seem Natures to commute, They act like Reason, and he like the Brute. b. To put (two things) each in place of the other, substitute for each other, interchange. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > substitute [verb (transitive)] changec1225 shifta1325 puta1400 underputc1400 put1483 put1535 subrogate1548 substitute1548 surrogate1586 counterchange1604 supplya1618 suffect1620 commute1667 succeed1667 to be in (another person's) shoes1842 sub1919 1667 R. Allestree Causes Decay Christian Piety ix. 263 Thus to commute our tasks, exchange these pleasant and gainful ones..for those uneasie and fruitless. 1832 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 166 To commute these terms in the translation of a Kantian Treatise, where subject and object..are accurately contradistinguished..is to convert light into darkness. 1870 F. C. Bowen Logic viii. 250 We cannot arbitrarily commute the Quantities. c. To change for another, to alter. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change [verb (transitive)] wharvec897 wendOE i-wendeOE awendOE aturn?c1225 biwrixle?c1225 changec1225 turnc1225 shifta1325 vary1340 inchangea1382 strange1390 altera1398 alterate?a1425 permute?a1425 difference1481 renewc1515 alienate1534 wrixlec1540 to chop and change1557 variate1566 palter1587 permutate1598 immute1613 unmake1616 unsame1632 chop1644 veer1647 variegatea1690 refract1700 mutabilatea1704 commute1825 stranger1863 switch1919 1825 R. Southey Tale of Paraguay iv. 28 All thoughts and occupations to commute, To change their air, their water, and their food. 1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 132 The law was..treated as in theory perpetual; not as ignominiously abrogated, but as legitimately commuted. 2. ‘To buy off or ransom one obligation by another’ (Johnson); to change an obligation, etc. into something lighter or more agreeable; to redeem or get off an obligation by a money payment. Const. for, into rarely with. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [verb (transitive)] > by accepting payment commute1633 compound1709 compromise1757 1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (iii. 11) 1345 There is no..commuting the penance. 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xviii. 139 His Holinesse..absolved many of their vows from Palestine, and commuted them into a journey into France. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. i. iv. (R.) He..thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind. a1667 Bp. J. Taylor Wks. (1835) I. 853 God will not suffer us to commute a duty, because all is his due. 1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccccxcviii. 476 Some..Commute Swearing for Whoring, as if the Forbearance of the One were a Dispensation for the Committing of T'other. a1716 O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. xxii. 206 We can't commute one Duty for another, because they are both alike required. 1782 H. More Daniel iv. 105 The false policy..which would commute our safety With God's eternal honour. 1859 J. C. Hobhouse Italy II. 247 Little sums paid..by women who wish to..commute a penance with a small present. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xvii. 542 The grant of men was commuted for a contribution in money. 3. a. To change (a punishment, or a sentence) for (to, into) another of less severity, or a fine (cf. 2). ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)] > reduce sentence or penalty forbuyc1315 lenify1567 commute1642 to let one off easy1821 society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > sentence [verb (transitive)] > commute a sentence commute1642 1642 T. Fuller Holy State ii. xvi. 111 The late custome in some places of commuting whipping into money. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 29 Others..had their deaths mercifully commuted by our Magistrates into banishment. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1872) V. §1 xliv. 298 Forfeiture was sometimes commuted to a fine. 1844 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. i. 8 The..feudal practice of commuting all punishments whatever for fines. 1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. viii. 469 The [capital] sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. b. with altered construction. ΚΠ 1681 H. Prideaux Lett. (1875) 112 The Earl of Shaftesbury desires transportation, and would willingly commute banishment for his life. 1828 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I II. xi. 269 The pardon was refused, but a heavy fine commuted the offence. 4. a. To change (one kind of payment) into or for another; esp. to substitute a single payment for a number of payments, a fixed payment for an irregular or uncertain one, or a payment in money for one in kind (e.g. a tithe; cf. 2). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > pay money or things [verb (transitive)] > pay lump sum for recurring charge compound1665 commute1845 1795 Hull Advertiser 7 Mar. 3/1 The licence to wear hair powder will be commuted for a tax on powder itself. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. iv. 182 The quantity of corn payable as rent..on account of tithe that has been commuted. 1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. I. 274 The legislature..might commute the average receipts of Irish landowners into a fixed rent charge and raise the tenants into proprietors. 1884 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 25 689 She may commute into a capital sum..the benefit given to her..by way of annuity. b. absol. spec. To purchase and use a commutation-ticket. Also, more generally, to travel daily or regularly to and from one's place of work in a city (by any means of conveyance); also transferred and figurative. Originally U.S. ΘΚΠ society > travel > rail travel > [verb (intransitive)] > travel regularly by season ticket commute1889 society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > travel to and fro > to and from work commute1935 1889 Cent. Dict. Commuter, one who commutes. 1906 Daily Chron. 25 Feb. 4 There are many business men who practically divide their time between New York and Chicago, and ‘commute’ (the American term for taking season tickets). 1935 G. Hopkins in H. O. Sturgis Belchamber p. vii Nobody ‘commuted’ in those days, not even the resident friend of an American living near Windsor. 1937 Times 24 Dec. 13/6 Small houses in the country, from which the men will ‘commute’ to New York, travelling to and fro each day by train. 1947 W. H. Auden Age of Anxiety iii. 76 A married tribe commutes, mild from suburbia. 1954 Southern Daily Echo 25 May He spends the winter in the West Indies and summer in England, commuting back and forth like the migrating swallows. 1959 Cambr. Rev. 16 May 507/1 The dons commute daily to the college. 1962 Daily Tel. 19 Mar. 15/4 The people who are ‘something in the City’ to-day mostly commute to Sussex and Surrey. 1966 Listener 14 July 49/1 Ken Russell and John Boorman commute with ease between the two worlds. 5. intransitive (a) To make up, compensate, compound for; (b) (of things) to serve as a substitute for. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > be a substitute [verb (intransitive)] to stand for ——OE to stand in a person's stead?a1515 to be in any one's coat1530 walk1558 to serve the turn of1565 succenturiate1647 commute1653 to hand the saw1654 substitute1675 surrogate1681 to be in (another person's) shoes1767 substitute1888 pinch-hit1911 the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > be or become equal [verb (intransitive)] > compensate supererogate1582 compensate1648 commute1653 compense1825 to take up the slack1930 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 156 Because I cut you short in that, I will commute for it, by telling you..a secret. View more context for this quotation 1663 J. Spencer Disc. Prodigies (1665) 378 Perhaps the shame and misery of this life may commute for hell. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 468 Built..by Margaret Æmiliana of Verona who had ben a <famous> Courtezan, or rather sinner..by this hoping to commute for her soule. 1782 W. F. Martyn Geogr. Mag. 1 40 The Greeks enjoin confessions and penances..for the latter they are allowed to commute. 6. transitive. To regulate (the direction of an electric current), esp. so that the direction of the current is made continuous. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > operation of machinery > regulate current [verb (transitive)] commute1884 commutate1890 1884 S. P. Thompson Dynamo-electr. Machinery vii. 132 Each delivering alternate currents to a commutator, which com mutes them to intermittent uni-directional currents in the brushes. 1896 S. P. Thompson Dyn.-Electr. Mach. (ed. 5) 438 The commutator has 54 segments, and there are 54 ‘commuting coils’. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 578/1 The current may be commuted. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 579/2 To commute its direction in any coil as it passes through the interpolar gap. 7. Algebra. intransitive. Of two or more algebraic quantities: to give an identical result in whatever order they are written down. Cf. commutative adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)] > commute commute1928 1928 H. W. Turnbull Theory of Determinants xvi. 257 K commutes with the operator βα. 1958 P. A. M. Dirac Princ. Quantum Mech. (ed. 4) ii. 24 It may happen as a special case that two linear operators ξ and η are such that ξη and ηξ are equal. In this case we say that ξ commutes with η, or that ξ and η commute. 1964 A. P. Robertson & W. Robertson Topol. Vector Spaces viii. 145 Suppose also that u and v commute (i.e. uov = vou). Derivatives coˈmmuted adj. ΚΠ 1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxviii. 671 Commuted payments for customary labour. coˈmmuting n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of > involving payment composition1601 commuting1659 compounding1769 society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [adjective] > travelling to and from work commuting1934 society > travel > [noun] > travelling to and fro > to and from work commuting1953 1659 J. Milton Civil Power in Wks. (1851) 309 A popish commuting of penaltie, corporal for spiritual. 1677 T. Otway Cheats of Scapin ii. i, in Titus & Berenice sig. G4^v They'l..tell all your Fornications, Bastardings, and Commutings in their Courts. 1934 Amer. Speech 9 261 Of all commuting ladies the élite, They chase the glowing hours with flying feet. 1953 A. Huxley Let. 11 June (1969) 674 I wouldn't, if I were you, retire to a shack... The commuting will be a great burden. 1957 J. Braine Room at Top xii. 118 I thoroughly dislike commuting—people should live and work in the same place. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1960v.1633
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commuten.

commutev.

Derivatives