annealv.

Brit.

/əˈniːl/, U.S.

/əˈni(ə)l/

Forms: Old English anælan, Old English onælan, Old English onelan (rare), early Middle English anald (3rd singular present indicative, transmission error), early Middle English anhele, early Middle English onaele, early Middle English onæle, early Middle English oneale, Middle English enele, Middle English ennelle, Middle English (1500s Scottish) annele, Middle English–1500s anele, 1500s annal, 1500s hanele, 1500s–1600s aneal, 1500s–1600s aneale, 1500s–1600s eneal, 1600s aneyl, 1600s anneale, 1600s anneel, 1600s anneile, 1600s anniel, 1600s– anneal. N.E.D. (1884) also records the forms late Middle English aneal, late Middle English aneale.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: on- prefix, English ǣlan.

Etymology: < on- prefix (compare an- prefix¹) + Old English ǣlan to kindle, light (a fire or lamp), to burn (something) up, to bake, burn, heat (something, e.g. tiles) < the Germanic base of Old English āl fire, and (with suffixation) eld n.¹, probably ultimately < the same Indo-European base as ad n.¹ In senses 2a and 2b perhaps influenced by association with the etymologically unrelated Anglo-Norman and Middle French neeler, Middle French neeller, neller, nieller (French nieller ) to enamel, to glaze (tiles and other ceramic objects), (originally) to enamel (something) in black upon gold or silver (end of the 11th cent. in Old French in a gloss in Rashi as neeler ; for the ulterior etymology of this verb, see below). No parallel prefixed verb is attested in continental French, but compare Anglo-Norman aneler to kindle (a fire, an oven) (a1414 or earlier; perhaps < English). Compare the later aphetic doublet neal v.Etymology of French nieller. Anglo-Norman and Middle French neeler , Middle French neeller , neller , nieller (French nieller ) is < Anglo-Norman and Old French neel (11th cent.: see niello n.) < classical Latin nigellus blackish (see nigella n.). Compare post-classical Latin nigellare to inlay with niello (7th cent.; from 12th cent. in British sources).

†1. transitive. To set (a thing) on fire; to kindle, set light to. Also intransitive: to be on fire, to burn. Frequently figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > enlighten [verb (transitive)]

lighteOE

annealeOE

enlightOE

lightenc1350

enlightena1500

illustrate1526

illuminate?1566

the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > ardent or fervent [verb (transitive)] > inflame (with) passion

annealeOE

ontendeOE

anheatOE

atend1006

tindc1175

firec1225

heat?c1225

inlowa1300

inflamea1340

eschaufec1374

flamec1380

kindlec1390

chafe1393

achafea1400

to set a firec1400

lighta1413

incense1435

scaldc1480

embrase1483

incend?1504

to set on fire?1526

enkindle1561

enfire1596

flush1633

boil1649

calenturea1657

infirea1661

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > kindle or set alight

annealeOE

ontendeOE

atend1006

alightOE

kindlec1175

tindc1175

lightc1225

lightenc1384

quickc1390

firea1393

to set (a) fire in, on, upon, of, now only toc1400

quickenc1425

accenda1475

enlumine1477

to light upa1500

to shoot (something) on firec1540

to give fire1562

incend1598

entine1612

betine1659

emblaze1743

to touch off1759

ignite1823

eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. viii. 180 Wæs micel fyr onæled on middum þam huse.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxii. 360 He mid his blæde onælde [a1225 Lamb. on-ealde] eorðlicra manna heortan.

c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 28 He mid his sweorde hire þet heafod of asloh, & heo ða ðer swiðne mucelne ad onældon.

a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily De Initio Creaturae (Vesp. A.xxii) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 219 Seraphim birninde oðer anhelend.

c1400 Psalter (Trin. Dublin) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xvii. 10 (MED) Þe fure of his face brent & þe coles beþ aneled [c1350 BL Add. 17376 alyȝted] þer-of.

a. transitive. To subject (an object or substance) to the action of fire, esp. in order to harden it; to bake or vitrify (a tile, brick, etc.). Now rare.Often associated with subsequent slow cooling, passing into sense 2c.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > burn or bake

anneala1382

set1483

fire1549

neala1552

burn1664

a1382 [implied in: Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xvi. 7 Vp on the walles of anelid [a1425 L.V. bakun; L. cocti] tyil. (at annealed adj. 2)].

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 337 Assub [= nostoc]..Whanne it is falle doun to grounde, So as the fyr it hath aneled [= vitrified], Lich unto slym which is congeled.

a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 7 Take þe calx of fyn gold..and putte it in a siluer spone, and anele it at þe fier.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Xx. 2/1 The Blanchers, who do aneale, boyle, and cleanse the money.

1668 J. Glanvill in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 3 769 If they cannot cut the Rock, they use fire to aneale it.

1811 J. Farey Gen. View Agric. Derbyshire I. 444 A fire is then made, and these soft stones are set up on edge round it, to ‘heal’, that is, dry or anneal them.

1894 Clay-worker Mar. 352/2 To control, distribute, retain and economize heat in an up-draft brick kiln, and thoroughly anneal and burn the brick.

1957 Ceramics Monthly (Amer. Ceramic Soc.) May 31/1 It is advisable to give the piece two bisque firings, if possible. This anneals the clay body, making it harder and less porous.

b. transitive. To fix (pigment, a design) on or into glass, metal, etc., by the application of strong heat; (also) to colour or decorate (an object) in this way. Now rare.Cf. enamel v. 1, to burn in at burn v.¹ 16.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with coating or covering materials > work with coating or covering materials [verb (transitive)] > enamel

annealc1440

porcelain-enamel1921

porcelanize1951

stove1951

porcelainize1956

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > enamelling > enamel [verb (transitive)]

enamelc1400

annealc1440

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > enamelling > enamel [verb (transitive)] > depict with enamel

annealc1440

enamela1513

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 1294 (MED) The emperour for honour ewyn in the myddes, Wyth egles al ouer ennelled so faire.

1574 J. Baret Aluearie A 333 He that doeth Aneal pottes or other vessels. Inustor.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xi. xxxvii Some paint and die them..others vernish and anneile them.

1777 E. H. Delaval Exper. Inq. Cause Changes Colours 110 (note) Thus the calx of silver tinges the glass on which it is annealed with a lovely yellow or gold colour.

1853 Photographic Art-jrnl. Feb. 83/2 The manner of proceeding for burning or annealing the work in this kind of gilding is the same with the treatment of the enamel or glass in the use of the colors.

2016 M. Guite Faith, Hope & Poetry (new e-book ed.) iv. Colour is annealed into stained glass, not painted onto it.

c. transitive. To subject (metal, glass, etc.) to a process of heating followed by (typically slow) cooling in order to remove internal stresses and make the material less brittle or more workable. Also intransitive: to undergo such a process. Cf. temper v. 14.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > harden, temper, or anneal

temperc1381

allay1409

neal1558

harden1560

anneal1662

season1731

reanneal1850

attemper1869

1662 C. Merrett tr. A. Neri Art of Glass 248 Another Servitor takes them, with an Iron fork, and speedily placeth them in the tower to anneal..unless by a stumble in the way he chance to break this ware, then most brittle and tender.

1752 Philos. Trans. 1749–50 (Royal Soc.) 46 176 If this drop be annealed in the Fire, it loses all these Singularities; and being reduced to the state of common Glass, it easily breaks under the Hammer; and does not burst upon breaking the small End.

1807 S. Parkes Chymical Catech. 586 Glass and iron are annealed by gradual cooling; brass and copper by heating, and then suddenly plunging them in cold water.

1869 F. L. Pope Mod. Pract. Electr. Telegraph ii. 21 The iron cores, as they are termed, of electro-magnets, should be annealed with great care.

1928 H. M. Boylston Introd. Metall. Iron & Steel xv. 519 Tool steels are sometimes annealed in open-type furnaces of fairly small size, but in many cases are pot annealed.

1998 Lapidary Jrnl. Oct. 58/1 Moretti glass anneals at 940°, borosilicate at 1,040°.

2002 Fine Woodworking May 102/2 Next I had to see how the silver worked. I learned how to anneal (soften) it from a..jewelry smith.

3. figurative and extended uses of sense 2.

a. transitive. To make (a person, a person's mind, body, spirits, etc.) more resilient or robust; to strengthen, toughen, or harden.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > strengthen [verb (transitive)]

anneal1813

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > make strong [verb (transitive)] > a part or organ

confirm1542

consolidate?a1547

vigorate1613

muniate1657

anneal1842

1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 58 The Queen, whose tenerity of years, and frailty of sex had not yet annealed and fixt her for such an encounter.

1695 R. Blackmore Prince Arthur i. 4 Had not our Mould been Æther, Pure and Fine, Labour'd with Care, anneel'd with Skill Divine.

1720 J. Hughes Siege Damascus v. ii. 61 Like a Soul anneal'd in purging Fires.

1813 W. Scott Rokeby i. xxxi. 46 To press the rights of truth, The mind to strengthen and anneal.

1842 B. Simmons in Blackwood's Mag. 52 401 Indomitable will Anneals those limbs to warrior purpose still.

1925 E. F. Benson To Acct. Rendered in Desirable Resid. (1992) 184 These long years of failure to get any play of his put behind the footlights had annealed rather than weakened his determination.

2003 T. C. Boyle Drop City (2006) xvi Adversity hardened him, annealed him.

†b. transitive. Probably: to glaze (a thing) with ice or frost. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > freeze

congeal1393

engeal14..

freezea1513

glaciate1656

anneala1763

a1763 W. Shenstone Oeconomy iii, in Wks. Verse & Prose (1764) I. 306 The winter's candy'd thorn, When from each branch, anneal'd, the works of frost Pervasive, radiant icicles depend.

†c. transitive. To cool (a person or thing) rapidly from a heated state. Obsolete. rare.Although substances are typically annealed (sense 2c) by being heated and slowly cooled, some metals (e.g. copper; see quot. 1807 at sense 2c) are annealed by being heated and rapidly cooled in water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool > cool from a great heat

anneal1832

1832 M. Scott Tom Cringle's Log xiii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 310/1 You have been roasted one moment by the vertical rays of the sun, and the next annealed hissing hot by the salt sea spray.

4. transitive and intransitive. Molecular Biology. To combine to form a double-stranded nucleic acid.Single strands of DNA anneal naturally in cells during meiosis and the recombination of chromosomes. In laboratory techniques, esp. PCR, single strands of DNA or RNA may be made to anneal through a process of slow cooling from an elevated temperature to allow the formation of hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.

ΚΠ

1961 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 47 147 A physical unit carrying both markers was formed by annealing a heated mixture of these two DNAs.

1965 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 45 515 The denatured RNA anneals to give a ribonuclease-resistant form.

1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 121/1 The DNA from SV40 virions was also separated into single strands by heating, and the resulting single strands were then ‘annealed’ with the cellular DNA at a lower temperature.

2007 N. A. Johnson Darwinian Detectives vii. 109 Sufficient time has passed for the two primers to anneal at opposite ends of the desired DNA fragment.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	anneal
释义	annealn. Brit. /əˈniːl/, U.S. /əˈni(ə)l/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: anneal v. Etymology: < anneal v. Compare earlier annealing n. Metallurgy. The action or process of annealing a metal, glass, etc.; an instance of this. Cf. anneal v. 2c. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > hardening, tempering, or annealing hardening?c1425 nealing1612 tempering1661 annealing1662 seasoning1731 lighting1831 anneal1868 1868 Dental Times 5 110 The leaves of absolutely pure gold possess the property of being completely welded together by pressure, after a recent anneal, to a dull red. 1911 B. Stoughton Metall. Iron & Steel (ed. 2) xiii. 356 In the original Réaumur process the castings are packed in iron oxide during the anneal. 1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) vi. 131 Full anneals are time consuming and require considerable energy to maintain the elevated temperatures. 2016 D. R. Askeland et al. Sci. & Engin. Materials (ed. 7) xxiii. 820 Any precipitated carbides are re-dissolved during the anneal and do not reform during quenching. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2022). annealv. Brit. /əˈniːl/, U.S. /əˈni(ə)l/ Forms: Old English anælan, Old English onælan, Old English onelan (rare), early Middle English anald (3rd singular present indicative, transmission error), early Middle English anhele, early Middle English onaele, early Middle English onæle, early Middle English oneale, Middle English enele, Middle English ennelle, Middle English (1500s Scottish) annele, Middle English–1500s anele, 1500s annal, 1500s hanele, 1500s–1600s aneal, 1500s–1600s aneale, 1500s–1600s eneal, 1600s aneyl, 1600s anneale, 1600s anneel, 1600s anneile, 1600s anniel, 1600s– anneal. N.E.D. (1884) also records the forms late Middle English aneal, late Middle English aneale. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: on- prefix, English ǣlan. Etymology: < on- prefix (compare an- prefix¹) + Old English ǣlan to kindle, light (a fire or lamp), to burn (something) up, to bake, burn, heat (something, e.g. tiles) < the Germanic base of Old English āl fire, and (with suffixation) eld n.¹, probably ultimately < the same Indo-European base as ad n.¹ In senses 2a and 2b perhaps influenced by association with the etymologically unrelated Anglo-Norman and Middle French neeler, Middle French neeller, neller, nieller (French nieller ) to enamel, to glaze (tiles and other ceramic objects), (originally) to enamel (something) in black upon gold or silver (end of the 11th cent. in Old French in a gloss in Rashi as neeler ; for the ulterior etymology of this verb, see below). No parallel prefixed verb is attested in continental French, but compare Anglo-Norman aneler to kindle (a fire, an oven) (a1414 or earlier; perhaps < English). Compare the later aphetic doublet neal v.Etymology of French nieller. Anglo-Norman and Middle French neeler , Middle French neeller , neller , nieller (French nieller ) is < Anglo-Norman and Old French neel (11th cent.: see niello n.) < classical Latin nigellus blackish (see nigella n.). Compare post-classical Latin nigellare to inlay with niello (7th cent.; from 12th cent. in British sources). †1. transitive. To set (a thing) on fire; to kindle, set light to. Also intransitive: to be on fire, to burn. Frequently figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > enlighten [verb (transitive)] lighteOE annealeOE enlightOE lightenc1350 enlightena1500 illustrate1526 illuminate?1566 the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > ardent or fervent [verb (transitive)] > inflame (with) passion annealeOE ontendeOE anheatOE atend1006 tindc1175 firec1225 heat?c1225 inlowa1300 inflamea1340 eschaufec1374 flamec1380 kindlec1390 chafe1393 achafea1400 to set a firec1400 lighta1413 incense1435 scaldc1480 embrase1483 incend?1504 to set on fire?1526 enkindle1561 enfire1596 flush1633 boil1649 calenturea1657 infirea1661 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > kindle or set alight annealeOE ontendeOE atend1006 alightOE kindlec1175 tindc1175 lightc1225 lightenc1384 quickc1390 firea1393 to set (a) fire in, on, upon, of, now only toc1400 quickenc1425 accenda1475 enlumine1477 to light upa1500 to shoot (something) on firec1540 to give fire1562 incend1598 entine1612 betine1659 emblaze1743 to touch off1759 ignite1823 eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. viii. 180 Wæs micel fyr onæled on middum þam huse. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxii. 360 He mid his blæde onælde [a1225 Lamb. on-ealde] eorðlicra manna heortan. c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 28 He mid his sweorde hire þet heafod of asloh, & heo ða ðer swiðne mucelne ad onældon. a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily De Initio Creaturae (Vesp. A.xxii) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 219 Seraphim birninde oðer anhelend. c1400 Psalter (Trin. Dublin) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xvii. 10 (MED) Þe fure of his face brent & þe coles beþ aneled [c1350 BL Add. 17376 alyȝted] þer-of. 2. a. transitive. To subject (an object or substance) to the action of fire, esp. in order to harden it; to bake or vitrify (a tile, brick, etc.). Now rare.Often associated with subsequent slow cooling, passing into sense 2c. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > burn or bake anneala1382 set1483 fire1549 neala1552 burn1664 a1382 [implied in: Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xvi. 7 Vp on the walles of anelid [a1425 L.V. bakun; L. cocti] tyil. (at annealed adj. 2)]. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 337 Assub [= nostoc]..Whanne it is falle doun to grounde, So as the fyr it hath aneled [= vitrified], Lich unto slym which is congeled. a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 7 Take þe calx of fyn gold..and putte it in a siluer spone, and anele it at þe fier. 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Xx. 2/1 The Blanchers, who do aneale, boyle, and cleanse the money. 1668 J. Glanvill in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 3 769 If they cannot cut the Rock, they use fire to aneale it. 1811 J. Farey Gen. View Agric. Derbyshire I. 444 A fire is then made, and these soft stones are set up on edge round it, to ‘heal’, that is, dry or anneal them. 1894 Clay-worker Mar. 352/2 To control, distribute, retain and economize heat in an up-draft brick kiln, and thoroughly anneal and burn the brick. 1957 Ceramics Monthly (Amer. Ceramic Soc.) May 31/1 It is advisable to give the piece two bisque firings, if possible. This anneals the clay body, making it harder and less porous. b. transitive. To fix (pigment, a design) on or into glass, metal, etc., by the application of strong heat; (also) to colour or decorate (an object) in this way. Now rare.Cf. enamel v. 1, to burn in at burn v.¹ 16. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with coating or covering materials > work with coating or covering materials [verb (transitive)] > enamel annealc1440 porcelain-enamel1921 porcelanize1951 stove1951 porcelainize1956 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > enamelling > enamel [verb (transitive)] enamelc1400 annealc1440 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > enamelling > enamel [verb (transitive)] > depict with enamel annealc1440 enamela1513 c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 1294 (MED) The emperour for honour ewyn in the myddes, Wyth egles al ouer ennelled so faire. 1574 J. Baret Aluearie A 333 He that doeth Aneal pottes or other vessels. Inustor. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xi. xxxvii Some paint and die them..others vernish and anneile them. 1777 E. H. Delaval Exper. Inq. Cause Changes Colours 110 (note) Thus the calx of silver tinges the glass on which it is annealed with a lovely yellow or gold colour. 1853 Photographic Art-jrnl. Feb. 83/2 The manner of proceeding for burning or annealing the work in this kind of gilding is the same with the treatment of the enamel or glass in the use of the colors. 2016 M. Guite Faith, Hope & Poetry (new e-book ed.) iv. Colour is annealed into stained glass, not painted onto it. c. transitive. To subject (metal, glass, etc.) to a process of heating followed by (typically slow) cooling in order to remove internal stresses and make the material less brittle or more workable. Also intransitive: to undergo such a process. Cf. temper v. 14. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > harden, temper, or anneal temperc1381 allay1409 neal1558 harden1560 anneal1662 season1731 reanneal1850 attemper1869 1662 C. Merrett tr. A. Neri Art of Glass 248 Another Servitor takes them, with an Iron fork, and speedily placeth them in the tower to anneal..unless by a stumble in the way he chance to break this ware, then most brittle and tender. 1752 Philos. Trans. 1749–50 (Royal Soc.) 46 176 If this drop be annealed in the Fire, it loses all these Singularities; and being reduced to the state of common Glass, it easily breaks under the Hammer; and does not burst upon breaking the small End. 1807 S. Parkes Chymical Catech. 586 Glass and iron are annealed by gradual cooling; brass and copper by heating, and then suddenly plunging them in cold water. 1869 F. L. Pope Mod. Pract. Electr. Telegraph ii. 21 The iron cores, as they are termed, of electro-magnets, should be annealed with great care. 1928 H. M. Boylston Introd. Metall. Iron & Steel xv. 519 Tool steels are sometimes annealed in open-type furnaces of fairly small size, but in many cases are pot annealed. 1998 Lapidary Jrnl. Oct. 58/1 Moretti glass anneals at 940°, borosilicate at 1,040°. 2002 Fine Woodworking May 102/2 Next I had to see how the silver worked. I learned how to anneal (soften) it from a..jewelry smith. 3. figurative and extended uses of sense 2. a. transitive. To make (a person, a person's mind, body, spirits, etc.) more resilient or robust; to strengthen, toughen, or harden. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > strengthen [verb (transitive)] anneal1813 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > make strong [verb (transitive)] > a part or organ confirm1542 consolidate?a1547 vigorate1613 muniate1657 anneal1842 1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 58 The Queen, whose tenerity of years, and frailty of sex had not yet annealed and fixt her for such an encounter. 1695 R. Blackmore Prince Arthur i. 4 Had not our Mould been Æther, Pure and Fine, Labour'd with Care, anneel'd with Skill Divine. 1720 J. Hughes Siege Damascus v. ii. 61 Like a Soul anneal'd in purging Fires. 1813 W. Scott Rokeby i. xxxi. 46 To press the rights of truth, The mind to strengthen and anneal. 1842 B. Simmons in Blackwood's Mag. 52 401 Indomitable will Anneals those limbs to warrior purpose still. 1925 E. F. Benson To Acct. Rendered in Desirable Resid. (1992) 184 These long years of failure to get any play of his put behind the footlights had annealed rather than weakened his determination. 2003 T. C. Boyle Drop City (2006) xvi Adversity hardened him, annealed him. †b. transitive. Probably: to glaze (a thing) with ice or frost. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > freeze congeal1393 engeal14.. freezea1513 glaciate1656 anneala1763 a1763 W. Shenstone Oeconomy iii, in Wks. Verse & Prose (1764) I. 306 The winter's candy'd thorn, When from each branch, anneal'd, the works of frost Pervasive, radiant icicles depend. †c. transitive. To cool (a person or thing) rapidly from a heated state. Obsolete. rare.Although substances are typically annealed (sense 2c) by being heated and slowly cooled, some metals (e.g. copper; see quot. 1807 at sense 2c) are annealed by being heated and rapidly cooled in water. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool > cool from a great heat anneal1832 1832 M. Scott Tom Cringle's Log xiii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 310/1 You have been roasted one moment by the vertical rays of the sun, and the next annealed hissing hot by the salt sea spray. 4. transitive and intransitive. Molecular Biology. To combine to form a double-stranded nucleic acid.Single strands of DNA anneal naturally in cells during meiosis and the recombination of chromosomes. In laboratory techniques, esp. PCR, single strands of DNA or RNA may be made to anneal through a process of slow cooling from an elevated temperature to allow the formation of hydrogen bonds between nucleotides. ΚΠ 1961 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 47 147 A physical unit carrying both markers was formed by annealing a heated mixture of these two DNAs. 1965 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 45 515 The denatured RNA anneals to give a ribonuclease-resistant form. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 121/1 The DNA from SV40 virions was also separated into single strands by heating, and the resulting single strands were then ‘annealed’ with the cellular DNA at a lower temperature. 2007 N. A. Johnson Darwinian Detectives vii. 109 Sufficient time has passed for the two primers to anneal at opposite ends of the desired DNA fragment. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1868v.eOE
随便看	febriferous febrific febrifugal febrifuge febrifuges febrifugous febrile febriler febrilest febrilities febrility febrilous febris febronian febronianism febrous februaries february february face february fill-dike february filldike february fruit february night february red february revolution

annealn.

annealv.