| 释义 |
phoneme|ˈfəʊniːm, formerly fəʊˈniːm|
[= F. phonème, ad. Gr. ϕώνηµα a sound, f. ϕωνεῖν to sound.]
1. a. = phone n.1 rare.
1894G. Dunn in Classical Rev. Mar. 95/1 The problem remains to determine whether there are any Phonemes which may be regarded as the representatives of these hypothetical and analogically deduced long sonants.
b. A phonological unit of language that cannot be analysed into smaller linear units and that in any particular language is realized in non-contrastive variants. Also attrib. See allophone.
Although its exact nature is disputed, and the existence of an abstract phonemic level (and hence the abstract phoneme as a constituent of morphemes) is controversial in phonological theory, the phoneme remains a standard taxonomic unit in the description of speech. The phoneme of structural linguistics is sometimes called the autonomous phoneme or taxonomic phoneme by generative phonologists, and distinguished from the systematic phoneme.
1896R. J. Lloyd in Die Neueren Sprachen III. 615 There are a few of these terms which the author [sc. J. Baudouin de Courtenay] still thinks valuable and retains. One of these is the term phoneme, invented by Kruszewski... I take it that the various sounds which are accepted as identical by any speaking community are one phoneme, though they may differ considerably in actual sound. 1917D. Jones in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1917–20 (1932) 99 The Sechuana language appears to contain twenty-eight phonemes, i.e. twenty-eight sounds or small families of sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another. 1928I. C. Ward Phonetics of English 61 Care must be taken not to confuse the various members of the phoneme with the different pronunciations heard from different people. The latter may be termed variant pronunciations; the different sounds constituting a phoneme occur in one person's pronunciation. 1933L. Bloomfield Language v. 80 The phonemes of a language are not sounds, but merely features of sound which the speakers have been trained to produce and recognize in the current of actual speech-sound. 1935G. K. Zipf Psycho-Biol. of Lang. i. 20 A word may consist of a single phoneme..or it may represent a phoneme-sequence of considerable magnitude. 1936Amer. Speech XI. 109 When in a given language two sounds occur in the same phonological conditions and neither of the two sounds may be substituted for the other without changing the meanings of the words, the two sounds are capable of differentiating two words and are realizations of two different phonemes. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. iii. 61 The exact nature of the phoneme is disputed. It is variously regarded as 1) a mere grouping of sounds..2) as a point in the psychological pattern (..Sapir and the Prague School); or 3) as a point in the linguistic (grammatical) pattern. 1950D. Jones Phoneme ii. 10 A phoneme is a family of sounds in a given language which are related in character and are used in such a way that no one member ever occurs in a word in the same phonetic context as any other member. Ibid. 12 Some phoneticians have employed the term phoneme to mean anything that may serve to effect a minimal distinction..between one word and another. 1958K. Amis I like it Here i. 6 To cut Sinatra off in mid-phoneme was not such uproarious fun. 1961W. R. Brain Speech Disorders i. 10 The letters of an alphabet transcribe with more or less precision the phonemes of speech, of which standard English has about thirty-two. 1962A. C. Gimson Introd. Pronunc. Eng. v. 44 It is possible to establish the phonemes of a language by means of a process of commutation or the discovery of minimal pairs, i.e. pairs of words which are different in respect of only one sound segment. 1968R. T. Harms Introd. Phonological Theory 14 In this presentation the term ‘phoneme’ is used in the sense of systematic phoneme. 1968Language XLIV. 723 A consideration of the taxonomic phonemes of a language may..be of use in determining the orthographic peculiarities of a scribe. 1970F. Brengelman Eng. Lang. p. viii, The concept of the phoneme is used here because the author believes that the English spelling system can be described best with reference to a segmented representation. 1971D. Crystal Linguistics iv. 183, I have spent so much space on the phoneme concept because of its unequalled status as a concept for organizing people's thinking in the first half of this century. 1975Jrnl. Linguistics XI. i. 40 This phonologically motivated structure is given in terms of systematic phonemes. 1975L. M. Hyman Phonology 82 It would be worthwhile to briefly examine the kind of argument given against what has come to be known as the ‘autonomous’ or ‘taxonomic’ phoneme. 1977Language LIII. 241 He rejects the orthodox neo-Bloomfieldian motto ‘Once a phoneme, always a phoneme’. 1978Ibid. LIV. 173 With one of his main points (that the taxonomic phoneme is not dead), I would naturally agree.
2. Psychol. [ad. G. phonem (C. Wernicke Grundriss der Psychiatrie (1896) II. 126).] (See quot. 1911.)
1905A. J. Rosanoff tr. J. Rogues de Fursac's Man. Psychiatry i. ii. 44 Phonemes (the verbal auditory hallucinations of Séglas) have..a special significance, inasmuch as they consist of ‘words representing ideas’. 1911W. A. White Outl. Psychiatry (ed. 3) vi. 47 The more complicated hallucinations which are conceived by the patient to be ‘voices’—verbal auditory hallucinations—are known as phonemes.
Hence ˌphonemiˈzation = phonemicization.
1959E. Pulgram Introd. Spectrogr. of Speech xi. 78 (heading) Phonemization. 1960Amer. Speech XXXV. 218 The Middle English phonemization of the Old English allophones of the postdental spirant. |