| 释义 |
tono-
repr. Gr. τονο-, combining form of τόνος stretching, tension, tone, combining element in many technical words. tonoˈfibril Histology [ad. G. tonofibrille (M. Heidenhain 1899, in Arch. f. mikrosk. Anat. LIV. 212)], a bundle of tonofilaments; tonofiˈbrilla, (a) Histology = prec.; (b) Ent., a non-contractile fibril in an insect that passes from a myofibril through the epidermis into the cuticle; ˈtonofilament Histology, one of the minute supportive or non-contractile filaments that occur aggregated into networks in the cytoplasm of many epithelial cells, esp. in the epidermis; tonogram |ˈtɒnəgræm| [-gram], the record of a tonograph; ˈtonograph [-graph], a recording tonometer; see also quot. 1890; so tonoˈgraphic a., toˈnography; toˈnology, the study of tones or of intonation in speech; hence tonoˈlogical a.; tonoˈmitter [L. mittĕre to send]: see quot.; ˈtonophant [Gr. -ϕάντης one who shows], a device whereby acoustic vibrations are rendered visible; ˈtonoplast Bot. [-plast]: see quots.; tonoˈtactic a., of or pertaining to tonotaxis; tonoˈtaxis [taxis]: see quot.: also called osmotaxis; tonoˈtopic, -topical adjs. Anat. [Gr. τόπος place], exhibiting a spatial correspondence with the frequency of heard sound; hence tonoˈtopically adv.
1901Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 512 (table) *Tonofibrils or resistance fibrils, e.g. in intestinal epithelial cells, epidermis cells. 1964G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. v. 120 In the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, tonofibrils arch through all the cells like scaffolding and they are attached to numerous desmosomes over the entire surface of the cells. 1976Path. Ann. XI. 220 At a fine structural level, the cells of thymoma contain tonofibrils and complex desmosomes, but no neurosecretory granules.
1925E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) i. 41 The greater number of writers have..accepted the conclusion..that they are of the nature of supporting or skeletal structures, hence the term *tonofibrillæ (Heidenhain). 1935R. E. Snodgrass Princ. Insect Morphol. iii. 63 It frequently appears not only that the tonofibrillae traverse the epidermal layer, but that they penetrate a varying distance into the cuticula. 1969R. F. Chapman Insects xii. 211 In Musca each myofibril is attached to the cuticle by about twelve tonofibrillae.
1964Jrnl. Investigative Dermatol. XLIII. 278/1 In pemphigus vulgaris, a severe necrotizing injury of unknown etiology leads to complete destruction of the *tonofilaments with ensuing loss of desmosomes. 1978Sci. Amer. May 145/1 The tonofilaments are not contractile but seem to form a tensile, structural framework for the cell cytoplasm. 1980Nature 17 Jan. 249/1 Electron microscopy shows that bundles of keratin tonofilaments often terminate in membrane-bound desmosomes.
1899Syd. Soc. Lex., *Tonogram. 1911Webster, Tonogram, a curve showing graphically a muscle's isometric contraction.
1890Pall Mall G. 21 Mar. 5/2 Some specimens of a new photographic process, called ‘*Tonographs’, were exhibited by Messrs. Mayall. 1899Syd. Soc. Lex., Tonograph, a machine for recording the tension of the arterial blood-current.
1867Macfarren Harmony i. 31 The vibrations of the air inducing musical sounds, by a process which might be called *tonography, imprint their [etc.].
1934Webster, *Tonological. 1975Language LI. 565 The nouns in the two classes with L final vowels show tonological behavior parallel to that of the nouns in the two classes with Ø final vowels. 1983Word 1982 XXXIII. 230 With regard to other tonological features in the area, one can mention a number of languages with four-tone systems.
1874H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1873–4 98 What is wanted, then, is a comparative ‘*tonology’ of the Danish dialects. 1924D. M. Beach in Bantu Studies Dec. 77 An entirely new field..is lying open before us—the comparative and historical study of tones. This study..will be called tonology. 1970Stud. Afr. Linguistics I. 100 (heading) Nupe tonology. 1978Language LIV. 245/2 There are ten papers on phonology, seven of which deal specifically with tonology.
1899Syd. Soc. Lex., *Tonomitter, an instrument to improve the hearing near the opening of the Eustachian tube.
1895Funk's Standard Dict., *Tonophant, a device in which two thin pieces of steel welded together are used to exhibit acoustic vibrations to the eye.
1895Ibid., *Tonoplast. 1903Porter tr. Strasburger's Text-bk. 57 Since the vacuole wall regulates the pressure exerted by the cell sap contained in the vacuole, Hugo de Vries has applied the name Tonoplast to this layer.
1909Cent. Dict. Supp., *Tonotactic.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, *Tonotaxis,..sensitiveness to osmotic variation.
1942Anat. Rec. LXXXII. 430 In the monkey and chimpanzee.. surface positive potentials evoked by various pitches indicate *tonotopic localization within the primary auditory cortex. 1983Nature 10 Feb. 463/1 This ‘tonotopic’ organization is preserved in all levels of the central auditory pathway.
1948A. Brodal Neurol. Anat. ix. 314 Pfeifer (1936)..was led to conclude that if there exists any *tonotopical localization in the primary acoustic cortex, tones of the highest pitch must be represented medially, those of lowest pitch laterally. 1963Jrnl. Neurophysiol. XXVI. 294 (heading) Tonotopical organization, relation of spike counts to tone intensity, and firing patterns of single elements.
1971Brain Res. XXVI. 402 There is good evidence that cells in the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nuclei, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus are organized according to their best frequencies, or *tonotopically. 1978Nature 9 Mar. 139/2 Spatial analyses of the evoked potentials indicate that the auditory centre in the midbrain is organised tonotopically. |