| 释义 |
extra-, prefix|ˈɛkstrə|
The L. adv. and prep. extrā (see prec.) does not, strictly speaking, occur in composition during the classical period, though post-classically it formed a few vbs. like extrāclūdĕre to shut out, extrāvagārī to wander outside (whence extravagant). Classical L. had however the adj. extraordinārius extraordinary, f. phrase extrā ordinem outside the regular order, and late L. also extrāmundānus extramundane, f. phrase extrā mundum, extrāmūrānus (cf. extramural) f. extrā mūrum (or mūrōs), extrānātūrālis ‘extra-natural’, f. extrā nātūrām. Many similar adjs. were formed in med.L. on phrases in which extrā is a prep., and some of these are adopted in Eng., as extra-provincial. As the suffix employed in such formations was nearly always identical with that used to form an adj. from the n. governed by extra, the words have the appearance of being f. extra- + adj. (the actual formation, on extra prep. + n. + suffix, being obscured); thus extraordinary is felt as meaning ‘outside of what is ordinary’. In recent times an enormous number of adjs. of this type have been formed. The most important compounds of extra-, and those requiring etymological explanation, are given in their alphabetical place; of the remainder only a selection can be given in the following lists, many nonce-words of obvious meaning being omitted.
1. Adjs. with general sense ‘situated outside something’ (e.g. in Anat. a specified organ or member), ‘lying outside the province or scope of’ (a specified branch of science, department of speculation or practice).
extra-acaˈdemic, without or external to a university. extra-ˈacinous Anat., outside the acinus or racemose gland; see acinus 4. extra-aliˈmentary, situated outside the alimentary canal. extra-anaˈlogical, out of the range of, not in accordance with, analogy. extra-arˈtistic, out of the range of, having nothing to do with, art. extra-atmosˈpheric, of or pertaining to space beyond the atmosphere. extra-ˈaxillar Bot. = next. extra-ˈaxillary Bot., growing from above or below the axils. extraˈbranchial, outside the branchial arches; also as n., an extrabranchial cartilage. extra-briˈtannic, not existing in Britain. extra-ˈburghal, beyond the boundary of the burgh. extra-caˈnonical, not classed among the canonical books. extra-ˈcapsular, ‘outside a capsule, having special reference to the articular capsules’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1884). extra-caˈthedral [L. cathedra chair], outside the pulpit. extra-ˈcellular Biol., situated or taking place outside the walls of a cell. extra-ˈChristian, outside the range of Christian thought; not to be discussed from a Christian point of view. extra-ˈcivical, beyond the province or privileges of a citizen; hence extra-ˈcivically adv. extra-ˈclaustral, living out of a cloister; secular. extraˈconscious, outside or above what is conscious; hence extra-ˈconsciousness; extra-ˈconstellary Astron., situated outside, hence, not classed under, any constellation. extra-ˈconstellated ppl. a. = prec. extra-contiˈnental, beyond or outside a continent; U.S., outside the western hemisphere. extra-ˈcorial [L. cori-um hide + -al], pertaining to the outside skin or epidermis. extra-corˈporeal, outside the body. extra-ˈcosmical, acting outside the cosmos or universe. extra-ˈcranial Anat., lying or situated outside the skull. extra-ˈcurial [f. L. cūria court of justice], arranged or made outside a court of law. extra-cuˈrricular, outside the normal curriculum; also transf. and fig.. extra-cuˈtaneous, outside the skin, outside the true skin as opposed to the epidermis. extra-deˈcretal, not included in the ‘Decretals’. extra-diˈocesan, outside the diocese. extraˈdural, outside the dura mater. extra-embryˈonic, outside the embryo. extra-eˈssential, not included in the essence of some thing; hence extra-eˈssentially adv. extra-Euroˈpean, not found in Europe; also, beyond the boundaries of Europe. extra-experiˈential, outside experience. extra-faˈmilial, outside the family. extra-foliˈaceous Bot., without or external to the leaf. extra-ˈformal, beyond or away from the strict form; informal. extra-ˈfoveal, lying or occurring outside the fovea of the retina. extra-gaˈlactic Astron., outside the galaxy or Milky-way. extra-governˈmental, beyond the province or proper course of government. extra-graˈmmatical (see quot.). extraheˈpatic, outside the liver. extra-hiˈstoric, situated outside or beyond the sphere of history; also extra-hiˈstorical. extra-ˈhuman, outside the human race, or the conditions of human life. extra-ˈhundredal, not included in any hundred. extra-inˈductive, beyond the province of, or unattainable by, induction. extra-inteˈllectual, beyond the reach of, or imperceptible by, the intellect. extra-juˈdaical, outside the conditions of the Jewish dispensation. extra-ˈjugal, beyond, or not harnessed to, the yoke. extra-ˈjural [f. L. jūr-, jūs law + -al] (see quot.). extra-ˈlegal, beyond the province of law; not regulated by law. extra-ˈlimital [L. limit-em, limes + -al], beyond the limits of a country or district. extra-ˈlimitary, situated beyond the limit or bounds. † extra-ˈlineal, beyond or off the line of rectitude. extra-ˈlingual, outside the bounds of language. extra-linˈguistic, outside the field of linguistics; = extra-lingual. extra-ˈlogical, lying beyond the legitimate domain of logic; hence extra-ˈlogically adv. extra-ˈmarginal, outside the field of consciousness. † extra-maˈrine, of or pertaining to what is beyond the sea; from beyond the sea. extra-ˈmarital, of sexual relationships outside marriage; hence extra-ˈmaritally adv. extra-ˈmatrical [L. mātrīc-em, mātrix (see matrix n.) + -al], situated outside the matrix or receptacle of a parasitical plant. extra-matriˈmonial, outside of matrimonial relations. extra-ˈmedial, lying outside or beyond the middle line. extra-ˈmental, beyond the mind; independent of mental apprehension. extra-meˈridional Astron., of or pertaining to deviation from the meridian. extra-metaˈphysical, outside the sphere of metaphysical enquiry. extra-ˈmetrical, exceeding the number of feet or syllables proper to a metre; = hypermetrical. extra-metroˈpolitan, situated outside the metropolitan boundary. extramoˈrainic, situated beyond, or not associated with, a moraine. extra-ˈmusical, outside the field of music; not an intrinsic part of music. extra-ˈnational, outside the limits of a nation. extra-ˈnatural [L. extrānāturālis unnatural], outside the operation of natural laws. extra-ˈnuclear, placed outside the nucleus of a cell. extra-ˈocular, situated or occurring outside the eyes. extra-oˈfficial, outside the legitimate duties or emoluments of an office. extra-ˈorbital Zool., situated outside the orbit or eye-cavity (of a crustacean); hence, extra-ˈorbitally adv. extra-orˈganic, -orgaˈnismal, -orgaˈnismic, outside the organism. extra-paˈrental, occurring outside the body of the parent. extra-patriˈarchal, outside the conditions of the patriarchal dispensation. extra-peritoˈneal, ‘outside the peritoneum’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1884). extra-ˈpersonal, situated or coming from outside a person. extra-ˈphysical, not subject to physical laws or methods. extra-ˈplanetary, beyond the region of the planets' movements. extra-ˈpopular, outside or independent of the people; not drawn from the ranks of the people. extra-proˈfessional, (a) of persons: out of the ranks of a profession; (b) of things: outside the course of professional duties. extra-pyˈramidal, outside the pyramidal tracts (see pyramidal a. 3 a). extra-red, said of rays outside the visible spectrum at its red extremity; also ultra-red. extra-ˈregular, outside of, or transgressing the rule; in addition to what is regular; hence, extra-ˈregularly adv. extraˈrenal, outside the kidneys. extra-sacerˈdotal, outside or forming no part of the priesthood. extra-scienˈtific, beyond the scope of science, incapable of scientific investigation. extra-ˈscriptural, drawn from sources outside the Scriptures; hence extra-scriptuˈrality. extra-ˈsensible a. and n., (something that is) beyond the reach of sensuous perception. extra-ˈsensuous = prec. adj. extra-ˈsocial, outside society. extraˈsolar, outside the solar system. extra-ˈspatial, not in, or not forming part of, space. extra-ˈspectral, lying outside the visible spectrum. extra-ˈstomachal, taking place outside the stomach. extra-sylloˈgistic, beyond the scope of, or irreducible to, a syllogism. extra-syˈstemic, outside the system; not according to a system. extra-ˈtabular, not contained in a table or list of weights, etc. extra-teˈllurian, beyond or away from the earth. extra-teˈlluric, outside or not found among the constituent elements of the earth. extra-ˈtemporal, outside of, or forming no part of, the sequence of time. extra-terrene, extra-teˈrrestrial = existing or originating outside the earth or its atmosphere; hence as n., a being living or originating beyond the earth. extra-ˈthecal Zool. and Bot., situated outside the theca. extra-theˈistic, beyond the range of theism; independent of theistic inquiry. extra-ˈtorrid, existing outside the torrid zone. extra-ˈtropical, existing, situated, or taking place outside the tropics. extra-uniˈversity, of or pertaining to matters outside the university. extra-ˈurban, beyond or outside the walls of a city. extra-ˈuterine, existing, formed, or taking place outside the uterus. extra-veˈhicular, outside a vehicle; spec. denoting activity outside a space-vehicle while it is in flight. extra-ˈverbal, not employing or describable in words. extra-violet Optics, said of rays outside the visible spectrum at its violet extremity. extra-ˈvisual, not employing or connected with the faculty of sight; outside the normal range of sight. extra-zoˈdiacal Astron., situated outside the zodiac. Also extra-judicial, extra-mural, etc.
1932T. S. Eliot Sel. Ess. 452 Not aspiring..to academic or *extra-academic honours.
1878T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (1879) II. 245 The *extra-acinous infiltrations of the same cells.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. xi. 644 The *extra-alimentary tissues.
1846Grote Greece (1862) I. xvi. 342 The *extra-analogical features of the stories.
1880V. Lee Belcaro i. 12 Those foreign, *extra-artistic, irrelevant interests.
1871Herschel in Month. Nat. XXXI. 169 Evidence not to be refused of its *extra-atmospheric origin.
1851Ogilvie, *Extra-axillar.
1829Loudon Encycl. Plants 433 Flowers solitary, axillary, or *extra-axillary, but more frequently terminating. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 490 A few cases of..extra-axillary branching.
1877Parker & Bettany Morphol. Skull 39 Four *extrabranchial cartilages.., parallel to the ceratobranchials. Ibid. 343 The extrabranchials of the Dogfish are..superficial cartilages related to the branchial arches. 1912J. S. Kingsley Compar. Anat. Vertebr. 65 In the branchial region of the elasmobranchs a variable number of extrabranchial cartilages may occur.
1770Pennant Zool. IV. 87 Catalogue of the European Quadrupeds, Birds, and Reptiles *Extra-Britannic.
1866Carlyle E. Irving 122 At the southern *extra-burghal park of Kirkcaldy.
1831W. H. Mill Christa-sangítá (1842) Pref. p. xxvii, The *extra-canonical books of Tobit and Judith. 1877C. Geikie Christ xlix. (1879) 585 He was intimately familiar..with the honored extra-canonical writings.
1885E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 849/2 *Extra-capsular protoplasm.
1862Athenæum 1 Nov. 553 Those who would muzzle the clergyman in his literary inquiries and his *extra-cathedral life.
1867J. Hogg Microsc. ii. i. 258 This process of a new formation begins in the *extracellular fluid. 1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 154 Coloring matter..passes out of the capillaries free or extra-cellular.
1870Huxley Lay Serm. xiv. 375 Science and philosophy..are neither Christian, or Unchristian, but are *Extrachristian..I attempted to give you some vision of this Extrachristian world.
1801W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XII. 590 Those men..were proceeding *extra-civically perhaps, but surely with sound patriotism.
1889R. L. Poole Wyclif's De Off. Reg. 112 marg., The status of the *extraclaustral clergy instituted by Christ is the most perfect.
1865A. C. Fraser in N. Brit. Rev. XLIII. 29 We have no practical need for the *extra⁓conscious existence of anything that we apply language to. 1900A. T. Ormond Found. Knowledge iii. 90 An extra⁓conscious sphere which exists as yet only as implicate or postulate. 1949Koestler Insight & Outlook xxiv. 334 Biologists..are..apt to find the solutions of their problems in sleep and extraconscious processes.
1897W. James Will to Believe 311 The ‘*extra-consciousness’, as one may call it, can be kept on tap, as it were, by the method of automatic writing.
1823Crabb Technol. Dict. I, *Extra-constellary stars. 1860in Worcester, and in mod. Dicts.
1730–6Bailey, *Extra-constellated.
1938Tablet 8 Oct. 469/1 England being an *extra-continental Power, it is to France that the small nations would most readily turn. 1960Organization of American States, Declaration 28 June in Ann. Reg. 1960 (1961) 532 The Seventh Meeting..Condemns emphatically intervention..from an extra⁓continental Power in the affairs of the American republics.
1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 80 All these varieties have their seat [in] the *extracorial or exodermal structure.
1865Grote Plato II. xxiv. 218 Its prior *extra-corporeal existence.
Ibid. I. i. 158 He did not proclaim his Nous to be a powerful *extra-cosmical Architect.
1884Syd. Soc. Lex., *Extra⁓cranial. 1887S. Sexton in Amer. Ann. Deaf July 153 The hearing organ in man has both an intracranial and an extracranial origin.
1882B. Leech in Contemp. Rev. Mar. 473 Those *extra-curial settlements, without which the Act will prove a complete legislative failure.
1925H. Cushing Life Osler I. 491 Lest one lose track of Osler in his daily rounds in the hospital wards during the recital of all these *extracurricular matters. 1930Times Educ. Suppl. 30 July 329/3 Is it not possible to incorporate our extra-curricular activities in our curriculum? 1949L. Charteris in Queen's Awards (1951) IV. 294 He's dumb enough to think that Lucy won't catch on to the extracurricular functions of that busty secretary. 1967N. Freeling Strike Out 140 Covert rendezvous, flirtations, extracurricular carryings on.
1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 77 The varieties in the colour of the body, and the texture of the inner and outer integuments, depend on the organisation of parts, which are in one sense *extra-cutaneous.
1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1596) 5/1 *Extradecretal & extravagant constitutions.
1789W. Scott in J. Haggard Rep. Consist. Cases (1822) I. 34 Supposing the jury..had been of opinion it was extra⁓parochial,—that the place may be so, and not *extra⁓diocesan, is not to be denied. 1897Westm. Gaz. 14 July 1/3 The island [sc. Lundy] is extra-diocesan and extra⁓parochial. 1900Dorland Med. Dict. 249/2 Extradural.
1907Practitioner Nov. 731 The causes of exophthalmos..are..tumours of the optic nerve, which are either intra-dural or *extra-dural. 1962Lancet 27 Jan. 172/1 The ‘lucid interval’ syndrome, classically associated with extra⁓dural hæmorrhage.
1913Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 7), *Extra-embryonic, not a part of the embryo proper: applied to that portion of the embryo outside of the umbilical stalk. 1958New Biol. XXVI. 24 The extra⁓embryonic part of the blastoderm soon becomes divided into chorion and yolk sac.
1666Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual., Tis *extra-essential to the Form that is said to be previous. 1676Glanvill Ess. vii. 25 They perswaded modestly in all extraessential doctrines. 1823De Quincey Wks. (1863) XIII. 50 note, Something extra-essential in the philosophy.
a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 112 They ought to judge of things as they are in their own naked essences, and not with respect to that which *extra-essentially adheres to them.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 42 Neither can it be affirmed of *extra-European species. 1905Westm. Gaz. 4 May 9/3 The Morocco incident shows that arrangements ought to be made by France and Germany with regard to their extra-European interests. 1942L. B. Namier Conflicts 1 European interests and entanglements have defeated the extra-European expansion of the Continental nations.
1904–5W. James Meaning of Truth (1909) iii. 69 There may or may not be an *extra-experiential ‘ding an sich’ that keeps the ball rolling. 1951Mind LX. 18 Extra⁓experiential knowledge.
1952C. P. Blacker Eugenics xi. 312 Their nutrition is surprisingly average—doubtless due to *extra-familial feeding in schools.
1793Martyn Lang. Bot., Extrafoliaceæ stipulæ. *Extrafoliaceous stipules. 1829Loudon Encycl. Plants 147 Prickles two, extra-foliaceous. 1884in Syd. Soc. Lex.
1833Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 140 The distinction of the enthymeme through the *extraformal character of its premises.
1904Westm. Gaz. 15 June 1/3 A plate of platinum heated until it is dull and glowing is first seen by the *extra-foveal portions of the retina. 1947Nature 4 Jan. 25 Measurements were also attempted for extra-foveal vision.
1851Nichol Archit. Heav. 110 An *extra-galactic phenomenon. 1870Proctor Other Worlds xi. 264 The scattered stars of very low magnitudes in the extragalactic heavens.
1866A. L. Perry Elem. Pol. Econ. (1873) 515 [It] is as pitiful on the one side as it is *extra-governmental on the other.
1873Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue §203 A group..*extra-grammatical..in the sense that they do not enter into the grammatical construction.
1961Lancet 12 Aug. 341/2 *Extrahepatic biliary exploration had shown no abnormality, but cholecystectomy was performed.
1846Grote Greece i. iv. I. 111 They included elements human and historical as well as elements divine and *extra⁓historical.
Ibid. i. i. I. 1 Various monstrous natures, ultra⁓human and *extra-human, who cannot with propriety be called gods. 1864Maine Anc. Law i. (1876) 12 Supposing an extra-human interposition. 1877Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. ii. 332 His conditions are wholly extra-human.
1875Stubbs Const. Hist. I. xi. 402 note, A manor of ancient demesne was *extra-hundredal.
1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §1. 246 The idea of mind is *extra-inductive.
1885Life J. Hinton vi. 118 It is *extra-intellectual as the ‘line’ is extra⁓sensuous.
1858Gladstone Homer II. 6 The vestiges of extra-patriarchal and *extra-judaical relations between God and man are undeniable.
1782T. Pownall Antiquities 259 We read in Homer, in the case of Achilles' chariot, of an additional *extrajugal horse.
1875Poste Gaius iv. Comm. (ed. 2) 516 *Extra-jural or outside the court.
1644Hunton Vind. Treat. Monarchy ix. 65 It concernes only..their Absolute, *extra-legall Will; not their Authority. 1806W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. IV. 239 The extra-legal perpetuation of authority. 1871Freeman Hist. Ess. Ser. i. xii. 384 The word ‘Government’..has come to be applied to this extra⁓legal body. 1889Spectator 12 Oct. 465/2 The legal and extra-legal expenditure..for election purposes.
1874Coues Birds N.-W. 45 The *extralimital quotations to the southward are very numerous. 1883Nature XXVII. 221 Other species..and hybrids, which are extra-limital, or may sooner or later be found straying into Switzerland.
1820T. Mitchell Aristoph. I. 73 note, The Megarians..had cultivated some sacred *extralimitary land. 1847in Craig.
1691Norris Pract. Disc. 254 He [the sinner] chooses by *extra-lineal motions to violate the Sacred interest of Society.
1961Y. Olsson Syntax Eng. Verb ii. 16 The problem of dealing with language as related to extra⁓lingual phenomena. 1963J. Lyons Structural Semantics iv. 56 Extralingual features (e.g. situations).
1927Mod. Philol. Nov. 212 *Extra-linguistic group habits. 1935Mind XLIV. 505 The danger of using the material mode is that it misleads us into thinking that pseudo-object sentences are concerned with extra-linguistic objects such as numbers, things, properties, experiences, space, time, and so on. 1964Extra-linguistic [see extrasomatic a.].
1833Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 139 The two books of the Prior Analytics [Aristotle's]..are swelled with *extralogical discussions. 1864Bowen Logic ix. 269 The consideration of Fallacies is extralogical.
a1856Sir W. Hamilton (Ogilv.), A universal quantification of the predicate in affirmatives has been frequently recognized..*extralogically.
1898W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 440 The humbugging and masquerading *extra-marginal self is as great a paradox for psychology as the comatose spirits are for pneumatology. 1902― Var. Rel. Exper. 233 Feelings which are extra-marginal and outside of the primary consciousness altogether.
1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 20* Medicinall subject, of heathen production, and *extramarine importation.
1929B. Russell Marriage & Morals v. 51 We, however, wish to appeal to reason, and we must therefore employ dull neutral phrases, such as ‘*extra-marital sexual relations’. 1963in A. Heron Towards Quaker View of Sex i. 6 The incidence of extra-marital intercourse is great. 1967J. Potter Foul Play vii. 91 Sandwiched between the pair of them: one said to be queer and the other extra⁓maritally active.
1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. & Ferns 383 In Cuscuta the *extramatrical portion is very little developed.
1811W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XXXII. 118 Does not Christianity expressly declare against all *extra-matrimonial gratification?
1852Dana Crust. 247 The præmedial and *extramedial [areolets] are usually coalescent.
1853H. L. Mansel Lett. (1873) 84 This is a criterion..of the mental conceivability, not of the *extra-mental existence of an object. 1886J. McCosh Psychol., Cognitive Powers i. 27 All knowledge obtained through the senses is discerned as extra-mental, that is, as out of and beyond the perceiving mind. 1903C. A. Strong Why Mind has Body 214 Extra-mental realities. 1958W. Stark Sociology of Knowledge 140 But it is not claimed by the sociology of knowledge that ideas are the intra-mental effects of extra-mental causes.
1833Herschel Astron. ii. 90 If it [the pole star] pass from one to the other apparent culmination in unequal intervals of time, it is equally certain that an *extra-meridional error must exist.
1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §1. 244 The hypothesis itself..is *extra-metaphysical.
1863Clarke & Glover Shaks. Wks. I. xviii, Of another practice..making a line end with two unaccented *‘extrametrical’ syllables.
1885Law Times LXXIX. 253/1 This Act.. only concerned *extra⁓metropolitan local boards.
1891Amer. Geol. VIII. 239 The thickness of this *extra-morainic till ranges from 30 to 70 feet. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 460/2 These features are best termed ‘proglacial lakes’, though the term ‘extra-morainic lakes’ has also been used.
1925I. A. Richards Princ. Lit. Crit. xviii. 156 These physical laws are, as it were, an *extra⁓musical piece of knowledge. 1968Daily Tel. 12 Nov. 19/1 It would be difficult..to say just how much of the impact which the work made on the large audience was due to extra-musical reasons.
1864Kingsley Rom. & Teut. viii. (1875) 201 Out of a political fact, arose the *extra-national..position.
1794J. Williams Crying Ep. 55 note, This..*extra⁓natural Statesman. 1876Huxley Lect. Evolut. in Cycl. Sc. (1883) I. 607 There may have been a time when..extra⁓natural agencies interfered with the general course of Nature.
1887Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. XXVIII. 96 The *extranuclear network (intracellular) is apparently of the same nature as the intranuclear, since the two have been shown to be continuous in many cells.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entom. (1828) III. xxxiv. 513 In Nepa the antennæ may be called *extraocular. 1875H. Walton Dis. Eye 768 Complications of cataract with extra-ocular disease.
1797Monthly Rev. XXII. 240 Mr. Robinson..must excuse us from attention to *extra-official matters. 1826Miss Mitford Village Ser. ii. (1863) 332 Many a job, extra-official, hath he turned his hand to.
1852Dana Crust. 373 The arm projects..beyond the *extra⁓orbital spine.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life 3 The duct of the *extraorbitally-placed portion.
1866J. McCosh Exam. of J. S. Mill's Philos. 121 The world beyond the body..I call the *extra-organic world. 1935Mind XLIV. 549 It will be necessary, no doubt, ‘to recognise that bodily factors, and not only extra-organic things, may, in certain situations, function as objects’.
1923Glasgow Herald 16 Nov. 4/2 There is obviously considerable change from generation to generation, but most of this is *extra-organismal and only repercusses indirectly, if at all, on the flesh and blood constitution.
1955F. Lounsbury in Georgetown Univ. Inst. Lang. & Linguistics Monogr. Ser. VIII. 162 The ‘meanings’ dichotomized by this criterion may be referred to as intraorganismic and *extraorganismic meanings respectively.
1864Athenæum No. 1920. 215/3 The individuality of the butterfly is..perfect through all these visible and *extra-parental metamorphoses.
1858Gladstone Homer II. 6 In..*extra-patriarchal..relations.
1836Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 19/2 The viscera intra-peritoneal and *extra-peritoneal.
1909H. Zimmern tr. Nietzsche's Human, All-Too-Human I. 48 Everything *extra-personal is imperceptible to them [sc. most people]. 1923J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist iv. 152 Some great extra-personal flood of soul, into the meagre stream of everyday life. 1964M. Critchley Developmental Dyslexia ix. 60 The result of a failure of lateral orientation with reference to corporeal awareness, and the organisation of self within extra-personal space.
1822[G. Grote] Anal. Infl. Nat. Relig. 109 Applications for *extra⁓physical guidance.
1869T. L. Phipson tr. Guillemin's Sun 77 The aphelion distance of the comet of 1844..is lost in *extra⁓planetary space.
1847Grote Greece i. xxxi. IV. 211 An *extra-popular or privileged few. 1856Ibid. ii. xciv. XII. 358 A greater and a less measure of extra-popular authority.
1799Beddoes Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knowl. Introd. 10 The leisure of the *extra-professional members. 1849Grote Greece ii. lxviii. (1862) VI. 129 No extra-professional person thinks of contesting the decision of a surgeon. 18..Med. Repos. (Ogilv.), These studies were extraprofessional.
1912Brain XXXIV. 296 This affection, where it occurs in an uncomplicated form, is an *extra-pyramidal motor disease. 1965Nursing Times 5 Feb. 188/1 Parkinsonism may be seen fairly frequently in patients who have had chlorpromazine for a considerable period, owing to its effect on the extra-pyramidal system.
1860Tyndall Glac. ii. vi. 254 Water then absorbs all the *extra red rays of the sun.
1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Pref. ⁋24 An *extraregular..punishment. 1678Lively Orac. ii. §53. 258 Men..set up new extraregular Courts of Justice. 1739J. Trapp Right. over-much (1758) 34 These extra-regular novelists.
1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. iii. xiv. 21 *Extraregularly..holy persons have miscarried in battle.
1885C. H. Ralfe Pract. Treat. Dis. Kidneys iii. 159 *Extra-Renal [albuminuria] in which the albumin is mainly derived from the pus formed in the genito-urinary tract. 1964O. Kinne in Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 302 Both renal and extrarenal active ion transport require oxidative energy.
1835I. Taylor Spir. Despot. iii. 95 An *extra⁓sacerdotal class, namely that of the prophets.
1874H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. v. §2. 325 It may be pronounced transcendental, or *extra-scientific.
1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 144 Each of these *extra-scriptural articles of faith. 1875E. White Life in Christ iv. xxvi. (1878) 416 We should bring forward some extra-scriptural evidence of the recognition of the doctrine.
1842G. S. Faber Provinc. Lett. (1844) II. 48 That congeries of *Extra⁓scripturalities and Unscripturalities which characterised the fourth century.
1874Lewes Prob. Life & Mind II. iv. §85 The distinction..between the conception of atoms as *extrasensibles and the conception of them as convenient fictions.
1885Life J. Hinton vi. 118 *Extra-sensuous.
1934Webster, *Extra-social. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Jan. 26/4 The extra-social, inner-directed group-life as practised by Epicurus and his friends.
1889Cent. Dict., *Extrasolar. 1953J. Blish Case of Conscience (1958) i. i. 13 Don't forget that Lithia is my first extrasolar planet. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics vi. 285 The existence of extrasolar planets would have to be proved by astronomical means.
1931S. Beckett Proust 72 Swann who..spatialises what is *extraspatial. 1943Mind LII. 343 The individual consciousness..does not and cannot regard itself as being literally timeless and extra-spatial.
1849M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. xxiv. 236 There are three *extra-spectral lines beyond the red.
1881Darwin Earthworms 4, I am not aware of any other case of *extra-stomachal digestion.
1855H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) II. vi. viii. 99 Simple deliverances of reason..having the highest degree of certainty, which are entirely *extra-syllogistic.
1935Mind XLIV. 509 We are forced to ask whether these purposes can themselves lie wholly within the system constructed, or whether they are *extra-systemic and thus extra-linguistic. 1964Language XL. 20 An extrasystemic abbreviating device.
1780Kirwan in Phil. Trans. LXXXI. 29 The *extra-tabular proportions are to be sought in the manner already shewn.
188119th Cent. 455 Divine beings and *extra-tellurian life.
1868Lockyer Heavens (ed. 3) 197 The *extra-telluric matters of which the meteor was composed.
1865Grote Plato I. i. 22 note, In the Platonic Parmenides we find τὸ ἐξαίϕνης..an *extra-temporal moment.
1863De Quincey Ceylon Wks. XI. 10 A local..upon our earth, and not in some *extra⁓terrene orb.
1868Lockyer Heavens (ed. 3) 188 Bodies situated in the *extra-terrestrial regions. 1882Nature XXVII. 173 The oblique direction of the meteor..is another evidence of its extra-terrestrial origin. 1945Wireless World Oct. 305 (title) Extra-terrestrial relays. Can rocket stations give world-wide radio coverage? 1963M. Caidin Man-in-Space Dict. 81/1 Extraterrestrial, anything or any being beyond the earth, or from some place other than the earth. 1966New Statesman 8 July 58/3 Contact with extra-terrestrials will..come suddenly. 1967New Scientist 5 Oct. 9/1 MacDonald himself, having started to study UFOs 18 months ago, feels that the idea that the UFOs are extraterrestrial must be given serious attention. 1969Times 28 Apr. 10/8 Scientists have looked for signs of extraterrestrial life in meteorites.
1856Lindsay Brit. Lichens 70 The spores..sometimes appear naked, or *extrathecal. 1887G. H. Fowler in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. XXVIII. 7 By far the greatest thickness of the coral is laid down..by the calicoblasts of the extra-thecal part of the polyp.
1881G. J. Romanes in Nature XXIV. 429 It is neither theistic nor atheistic; it is simply *extra-theistic.
1852Dana Crust. ii. 1510 The *extra-torrid species belong almost exclusively to the Mediterranean.
1783Blagden in Phil. Trans. LXXIII. 368 The cold..abated 20 or 30 degrees..no greater alteration than frequently takes place in most *extratropical climates. 1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 232 Verbascum is wholly extratropical. 1862Dana Man. Geol. 615 The cold extratropical currents that flow towards the equator.
1887Pall Mall G. 30 Nov. 4/1 *Extra university experience.
1773Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 634 *Extra-urban cemeteries.
1709J. Yonge in Phil. Trans. XXVI. 428 *Extra-uterine Embryo's have been sometimes found. 1803Edin. Rev. I. 498 An extra-uterine gestation had there taken place.
1965New Scientist 18 Mar. 700/3 This ‘*extravehicular activity’, as it is termed, will be the first exposure of man in this hostile environment without the protection of a heavy metal coat. 1966Ibid. 16 June 703/2 Cernan..had to take repeated rests during his extravehicular activities.
1932A. H. Gardiner Theory Speech & Lang. i. i. 24 ‘Things’ to be spoken about are not simply illusory and..are *extra-verbal (i.e. outside the words). 1961Lancet 5 Aug. 308/2 The recording also serves to illustrate the various levels of verbal and ‘extraverbal’ communication.
1863Tyndall Heat xii. (1870) 409 The pile was caused to pass successively through positions corresponding to the various colours of the spectrum, and to its *extra-violet rays.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 769/1 The *extravisual zone just outside of it is practically incapable of accurately focussing light. 1959H. Read Conc. Hist. Mod. Painting i. 14 Before Cézanne..the artist brought in extra-visual faculties—it might be his imagination, which enabled him to transform the objects of the visible world..or it might be his intellect.
1686Goad Celest. Bodies ii. xiv. 344 {jup}'s Opposition kindles it in the Asterism *Extrazodiacal. 1869J. Martineau Ess. II. 359 Stellar spheres, seen from an extrazodiacal position.
†2. Comb. of L. extra adv., with sense ‘in an external condition’. Obs.
1713A. Collier Clavis Univ Introd. (1836) 6 My enquiry is not concerning the Existence, but altogether of the Extra⁓existence of certain things.
Add: extra-corporeal: hence extracorˈporeally adv.
1905Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods II. 286 They [sc. mental entities] yet act on each other in the most energetic way by those very characters which are so inert *extracorporeally. 1987Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Oct. 891/2 The Dornier lithotripter produces fragmentation of renal calculi by extracorporeally administered shock waves.
extra-parliaˈmentary, occurring or being outside parliament; unparliamentary.
1897J. Morley in Daily News 4 Oct. 8/2 Out-of-door or *extra Parliamentary speaking. 1909Westm. Gaz. 8 July 7/4 The Berlin correspondent of the ‘Times’ thinks the confirmation by the Reichstag of the extra-Parliamentary agreement will be rapid. 1971A. Sampson New Anat. Brit. iii. 58 The extra-parliamentary left in Britain is much weaker than its equivalent in France, Italy or even Germany. 1981Observer 12 July 10/8 BAM leaders use language which is decidedly extra-parliamentary. They speak of civil disobedience and of violence ‘if necessary’.
▸ extra-nidal adj. Entomol. and Ecol. occurring or living outside the nest (of a social insect).
1951Proc. & Trans. S. London Entomol. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 1949–50 114 Nearly all nidicolous symphiles are predacious, whereas most of the *extra-nidal symphiles (trophobionts) are phytophagous. 1976Biotropica 8 60/1 The primary extra-nidal activities of Aenictus workers are foraging and colony emigration. 1992Oecologia 92 542 Nectar transfer and extra-nidal recruitment significantly reduced the time required for resource collection. |