| 释义 |
▪ I. extra, a., adv., and n.|ˈɛkstrə|
[prob. originally short for extraordinary, which in 17th c. was commonly used as adj., adv., and n. in the senses now belonging to extra. In Fr. extra is similarly used, and is explained by Littré as ‘a popular abbreviation of extraordinaire’; it is uncertain whether the Eng. or the Fr. use is the earlier. Presumably from Fr. the word has been adopted into Ger. (extra), Sp. and It. (estra). A Ger. quot. for extra dumm (= ‘extra stupid’) in Grimm is dated 1775.]
A. adj.
a. Beyond or more than the usual, stipulated, or specified amount or number; additional.
1776G. Campbell Philos. Rhet. (1801) I. 361 Instances [of barbarisms] are hyp for hypochondriac..penult for penultimate..extra for extraordinary. 1780T. Jefferson Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 245 Money..for any extra wants of our own troops. 1782F. Burney Cecilia II. 34 The extra interest I must pay one of those extortioners is absolutely so much money thrown away. 1818Art Preserv. Feet 19 The extra exercise which the person may have been taking. 1846Greener Sc. Gunnery 217 Cost is a matter of very minor consideration, when contrasted with the extra safety obtained. 1878Lecky Eng. in 18th C. II. v. 66 Soldiers were employed on extra pay to make the roads. 1888M. E. Braddon Fatal Three i. ii, She will have to put up with an extra bed in the housemaid's room.
b. Electr.
1834Faraday in Phil. Trans. (1835) CXXV. 47 The whole of this extra current might be made to pass at that place. 1883J. E. H. Gordon Electricity I. xxx. 330 The transient currents in a coil are produced by the induction of each portion of the current on the neighbouring wires..these..are called the ‘Extra Currents’.
c. Prefixed to trade designations of sizes (esp. of paper), to denote a size somewhat larger than that indicated by the name.
1811L. M. Hawkins C'tess & Gertr. I. 134 These ‘extra-elephant folios’ had not always the most erudite compilers. 1892Printer's Catalogue, Sizes of Cards..Extra Thirds, 3 × 17/8 in. Thirds, 3 × 1½ in. 1892Publisher's Catalogue, Extra foolscap octavo.
d. Of superior or unusual quality; in extra binding, etc. Hence extra binder.
1850Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. iv, Her corn-cakes isn't extra, not extra now, Jinny's corn-cakes isn't. 1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 424 The cover of the book in extra binding is generally fitted on piecemeal. Ibid. I. 425 The implement generally used by the extra binder for cutting the edges of single books is the plough.
e. extra cover (point), a fieldsman in cricket whose position is between cover-point and mid-off, but more distant than either from the batsman's wicket; also, his position in the field. Also ellipt.
1867G. H. Selkirk Guide Cricket Ground ii. 26 Extra cover. When the batsman hits much to cover-point an extra man is placed near to aid in fielding the balls. 1888A. G. Steel in Steel & Lyttelton Cricket iii. 112 If the ground is inclined to be slow, he [sc. third man] may be brought forward to extra cover-point, between cover-point and mid-off. 1897K. S. Ranjitsinhji Jubilee Bk. Cricket ii. 50 There is no need to treat extra-cover separately. The position is a cross between cover and mid-off, and its duties are a mixture of the duties required in those two places. 1921P. F. Warner My Cricketing Life xiv. 268 Skeet..is very quick on his feet at cover or extra cover. 1955I. Peebles Ashes xv. 149 May hit the next ball splendidly past extra.
B. adv.
a. With adjs. or advbs.: Beyond the ordinary degree, unusually. Sometimes hyphened as Comb.; upon the resulting adj. a parasynthetic n. is occas. formed, as extra-moral, extra-moralist.
In recent years, the latest edition of several London evening papers has been called the extra-special edition, the latest but one being called ‘special’. (N.E.D., 1894). extra sec (or extra dry), of champagne: very slightly sweetened; also ellipt. as n.
1823Syd. Smith Botany B. Wks. 1859 II. 15/2 Those extra-moralists..refuse to associate with a convict legally pardoned. 1863Kingsley Water-bab., He must be an extra good boy that day. 1868Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) III. 80 Any such extra-sterile individuals..if they should here⁓after breed with other individuals. Mod. Extra-superfine cloth. Extra fine tallow. Extra refined petroleum. Extra strong binding. 1891in C. Ray Compleat Imbiber (1967) IX. 122 Champagnes. Cuvée de Réserve. Extra Sec, Sec, and Brut 84/- per Doz. Bottles. 1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 98 Champagne{ddd}Ayala, extra quality, extra dry. 1916A. Bennett Lion's Share xxxix. 303 He would always command a half-bottle of the extra dry for himself. 1930― Imperial Palace xxxvi. 247 Their mania for extra sec. 1951R. Postgate Plain Man's Guide to Wine v. 95 ‘Brut’..should be really dry..‘Extra Sec’, ‘Extra Dry’..moderately dry. 1965A. Sichel Penguin Bk. Wines iii. 151 The words ‘Brut’ or ‘Extra Dry’ or ‘Extra Sec’ represent the driest of all—a dosage of 1 per cent or 2 per cent of liqueur.
b. In excess of the usual or specified amount.
Mod. The larger edition contains three maps extra. Attendance is charged for extra.
C. n.
a. What is extra or additional; an item beyond the school curriculum; one not included in a tradesman's contract, or a table d'hôte bill of fare; an additional piece of work; anything given in addition or for which an extra charge is made; the extra charge itself; an extra fee; an additional issue of a newspaper; spec. at cricket, a run scored otherwise than off the bat.
1793Kentucky Gazette Extra 23 Mar. 1796Herald Extra ii. 30 Mar. 1803R. Pering in Naval Chron. XV. 154 The extra was divided into nights and tides. 1832Amer. Railroad Jrnl. I. 409/1 A newsboy thrust a ‘Cholera extra’ between us. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. I. iii. 19 Tell your uncle, my dear, how far you went in French and extras. 1840― Old C. Shop xxxiv. 287 ‘What's the rent?’..‘One pound per week... The boots and clothes are extras.’ 1858Bell's Life 20 June 8/4 They..accomplished an innings of 161... It will be seen there were 26 extras! 1861Thackeray Round Papers, 100 Years hence 137 We supplied him with little comforts and extras. 1866L. Carroll Alice in Wonderland ix. 143 ‘With extras?’..‘Yes..we learned French and music.’ 1870Dickens E. Drood iii, They are neither of Miss Twinkleton's inclusive regulars, nor of her extras. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. vi. (1877) 126 A confounding and baffling extra, which was not even formally provided for in his scheme. 1884Lillywhite's Cricket Ann. 55, 332 [runs] including 30 extras. 1888Harper's Mag. LXXVII. 690/1 Hourly extras were issued, and the circulation..reached upon one day of the riot..70,000 copies. 1889Daily News 5 Aug. 7/6 The association figure for this class of iron becomes {pstlg}7 5s., and hoops and strips are raised 10s...with ‘extras’ for special gauges. a1894Mod. The builder took the contract very low, hoping to recoup himself by extras. 1895Kipling Day's Work (1898) 171 The newspaper extra—a slip printed on one side only, and damp from the press. 1912A. Brazil New Girl at St. Chad's v. 86 The riding course was a special feature of the summer term... It was an ‘extra’, not part of the ordinary school curriculum. 1955Times 26 May 9/7 It is just the important ‘extra’ given to the listener by this new two-sound track system which gives true relaxation and ease of listening.
b. A person engaged for a minor part, or to be present during a crowd scene, in a play, film, etc.; = supernumerary n. e. In full † extra lady, extra gentleman. Also transf.
c1777–8in Hodgkinson & Pogson Early Manch. Theatre (1960) 82 Or more Extras [to be employed] than cannot be avoided—the Bill for them to be signed by the Prompter. 1880D. K. Ranous Diary of Daly Débutante 16 May (1910) 185 Who should come to call on the Daly young ladies but one of the Philadelphia ‘extras’ at the theatre. 1888G. Grossmith Society Clown vi. 114 The Marines [in ‘H.M.S. Pinafore’] were what is theatrically known as ‘extra-gentlemen’. They are not engaged to sing, and therefore do not hold such a good position as the chorus. 1890Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang II. 206/2 Scene rats (theatrical), extras engaged in ballets or pantomimes. 1895G. B. Shaw Our Theatres in Nineties (1932) I. 284 He..marched off..leaving the Republic and its army looking like the merest crowd of ‘extras’. 1896Ibid. II. 179 ‘Extra’ Ladies and gentlemen (formerly called ‘supers’). 1916‘R. M. Bower’ Phantom Herd 125 Extras may be depended upon for carrying gossip from one studio to another. 1916R. E. Welsh A-B-C of Motion Pictures iv. 42 If the story has scenes calling for the use of hundreds of characters,..he will call for ‘extras’, who are engaged by the day. 1938Wodehouse Summer Moonshine xx. 176 After that [I was] a movie extra. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Dec. 723/2 Is it that Mr. Crossman is so charmed by the performance of politics that he ignores the subject of the play, so busy in this particular book with the stars that he forgets the extras? 1964C. Chaplin Autobiogr. xvi. 272 One can..march twenty thousand extras into the Red Sea. Ibid. xviii. 317 I'd do anything—get a job—do extra work in films.
c. (See quot. 1838.) Chiefly U.S.
1827Mrs. B. Hall Let. 23 Oct. in Aristocratic Journey (1931) 106 We wished to get an ‘Extra’..but..the Stage Proprietor had the want of conscience to ask thirty-six for an ‘Extra’. 1838J. F. Cooper Home as Found ii. 35 Mr. Howel informed him that an extra in America meant a supernumerary coach, to carry any excess of the ordinary number of passengers. 1842Dickens Amer. Notes II. vi. 161 There being no stage-coach next day..I hired ‘an extra’, at a reasonable charge. 1846R. M. Ballantyne in E. Quayle Ballantyne the Brave (1967) iv. 67 The stage..was full..but..an ‘extra’ (or separate sleigh of smaller dimensions than the stage) had been provided for us. 1944E. M. Kahn Cable Car Days 103 After six hours of waiting an ‘extra’ arrived and we resumed our journey.
d. At a ball, a dance additional to those on the dance-programmes.
1885C. M. Yonge Nuttie's Father I. xiii. 151 ‘Oh dear! I'm engaged all through [i.e. for all the dances].’.. ‘Give him one of the extras!’ 1900E. Glyn Visits Eliz. 276 When we got to the ball-room an extra was on. 1913J. Vaizey College Girl xxvii. 369 Not until the three programmes were filled to the last extra did he..think of his own pleasure.
▸ extra time n. Sport (in some team games) an additional period of play entered into if scores are level at the end of the normal time limit and the match must be decided (except in N. Amer., where the usual term is overtime).
1911Daily Tel. 24 Apr. 14/1 As the rules of the competition do not permit of *extra time at the first meeting in the final, the teams have to meet a second time. 1950Sport 24 Mar. 11/1 Folk seem to have forgotten that, the year before Kippax, amateur centre-forward A. A. Turner led the Charlton eleven defeated 4-1 in extra time by Derby County. 1999D. Bolger Ladies' Night at Finbar's Hotel p. xiv, Roddy Doyle had promised he would try to get along, provided the televised Chelsea match didn't go into extra time.
▪ II. ‖ extra, prep. rare.|ˈɛkstrə|
[L. extrā (earlier extrād) outside (adv. and prep.), contracted form of exterā(d), abl. fem. of exter (see exterior) in phrase exterā parte on the outer side.]
Outside, externally to.
1852W. Grove in Phil. Trans. CXLII. 87 There was some effect exhibited extra the voltaic circuit. |