| 释义 |
▪ I. fan, n.1|fæn|
Forms: α. 1 fann, (fon, Northumb. fonnæ), 4–7 fann(e, 4– fan. β. 5–7 vanne, 7– van.
[OE. fann, str. fem., ad. L. vannus, fem., = sense 1 a. Cf. F. van.]
1. An instrument for winnowing grain.
a. A basket of special form (also, earlier, a sort of wooden shovel) used for separating the corn from the chaff by throwing it into the air. Obs. exc. Hist.
a800Corpus Gloss., Uanna, fon. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Luke iii. 17 His fonnæ vel windᵹefonnæ. c1000Ags. Gosp. ibid., His fann ys on his handa. a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 264 Fanna, trogas, æscena. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 129 Strouted as a ffanne large and brode. c1440Promp. Parv. 148 Fann to clense wythe corne, vannus. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 35 Flaile, strawforke and rake, with a fan that is strong. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 88 The Corne scattered from the Fanne. 1654Trapp Comm. Ps. xiii. 8 Chaff will get to the top of the Fan; when good Corn..liethe at the bottom of the heap. 1718Pope Iliad v. 612 As when, on Ceres' sacred floor, the swain Spreads the wide fan to clear the golden grain. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 635 The grain shaken and winnowed by fans. 1889Elvin Dict. Heraldry p. xlix, Winnowing-basket..Fan or Vane.
βc1450Lat. Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 570 Capisterium, a vanne [or a Seve]. 1601Holland Pliny II. 100 Rushes so big, that they will serue to make sieues, rangers, and vans. 1610Healey Vives' Comm. St. Aug. Citie of God (1620) 239 There was also the Vanne, which is otherwise called the creele. 1725Pope Odyss. xi. 158 A shepherd..the Oar surveys, And names a Van. 1791Cowper Odyss. xi. 157 Who shall name The oar..a van.
b. Any kind of contrivance to blow away the chaff; a fanner; a fanning or winnowing-machine.
c1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 325 A Fan is an instrument that by its motion artificially causeth Wind: useful in the Winnowing of Corn. 1677Plot Oxfordsh. 259 They..do it..with the fan at home, I mean the leaved fan; for the knee fan..[is] not in use amongst them..But the wheel fan saves a mans labor. 1707Mortimer Husb. viii. 117 For the cleansing of Corn..is commonly made use of..a Fan with Sails. 1768Specif. of Meikle & Mackell's Patent No. 896 A fan to blow out the gross chaff [in a grain dressing machine]. 1836L. Hebert Engineer's Encycl. I. 489 Fan..a rotative blowing machine, consisting of vanes turning upon an axis, used for winnowing corn.
c. transf. and fig. Sometimes with allusion to Matt. iii. 12.
1559T. Bryce in Farr S.P. Eliz. (1845) I. 172 When William Nicoll..Was tryed with their fiery fan. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 70 The fire and fan of iudgment and discretion. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 27 Distinction with a lowd and powrefull fan, Puffing at all, winnowes the light away. 1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 15 He hath sought to purge his floore by sundry fannes of afflictions. 1667Milton P.L. v. 269 He..with quick Fann Winnows the buxom Air.
†d. Applied to things resembling a winnowing fan (sense 1 a) in shape (see quots.). Obs.
In the Chaucer passage the word is commonly supposed to mean ‘quintain’.
c1386Chaucer Manciple's Prol. 42 Now sweete sire, wol ye Iusten atte ffan. a1500tr. Vegetius in Promp. Parv. 148 Olde werriours were wont to iuste with fannes, and pley with the pil, or the pale. Ibid., [Young soldiers ought to have] a shelde made of twigges sumwhat rounde, in maner of a gredryn, the whiche is cleped a fanne.
e. (See quot.; = fanful). dial.
1863Morton Cycl. Agric. Gloss., Fan (Camb.) of chaff, 3 heaped bushels.
†2. An instrument for blowing a fire; lit. and fig.
1530Palsgr. 218/2 Fanne to blowe with, estovillon. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. Pref. 10 The contradiction of others is a fanne to inflame that love.
3. An instrument for agitating the air, to cool the face, etc. with an artificial breeze.
a. A fan to be held in the hand.
A common kind, and the one always referred to in transferred senses relating to shape, is constructed so as to admit of being folded up in small compass, its form when unfolded being that of a sector of a circle.
1555Eden Decades 154 A fanne of golde and an Idole. 1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. iii. ii, For the least feather in her bounteous fan. 1641‘Smectymnuus’ Answ. §2 (1653) 5 Their daughters walking in Cheapeside with their fannes and farthingales. 1727Swift Gulliver ii. v. 139 The ladies gave me a gale with their fans. 1760–72tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 32 Fans..made of a very thin kind of palm in the form of a crescent, having a stick of the same wood in the middle. 1837Dickens Pickw. ii, The widow dropped her fan. 1841–71T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 307 The posterior pair [of wings] are folded up lengthways like a fan. 1850Layard Nineveh xiii. 325 Two eunuchs holding fans over the head of the monarch.
†b. = punkah. Obs.
1696tr. Du Mont's Voy. Levant 133 Fans..hung at the Ceiling..There is also a small silken cord fasten'd to it, and drawn thro' a Hole into the Anti-Chamber, where a Servant is placed to keep the Machine playing. These Fans are usually hung over a Couch, or Bed.
4. poet. A wing. [? After It. vanni pl.]
α1640Fuller Joseph's Coat (1867) 238 The shame-faced birds..Did hold their other fan before their eye. 1700Dryden Fables, Cock & Fox 770 Then stretch'd his feather'd fans with all his might. 1818Keats Endym. i. 764 The fans Of careless butterflies.
β1667Milton P.L. ii. 927 His Sail-broad Vannes He spreads for flight. 1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 163 You [Sylphs]..the airy surge, Mix with broad vans. 1816Wordsw. Poems Sentim. & Reflect. xxv, Ravens spread their plumy vans. 1830Tennyson Love & Death 8 Love..spread his sheeny vans for flight.
5. a. Anything spread out in the shape of a fan (sense 3 a); e.g. a leaf, the tail of a bird, the delta at the mouth of a river, fan-like tracery in a roof.
1599T. M[oufet] Silkwormes 3 Then fig-tree fannes uppon their shame they wore. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables ccxxxiv. 204 The Peacock spreads his Tail, and Challenges the Other, to shew him such a Fan of Feathers. 1807Southey Espriella's Lett. i. 142 On the upper story live peacocks are spreading their fans. 1815Rickman in Smith's Panorama Sc. & Art I. 163 The squares were filled with fans, &c. of small tracery. 1856Miss Mulock J. Halifax i. 6 The large brown fan of a horse-chestnut leaf. 1871Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. vi. 211 A fan of beams, issuing from the hidden sun, was spread out. 1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. II. 218 The interstices between the fans are filled up in various ways. 1883Daily News 25 June 2/1, I..detect a strain of the tendon in the fan of the off fore-heel.
β1821J. Baillie Met. Leg., Calum xvi, As the deep vans [of the palm leaf] fall and rise.
b. = fan-light.
1844Alb. Smith Adv. Mr. Ledbury xxviii. (1886) 85 There was a light over the fan of the door.
c. Organ-building (see quot.).
1880Hopkins in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 598 s.v. Organ, A long arm of iron, called a fan, extending horizontally in front of the vertical draw-rods.
d. Physical Geogr. A fan-shaped or conical alluvial deposit formed by a stream or river where its bed becomes less steep (e.g. at the edge of a plain); esp. a deposit of little height and gentle slope (cf. cone n.1 1 d). Also attrib., as fan-delta, fan-terrace.
1864J. von Haast Rep. Form. Canterbury Plains 19 Thinking that giving such a name [sc. ‘delta’] to the alluvial accumulations of the rivers in this island, showing some peculiarities, would impart an erroneous impression, Dr. Hector and myself, in drawing up a synopsis of the geological formations of New Zealand, have adopted for the formation of those subaerial accumulations the expression ‘Fan’, for those of regular water-courses; and of ‘Half-cone’, for those of intermittent mountain torrents, and we shall for the future use these two expressions. 1873Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XXIX. 446 At the mouth of each of these [gorges] are alluvial fans, which project out into the flat of the river-alluvium. Ibid. 447 The fan is properly a flat cone, having its apex at the mouth of the ravine. 1883Proc. R. Physical Soc. Edin. VII. 290 In this paper lateral delta terraces will be referred to as fan terraces. 1884Dawson in Leisure Hour Aug. 492/1 A great mass of similar matter was projected from it in a fan or delta. 1890Gilbert in U.S. Geol. Survey Monogr. I. 81 The ‘alluvial fan’ of Drew is the ‘alluvial cone’ of American Geologists, and there would be some reason for preferring ‘fan’ to ‘cone’ if it were necessary to employ a single term only. It is convenient to use them as synonyms, employing ‘cone’ when the angle of slope is high and ‘fan’ when it is low. 1902in Ld. Avebury Scenery of Eng. 482 The vale of Neath contains a series of such cones or ‘fans’ of gravel. 1920Nature 13 May 322/2 The wind-worn grains of magnetite brought northward from the great fan-deltas of the Adour system. 1948Proc. Prehist. Soc. XIV. 34 These alluvial fans extend right down to the sea. 1965A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. (ed. 2) xviii. 551 There are all gradations from wide fans 10–100 miles across that are usually nearly flat.., through fans of moderate width and inclination.., to relatively small steep-sided cones..built of the coarser debris brought down by short torrential streams.
6. A rotating apparatus (analogous to the later forms of winnowing fan: see 1 b) usually consisting of an axle or spindle, with arms bearing flat or curved blades:
a. for producing a current of air as a means of ventilation, etc.
1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 380 The effect of one of Fairbairn and Lillie's four-guinea fans upon a large factory is truly admirable. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 314 A fan, by which heated and compressed air could be supplied to the ash-pit. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 131 A powerful fan is used to drive air into some of the wards. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Fan, a revolving machine, to blow air into a mine (pressure-fan)..or to draw it out (suction-fan).
b. for regulating the throttle-valve of a steam-engine. Also called fan-governor.
1887Ewing in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 9) XXII. 509 The Allen governor..has a fan directly geared to the engine.
c. in a windmill (see quot.).
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic Gloss. 776 Fan, small vanes or sails to receive the impulse of the wind, and..to keep the large sails of a smock wind-mill always in the direction of the wind. 1874in Knight Dict. Mech.
d. (see quot.); also fan-fly.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic Gloss. 776 Fan..an instrument..to decrease speed by its action on the air.
e. Soap-manuf. (see quot.).
1885Carpenter Manuf. Soap vi. 158 An important adjunct to a soap-copper..for preventing the contents from boiling over..is called a fan, and..it consists essentially of a rotating paddle, whose blades just touch the top of the boiling mass.
f. In a motor vehicle, an apparatus for sending a current of cold air over the radiator. Also attrib., as fan belt, the belt which transmits torque to the fan from the engine.
1900Motor-Car World May 178/2 The motor..is cooled by means of a fan driven from the periphery of the fly-wheel. 1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 215/1 Fan cooling, a small fan, worked by the motor, is sometimes used to drive a current of cool air on to the outside of the cylinder to keep it cool. 1909Westm. Gaz. 27 Apr. 4/1 The cylinders had kept so cool by the fan-blower that I could almost keep my hand on the combustion head. 1912Motor Man. (ed. 14) iii. 64 An alternative method which avoids the use of a separate fan, is provided by fan-vaned arms in the fly-wheel. 1921Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 19 Oct. 6/1 (Advt.), We recommend that you carry a spare fan belt of genuine leather. 1939J. Harrison Motor-Cars To-day vi. 82 Under conditions where slow speed is combined with heavy pulling, such as when climbing a hill, there would be a risk of over-heating if it were not for the fan. 1956‘T. B. D. Service’ Ford Cars v. 114 It may be necessary, after extended mileage, to replace a fan belt. 1963Bird & Hutton-Stott Veteran Motor Car 175 The Vivinus..voiturette had a fan-assisted air-cooled engine. 1963R. F. Webb Motorists' Dict. 95 Fan cooling. This is necessary for any air-cooled engine that is placed in an enclosed engine compartment.
7. a. The flukes or lobes of the whale's tail. b. Naut. The screw used in propelling vessels; a single blade of the same. Also attrib. in two-fan. c. Angling. A similar apparatus on spinning-bait.
1785Specif. of Bramah's Patent No. 1478 Fig. 25. A is a wheel..made with fans on its extremity like the water wheel of a mill..The fans will then act as oars and force the ship forward. 1859J. S. Mansfield in Merc. Marine Mag. (1860) VII. 15 Her engines..worked a two-fan screw. Ibid. 17 The Prince was supplied with a three-bladed fan. 1867F. Francis Angling iv. (1880) 120 The other end of the brass [of the spinning bait] has fixed on it a pair of wings or fans, on the Archimedean screw principle.
†8. Confused with fane n.1, vane.
a. A pennon.
b. A weathercock. Obs.
c1375Barbour Troy-bk. i. 229 With fannys ande banneres wpone hight Aboue standande. c1475Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 805 Hic cherucus, a fanne [cf. Promp. Parv. 148 Fane of a stepylle, cherucus]. 1650B. Discolliminium 49 A red high-crown'd Cap on his head, with..a Fan or weather-cock on the top of it.
†9. The motion of the air caused by or as by a fan. Obs. [Properly a distinct word: f. the vb.]
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. v. iii. 41 The captiue Grecian fals Euen in the fanne and winde of your faire Sword.
10. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attributive (sense 3 a), as fan-exercise, fan-form, fan-stick (whence fanstick-maker), fan-wind; fan-like, fan-wise adj. and adv.; fan-fashion adv.; (sense 6) as fan-blast, fan-blower, fan-house, fan-shaft, fan-ventilator, fan-wheel.
b. attributive in the sense of resembling a fan in shape, as fan-coral, fan-crest, fan-hoop, fan-jet, fan-leaf, fan-shell.
c. objective, as fan-bearer, fan-maker, fan-painter, fan-painting, fan-tearer; fan-bearing adj.d. parasynthetic and similative, as fan-crested, fan-leaved, fan-nerved, fan-pleated, fan-shaped, fan-veined adjs.
a.
1875Encycl. Brit. III. 552 *Fan blast machines are frequently employed..to urge the fire of steam boilers.
1847Rep. Comm. Patents 1846 (U.S.) 84 The *fan blowers now used in steamboats for blowing the fires in the furnaces are generally made from two to three feet in diameter. 1874Knight Dict. Mech., Fan-blower, a blower in which a series of vanes fixed on a rotating shaft creates a blast of air.
1867Ouida C. Castlemaine (1879) 2 Practising the *Fan exercise.
1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxv. (1856) 319 This expanded, *fan-fashion, as it rose.
1871Figure Training 110 The toes..spread widely, and in *fan form, out.
1888Pall Mall G. 26 Jan. 7/1 The *fanhouse was partly destroyed.
1816Southey Poet's Pilgrimage iv. 46 Where loftiest trees High o'er the grove their *fan-like foliage rear. 1836Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 688/1 The arms..are separated one from the other, fan-like.
1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2149/4 Two *Fan-sticks, Carved curiously with hollow work. 1761Gentl. Mag. XXXI. 498 The ladies began to count their fan sticks.
1723Lond. Gaz. No. 6170/9 Edward Bunn..*Fan-Stick-maker.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Fan-ventilator.
1842Brande Dict. Sc. s.v. Fan, The force of the current created by the *fan wheel.
1578Banister Hist. Man vii. 94 A *fanwynde to the hart, to coole the same.
1882T. Foster in Proctor Nature Studies 55 Feathers radiating *fanwise from each of the fore-limbs. Ibid. 56 The fan-wise and rounded arrangement of the wing-feathers.
b.
1806Gazetteer Scot. (ed. 2) 178 Great quantities of sponge and *fan-coral are annually thrown ashore. 1881Rep. Geol. Expl. N. Zealand 67 This fan-coral bed.
1883J. W. Mollett Dict. Art, *Fan-crest Her., an early form of decoration for the knightly helm.
1756Cowper Connoisseur cxxxiv, Mrs. Mayoress..came sidling after him in an enormous *fan-hoop.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. IV. 326 *Fan-jet, a form of nozzle for watering-pots and engines having a fan or spoon shaped lip.
1869A. R. Wallace Malay Archip. xvii. 422 It is probably the Livistona rotundifolia of botanists, and is the most complete and beautiful *fan-leaf I have ever seen. 1879Lady C. Schreiber Jrnl. 1 Dec. (1911) II. 248 He had come to England and brought some fan leaves.
c.
1877A. B. Edwards Up Nile viii. 205 The King, attended by his *fan-bearers, returns in state.
1596Drayton Mortimeriados T j, No Apish *fan-bearing Hermophradite.
1710Lond. Gaz. No. 4781/3 Mr. Lewis Fortin, *Fanmaker. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Fan-maker, a manufacturer of ladies' fans. Fan and Sky-light Maker, a manufacturer of semi-circular windows and glazed roofs.
1723Lond. Gaz. No. 6188/10 John Gibbons..*Fan-Painter. 1879Encycl. Brit. (ed. 9) IX. 28 Rosalba Carriera was..a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century.
Ibid., Cano de Arevalo..devoted himself to *fan painting.
1695Cibber Love's Last Shift iii, An eternal *Fan-tearer, and a constant Persecutor of Womankind.
d.
1799Barton, Fragm. Nat. Hist. Pennsylv. 2 Mergus cucullatus *Fan-crested-Duck.
1834H. Caunter Orient. Ann. v. 85 The *fan-leaved palm.
1884Syd. Soc. Lex., *Fan-nerved, having the nerves radiating like a fan from one point as in some leaves and insects' wings.
1873Young Englishwoman June 286/1 *A fan-pleated flounce. 1892Pall Mall G. 19 May 1/3 Fan-pleated bows of lace.
1776Withering Brit. Plants (1796) IV. 337 Grows exactly like the Boletus versicolor..*Fan-shaped; scarcely ½ an inch diameter. 1807Britton Architect. Antiq. I. (King's Coll. Chapel) 8 They appear in the fan-shaped tracery, or groining of the inner surface. 1850Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. II. 134 The swamp palmetto..raises its fan-shaped leaves.
1866Treas. Bot. s.v., *Fan-veined, when the veins or ribs are disposed like those of a fan.
e. In various attrib. uses relating to the ventilation of a mine by means of a fan.
1875Ure Dict. Arts III. 1069 The fan is driven by a small..engine K, connected to a crank on the end of the fan-shaft B. 1883W. S. Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 101 Fan drift, a short tunnel leading from a short distance from the top of the upcast shaft to the fan chamber or casing in which the fan runs, along which the whole of the return air is drawn by the fan... Fan shaft. 1. A shallow pit-shaft sunk beneath a fan connecting it with the fan drift. 2. The upcast shaft where a fan is in use. 1906Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 14 Jan. 10/3 Firemen, engineers, fanmen and pumpmen..had their wages increased on November 1. 1908Westm. Gaz. 9 Mar. 7/4 The fan-drift connecting the present down⁓cast pit with the existing fan has at last been completed. 1921Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §047 Fan boy, fan man,..turns handle of small ventilating fan to ventilate heading not served by main air current. 1927Daily Tel. 7 June 12/5 The dismissal of three fanmen who refused to do certain work. 1963Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) ii. 10 Fan drift, an airway leading from a mine shaft, or airway, to a fan. Ibid., Fan shaft. 1. The ventilating shaft to which a mine fan is connected. 2. The spindle on which a fan impeller is mounted.
f. Geol. Used attrib. and in Comb. to denote an arrangement of strata in a series of folds which incline outwards from the central fold, the axes of the folds being likened to the diverging lines of a fan.
1882A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. vii. 917 The inward dip and consequent inversion..lead up to the fan-shaped structure, where the oldest rocks of a series occupy the centre and overlie the younger masses. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 652/2 The peculiar arrangement in mountains known as fan-structure may be produced by the continued compression of a simple anticline. 1937Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. v. 68 Before the recognition of recumbent folds or nappes..the Alps were usually interpreted as showing ‘fan-folding’.
11. Special comb.: fan-banner, a fan-shaped banner; fan belt, see 6 f; fan-bonnet, a bonnet so called from its shape; fan consonant, a consonant pronounced with the edges of the tongue more extended than is usual in making analogous sounds, as in the Arabic ‘emphatic’ consonants; fan cooling, see 6 f; fan dance, a solo dance in which the performer uses a fan or fans, esp. to conceal her nudity; hence fan dancer; fan-delta, see 5 d; fan draught, a system of supplying air in boiler furnaces by means of mechanically driven fans; fan flat, the flat [flat n.3 10 b] in which the fans for ventilating the boiler room of a ship are situated; fan-fly = fan n. 6 d; fan-forge (see quot.); fan-frame (see quot.); fan-governor (see fan n. 6 b): fan-groining, Arch. = fan-tracery; fan heater, a heater containing an electric fan that forces air over an electrically-heated element into a room or other place; fan-jet (engine), a jet engine in which additional thrust is provided by cold air drawn by a fan through a duct surrounding the rest of the engine, which is used to drive the fan; also (as fan-jet), an aeroplane having such engines; = turbo-fan; fan-lift a. Aeronaut., fitted with fans to assist the vertical take-off of an aircraft; fan marker Aeronaut., a radio marker beacon that transmits a fan-shaped beam; fan-mount [= Fr. monture d' éventail], the frame upon which a fan is mounted; fan-palm, a name applied to palms having fan-shaped leaves; fan-plant, the palmetto; fan-print, a design printed upon a fan; fan-shade, a shade for a lamp, etc., in form like a circular fan; fan-steam-engine (see quot.); fan-tracery, Arch. (see quot. 1842); fan-training, Horticulture, a method of training fruit trees on a trellis or wall, in the form of a fan; so fan-trained a.; fan-tree, (a) = fan-palm; (b) a tree spread out in the form of a fan (in quot. attrib.); fan-vaulting = fan-tracery; fan-window (see quot.); fan-work = fan-tracery; fan worm, any of various annelids of the families Sabellidæ and Serpulidæ. Also fan-light, fan-tail.
1835Willis Pencillings I. xviii. 128 The immense *fan-banners of peacocks' feathers.
1774Westm. Mag. II. 484 Black *Fan Bonnets.
1902H. Sweet Primer Phonetics (ed. 2) 36 *Fan (spread) consonants..are modifications of point and blade consonants. [1908― Sounds Eng. 45, tl, dl occur in Irish English as substitutes for þ, ð respectively; in them the fan modification is supplemented by a slight raising of the back of the tongue.]
1879*Fan dance [see dance n. 2]. 1951T. Rattigan Who is Sylvia? ii. 248 I'd better get Babs to do her fan dance—if she's still vertical.
1936R. E. Sherwood Idiot's Delight i. 22 Shirley is the principal, a frank, knowing *fan dancer.
1894W. H. White Man. Naval Archit. (ed. 3) xiv. 561 *Fan draught is also of great value under unfavourable conditions, such as hot weather, calms, or following winds.
1909Westm. Gaz. 15 May 2/2 A monstrous wave..poured into the *fan-flat. 1923Man. Seamanship II. xvii. 285 The fans are situated on an enclosed fan flat from which they draw their air. Ibid., Access to the boiler rooms is arranged through the fan flats.
1868Denison Clocks & Watches (ed. 5) 28 The simplest of all the methods of regulating the velocity of the train..is the *fan-fly.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. IV. 326 *Fan-forge a transportable form of forge and fan.
1884Encycl. Brit. (ed. 9) XVII. 834 The *fan-frame [of an organ] is a set of backfalls having one set of ends close together, usually corresponding to the keys; the other ends are spread widely apart. 1881C. A. Edwards Organs 71 The communication..effected by..the fan-frame movement.
1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. II. 222 *Fan groining [is] itself a purely English invention.
1961I. Murdoch Severed Head vi. 48 He dangled his long broad-nailed hand in front of his new *fan heater. 1970Bodl. Libr. Rec. VIII. 173 Cold air is deflected from the entrance by three 3kw fan heaters.
1963Sat. Rev. 20 July 14 (Advt.), In 1961, American Airlines introduced a new engine called the *fan-jet—with 30% more power than ordinary jets. 1963N.Y. Times 15 Sept. p. xx7/3 The fan-jet engines..have turbine blades spaced for a minimum of sound. 1967N. E. Borden Jet-Engine Fund. 47 Fanjets, as they are called by some of the commercial airlines, and turbofans are one and the same thing. 1968Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 10 Nov. 9/6 The nose gear of an Alaska Airlines 727 fanjet was severed Saturday afternoon when the plane collided with a moose as the plane came in for a landing.
1961Flight LXXX. 504/2 Jet and *fan lift aircraft appear to offer good range-speed-payload performance where substantial range is required and where hovering requirements are at a minimum. 1961Aeroplane & Astronaut. CI. 791/1 Two vtol test-bed aircraft using the G.E. J85-5 fan-lift engine. The complete programme, which covers two years and will cost $10.5 million, includes the construction of the two fan-lift airframes by Ryan at San Diego.
1948Shell Aviation News CXXIV. 8/2 Written examinations are required on radio facilities in the New York area, including radio ranges, homing facilities, *fan markers and let down procedures on the heavily congested La Guardia airport.
1753Scots Mag. May 215/1 So inconsiderable an implement as a *fan-mount. 1865Browning Poems I. 22 To carry pure death in..a fan-mount.
1820T. Green Universal Herbal I. 284/2 Chamærops Humilis. Dwarf *Fan Palm. 1839M. Howitt Humming-bird 12 They flit about..through the fan palm tree. 1840F. D. Bennett Whaling Voy. II. 345 Corypha umbraculifera..Fan Palm..It resembles the common Fan Palm, or Palmyra, of the East Indies. 1885A. Brassey The Trades 177 It is sometimes called the fan-palm, because travellers use the leaves as fans.
1884Mrs. Houston Yacht Voy. Texas II. 11 Frequent tufts of the *fan-plant; as it is here called.
1860Fairholt Costume (ed. 2) s.v. Fan, I have some *fan-prints of various similar subjects.
1867J. Hogg Microsc. I. iii. 160 One of the old-fashioned *fan-shades will be found useful.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Fan-Steam-engine. The action of this steam is the inverse of that of the fan. The outer annular casing..discharges [steam] from its inner surface in tangential jets upon the scoop-shaped blades which are attached to a rotating shaft.
1815Rickman in J. Smith's Panorama Sci. & Art I. 164 We now come to a new and most delicate description of roof, that of *fan-tracery. 1842Bloxham Gothic Architecture 196 A very rich and peculiar description of vaulting is one composed of pendant semi-cones covered with foliated panel-work, called fan-tracery.
1871Robinson Loudon's Horticulturist viii. 325 *Fan-training is chiefly adapted for trees trained against walls.
1880S. Wood Tree Pruner 5 A well-developed *fan-trained Peach-tree.
1835Browning Paracelsus v. 138 Light strippings from the *fan-trees. 1846Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 379 The fruit-tree method [of pruning] in which the plant is spread out in the fan-tree manner.
1835R. Willis Archit. Middle Ages 83 This appears to be the first step towards *fan-vaulting.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Fan-window (Arch.), a semicircular window with radial sash.
1801Beauties Eng. & Wales I. 48 The vast arched roof..with its voluminous stones displaying all the elegance of *fan-work. 1833W. Barnes Gent. Mag. Lib. Topog. III. (1893) 314 Four fan-work groins.
1851*Fan-worm [see sabella]. 1963R. P. Dales Annelids 15 The most specialized tube-dwellers are the sabellid and serpulid fan-worms.
▪ II. fan, n.2
Also 7 fann, phan.
[Abbrev. of fanatic. Re-formed in 19th c.]
1. A fanatic; in mod.E. (orig. U.S.): a keen and regular spectator of a (professional) sport, orig. of baseball; a regular supporter of a (professional) sports team; hence, a keen follower of a specified hobby or amusement, and gen. an enthusiast for a particular person or thing.
1682New News from Bedlam 13 The Loyal Phans to abuse. Ibid. 40 To be here Nurs'd up, Loyal Fanns to defame, And damn all Dissenters on purpose for gain. 1889Kansas Times & Star 26 Mar., Kansas City base⁓ball fans are glad they're through with Dave Rowe as a ball club manager. 1896Ade Artie xvii. 158 I'm goin' to be the worst fan in the whole bunch. 1901Dialect Notes II. 139 Fan, a base ball enthusiast; common among reporters. 1914Daily Express 3 Oct. 3 First League football ‘fans’ in London can have a joyous time to-day. 1915Film Flashes 13 Nov. 1 It is quite usual for a picture ‘fan’ to come out of one theatre and immediately cross the road to another. 1919W. T. Grenfell Labrador Doctor (1920) iv. 56 Among my acquaintances there were not a few theatre fans. 1921A. W. Myers 20 Yrs. Lawn Tennis 142 This was sheer spectacular tennis, dear to the hearts of the American ‘fans’. 1925H. V. Morton Heart of London 93 The fight fans howling like a pack of hungry wolves. 1928S. Vines Humours Unreconciled xiii. 168 What about..your League of Nations and disarmament fans? 1950Manch. Guardian Weekly 4 May 15/4 The Water Department..had received..‘good-natured’ complaints from base-ball fans about the washing-out of two days' play.
2. Comb. fan club, a group formed by the devotees of some hero, ‘star’, etc.; fan letter, a letter from an admirer to a celebrity; fan magazine, a journal specializing in some common object of devotion or in well-known personalities; fan mail, the letters sent to a celebrity by his or her followers.
1941V. Faulkner in Sat. Even. Post 6 Sept. 37/3 Sleepy Hollow, the name Desire had selected for her residence from a contest held by her fan club. 1959‘O. Mills’ Stairway to Murder v. 51, I believe she's the President of your Fan Club.
1932Wodehouse Louder & Funnier 41 How many fan-letters did you get last week? 1937W. S. Maugham Theatre x. 82 She was naturally polite and it was, besides, a principle with her to answer all fan letters.
1928Amer. Speech III. 364 It was picked up from a ‘fan-magazine’. 1951Life 21 May 130/2 ‘Fanzines’, or fan magazines, which are usually small mimeographed publications devoted to amateur STF, criticism and gossip.
1924Motion Pict. Mag. June 43 (title) The business of fan mail. 1937Auden & MacNeice Lett. fr. Iceland 17 A poet's fan-mail will be nothing new. 1955R. Bannister First Four Minutes xiv. 194 It was the beginning of a fan mail and of invitations to open bazaars that have continued ever since.
▸ fan base n. orig. U.S. the fans of a particular team, group, or person collectively; esp. long-term, dedicated supporters, sometimes perceived as being drawn from, or consisting of, a distinct social group.
1979Washington Post 18 Sept. e5/6, I think Washington will make it as a soccer town... We have a great *fan base. We need to build on it. 1990M. Hodgkinson Wedding Present (BNC) 46 Perhaps the only common ground the groups share is their fan base. They mainly attract a section of white, working-class and lower-middle class youth, often college educated. 2001N.Y. Mag. 5 Mar. 72/2 Philip K. Dick..whose fan base has long consisted of pimply Dungeons & Dragons aficionados and twitchy, hollow-cheeked amphetamine tweakers.
▸ fanboy n. slang (occas. depreciative) a male fan (in later use chiefly of comics, film, music, or science fiction), esp. an obsessive one.
1919Decatur (Illinois) Rev. 2 Oct. 6/2 It was a shock to the *fan boys when Cincinnati..beat the Chicago White Sox. 1985Re: CoIE: a Non-fan's Opinion in net.comics (Usenet newsgroup) 20 June I've heard some comments from assorted folks that COIE is just a sap to the ‘fan boy’ audience... I regret that the non-fan has gotten lost and confused, but this ‘fan boy’ loves every minute of it. 1992New Musical Express 4 Apr. 17/6 The idea is to package the music and make it really really collectable so the trainspotters and manky fanboy geekoids will buy it in their pathetic thousands. 2001Village Voice (N.Y.) 18 Dec. 42/4 A critical darling and a cult hero—last month's Film Society of Lincoln Center tribute..was overrun with spiky-haired, bespectacled fanboys.
▸ fanfic n. colloq. = fan fiction n. at Additions.
1976in Amer. Speech (1978) 53 55 Granted some of the stories aren't great literature but they do seem to be a reasonably accurate cross section of short *fan fic. 1996Baltimore Sun (Nexis) 16 Apr. 1 f, Many fan-fics can be found on usenet. 2002Sunday Times 4 Aug. 50/2 Sexy fanfic is called ‘slash fiction’.
▸ fan fiction n. fiction, usually fantasy or science fiction, written by a fan rather than a professional author, esp. that based on already-existing characters from a television series, book, film, etc.; (also) a piece of such writing.
1944J. B. Speer Fancyclopedia 31/1 *Fan fiction, sometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction, that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan magazine. 1975J. Lichtenberg et al. Star Trek Lives! i. 23 Laura, whose ambition is to become a professional writer, has been writing Star Trek fiction since her early teens, and was recently nominated for a Hugo Award for fan fiction for her series ‘Federation and Empire’. 2002Yahoo! Internet Life Mar. 32/3 Sing the praises of your favorite band, or heap scorn on the newest Lord of the Rings fan fiction.
▸ fangirl n. slang (occas. depreciative) a female fan (chiefly of comics, film, music, or science fiction), esp. an obsessive one.
1990Re: Hobbes: Possessed Toy from Hell or Reality Check from Alien Gods? in rec.arts.comics (Usenet newsgroup) 28 May Use those fanboy and *fangirl talents of yours! Trace continuity back to the Hobbes Origin Story, and all will be revealed. 1995Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee) 2 July f4/2 Angel is another thinly veiled attempt by a fangirl-turned-author to write herself into the Enterprise crew. 2002J. Goad Shit Magnet x.157 I'm the crippled writer; she's the obsessive fangirl.
▪ III. fan, v.|fæn|
Forms: 1 fannian, 4–5 south. dial. vannien, vanne, 6 fane, 6–7 fann(e, (7 phan), 5– fan.
[f. fan n.1 Cf. F. vanner.]
1. trans. To winnow (corn, etc.). † Also fig.
c1000Liber Scint. lx. (1889) 186 Na fanna [L. ventiles] þu þe on ælcum winde. 1340Ayenb. 139 Oure lhord ssel uanni his corn ate daye of dome. c1440Promp. Parv. 149 Fanne corne, or oþer lyke, vanno. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxxi. 640 Their tenantes ought..to bring home theyr cornes, and some to threshe and to fanne. 1631Gouge God's Arrows i. §15. 21 Men when they fan their corne cannot do it so thorowly cleane. 1853A. Soyer Pantroph. 42 They take white oats..they are fanned, cleaned, and carried to a mill. 1884C. H. Farnham in Harper's Mag. Feb. 400/2 We..fan grain.
absol.15..How Plowman lerned Paternoster in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 218 He coude eke sowe and holde a plowe..Thresshe, fane, [etc.].
fig.1611Shakes. Cymb. i. vi. 177 The loue I beare him, Made me to fan you thus. 1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 15 Let vs then..fanne ourselues. 1671J. Flavel Fount. Life xiii. 38 Satan will fan thee not to get out thy Chaff.
b. To winnow away (chaff); to drive away or scatter like chaff. Chiefly with away, out. lit. and fig.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 7 Þan fan owt þe holys. 1639Ainsworth Annot. Ps. cvi. 27 To sell their seed among the heathens, and to fan them in the land. 1641Sanderson Serm. II. 11 They may fan away the chaff from the wheat. 1644H. Parker Jus Pop. 67 Phanning out of our way such advantages as the Royalists may seem to lay hold of. 1653Milton Ps. i. 11 As chaff, which, fanned, The wind drives, so the wicked shall not stand In judgement. 1818Keats Endym. i. 818 To fan And winnow from the coming step of time All chaff of custom. 1879A. W. Tourgée Fool's Err. xxvii. 261 Whoever got ‘fanned out’—it was always our own folk that did it. 1908A. Ruhl Other Americans x. 151 One dreams of..a Broadway policeman marching down upon them leisurely with a nightstick and fanning them away.
c. To sweep away as by the wind from a fan.
1820Scott Abbot ii, To fan the flies from my ladie's face while she sleeps. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 29 Fanning the sere leaf far upon the leas. 1872Black Adv. Phaeton xxx. 397 You could have fanned her out of the way with a butterfly's wing.
2. intr. † To make a fan-like movement; to flap. † Of a bird: To flutter. Of the wind: To blow. Now rare.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 457 [Þe rauen] fongez to þe flyȝt, & fannez on þe wyndez. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) vii. 25 Þe fewle..fannez with his wenges ay till þe forsaid thinges be sett on fire. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 202 b, With her wynges she fanneth..vnto she haue kyndled in them fyre. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. i. 212 Fanning in his face with a Peacocks feather. 1671R. Bohun Disc. Wind 99 They [winds] begin insensibly to fanne, and agitate the Air. 1699W. Dampier Voy. II. iii. 27 These Sea-Breezes do commonly rise in the Morning..in half an Hour's time..it fans pretty briskly. 1889‘Mark Twain’ Yankee at Crt. K. Arthur I. 67 To feel the cold uncanny night breezes fan through the place.
b. To be wafted gently along; to move as by a gentle beating of the wings (rare). Also, to move smartly; to clear out (U.S. slang).
1622Wither Mistr. Philar. (1633) 629 Such Downe As in time of Molting, fanns From the breasts of silver Swanns. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. ix. (1856) 66 We managed to fan along at a rate of two knots an hour. 1874Johns Brit. Birds 52 The Barn Owl..fans its way onwards with its down-fringed wings. 1902O. Wister Virginian xv. 168 This hyeh train?.. Why, it's been fanning it a right smart little while. 1904Leslie's Monthly Mag. Aug. 421/2 He saw I was drunk, and fanned out, me shootin' at him with every jump. 1927W. R. James Cow Country viii. 230 Todd..stuck to his seat and fanned his pony on out to the open.
3. trans. To move or drive (the air) with a fan. Const. dat., also in, upon. Also, to stir (water) in this way; hence intr. or absol.
c1440Gesta Rom. lxxxvii. 408 (Add. MS.) [The ape] toke vp the clothes, and fanned hem wynde. 1594Marlowe & Nashe Dido iv. iv, Cupids hover in the Air, And fan it in Aeneas lovely face! 1633Earl of Manchester Al Mondo (1636) 26 Breath, which nature fannes upon it for a while. 1801Southey Thalaba iv. xv, The birds of heaven..fann'd around him The motionless air of noon. 1886Outing (U.S.) VIII. 161/1 The trout..is balancing himself on the hard sandy bottom, his fins slowly fanning the water. 1898Daily News 15 June 4/7 It is commonly in steady weather that you see the trout with their heads a quarter of an inch beneath the surface, and with their tails fanning expectantly.
b. To move like a fan; to wave. arch.
1637Milton Lycidas 40 The willows..Shall now no more be seen, Fanning their joyous leaves to thy soft lays. 1740Dyer Ruins Rome 374 The gourd and olive fan Their am'rous foliage.
4. To drive a current of air upon, with or as with a fan:
a. with the object or effect of cooling. Also to fan into (slumber).
1605Shakes. Macb. i. ii. 50 The Norweyan Banners flowt the skie, And fanne our people cold. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. viii. 23 He made one of his followers to fan me with a ventilow for to refresh me. 1711Steele Spect. No. 80 ⁋3 Fanned into Slumbers by successive Hands of them [Slaves]. 1725Berkeley Proposal Wks. III. 221 The air in Bermuda is perpetually fanned and kept cool by sea-breezes. 1821Keats Isabel xxvii, Where Arno's stream..still doth fan Itself with dancing bulrush. 1832Tennyson Eleänore 9 Thy bounteous forehead was not fann'd With breezes from our oaken glades. 1863Mrs. Oliphant Doctor's Fam., Mrs. Fred..took up her handkerchief and..began to fan her..cheeks.
b. with the object or result of kindling a flame; chiefly fig. Const. into, to.
1607Shakes. Cor. iii. iii. 127 Let..Your Enemies, with nodding of their Plumes Fan you into dispaire. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. Ad. Sec. xi. 27 (Prayer) A coale from thy altar fann'd with the wings of the holy Dove. 1709W. King Ovid's Art of Love xiv. 67 By slow Degrees he fans the gentle Fire. 1821Shelley Hellas 60 Its unwearied wings could fan The quenchless ashes of Milan. 1828–40Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) I. 146 He [Edward II] employed his ambassadors..to fan the dissensions between them. a1859Macaulay Hist. Eng. V. 102 His almost imperceptible spark of life had been..fanned into a..flickering flame. 1887C. C. Abbott Waste-Land Wand. iv. 96 The little fire..was fanned by a passing breeze to a lively flame.
5. Of a breeze, etc.: To blow gently and refreshingly upon, as if driven by a fan; to cool; rarely of a person: To breathe upon.
1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 142 High Taurus snow, Fan'd with the Easterne winde. 1605Tryall Chev. v. i. in Bullen O. Pl. (1884) III. 339 The coole winds have fand the burning Sunne. 1635A. Stafford Fem. Glory (1869) 15 Only Zephirus was let loose to fanne the Pinke. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. ii. i. 316 The heat of the parts is fanned, cooled and tempered. 1704Pope Windsor For. 194 Pants on her neck, and fans her parting hair. 1798Coleridge Anc. Mar. vi. xii, It fanned my cheek Like a meadow-gale of spring. 1812J. Wilson Isle of Palms i. 11 The sea, I ween, cannot be fann'd By evening freshness. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) IV. xxxiv. 149 Terraces, fanned by cool breezes from the sea.
6. To spread out like a fan.
a. trans. Naut. To widen. Also, to fan out (see quot. 1871).
b. intr. for refl. to fan out: to expand in rays, to assume a fan-like shape. Also fig. and (U.S.) to make a display.
a.1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Fanning, the technical phrase for breadthening the after part of the tops. Also, widening in general. 1871Amer. Encycl. Printing, Fanning Out..spreading out the upper part of the paper somewhat in the resemblance of a fan.
b.1592R. D. Hypnerotomachia 11 A prodigious winged horse..his wings fanning out. 1860Bartlett Dict. Amer., To Fan out, to make a show at an examination. 1861Thornbury Turner I. 314 What Orient splendour of colour, fanning out far beyond towards Ithaca. 1926Hutchinson's Best Story Mag. Nov. 59/1 His black tangle of beard, fanning over his knees ruffled in the wind. 1943F. S. Herman Dynamite Cargo xi. 95 The warship screen fanned out and closed in. 1962Times 25 Apr. 16/6 There fan out from the incident..not changes of attitude..but a series of comments on the nature of priestly vocation. 1965Electronics Weekly 1 Dec. 17/5 Generating stations..interconnected by..transmission feeders fanning out to reach principal load centres.
7. slang.
a. trans. To beat; to rate soundly.
b. To feel, handle. Also = frisk v. 4 a.
1785Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue s.v., I fanned him sweetly, I beat him heartily. 1862Mayhew Lond. Labour (ed. 2) IV. 319 Joe..had fanned the gentleman's pocket, i.e. had felt the pocket and knew there was a handkerchief. 1887Tristram in Eng. Illust. Mag. Dec. 228 Fanning them, which in the tongue of coachmen, is whipping them. 1916E. Titus I Conquered vi. 84 His quirt fell... He fanned his pony again, and the beast grunted in his struggles for increased speed in the climbing. 1918C. E. Mulford Man fr. Bar-20 ix. 100 Cussed if I wouldn't 'a' give six pesos, U.S. to 'a' seen that cougar a-fannin' you! 1927E. Wallace Feathered Serpent xvii. 216 Legally no policeman has the right to ‘fan’ a prisoner until he gets into the police station. 1931L. Steffens Autobiogr. I. ii. v. 213 You wonder why we fan these damned bums, crooks, and strikers with the stick. 1946J. Irving Royal Navalese 74 To fan, to search a person quickly for symptoms of concealed contraband articles, firearms, etc.
8. N. Amer. Of a pitcher in baseball: to cause (a batter) to strike out.
1909in Webster. 1912C. Mathewson Pitching in a Pinch v. 101 He fanned the next two men. 1970Globe & Mail (Toronto) 28 Sept. 19/4 The Indian lefthander..has fanned more than 300 hitters.
b. intr. Of a batter: to strike out.
1886Outing (U.S.) July 477/2 The man who..‘fans out’ or ‘pops one up’. 1945This Week Mag. 21 Apr. 10 He fanned in a pinch and the opposition booed.
▪ IV. fan
irregular pa. tense of fine, to end.
▪ V. fan
obs. and dial. var. of fawn v. |