| 释义 |
▪ I. poach, v.1|pəʊtʃ|
Forms: 5 pocche, 6–8 poche, potch, 7– poach.
[a. OF. pochier (12th c. in Godef.), later pocher to enclose in a poke or bag, to bag; also in senses 1 and 2 below; f. poche poke, bag (Diez, Littré): see poke n.1 The Eng. uses were adopted separately. The o seems to have been originally short as in Fr.]
1. trans. To cook (an egg) by dropping it, without the shell, into boiling water and simmering gently; to simmer or steam (an egg) in a poacher. Hence, to cook (fish, fruit, etc.) by simmering in water or another liquid. Also absol.[F. pocher, in this sense, is usually explained as referring to the enclosure of the yolk in the white as in a bag.] [c1390Form of Cury §90. 46 Pochee. Take Ayren and breke hem in scaldyng hoot water [etc.]. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 24 Eyron en poche. Take Eyroun, breke hem, and sethe hem in hot Water; þan take hem Vppe as hole as þou may; þan take flowre, and melle with Mylke. c1450Douce MS. 55 §100 Egges pocchez. ]c1450[see poached ppl. a.1]. 1530Palsgr. 663/1, I potche egges, je poche des œufs. He that wyll potche egges well muste make his water sethe first. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe ii. xvii. (1541) 33 They [eggs] be moste holsome whan they be poched. 1598Epulario L j, To poche Egges..To poche them in milke or wine. 1626Bacon Sylva §53 The Yolkes of Eggs..so they be Potched or Reare boyled. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Laugh & be fat Wks. ii. 76/2 This man hath played the cooke And potch'd this Ginnie Egge into thy booke. 1679Jenkins in R. Mansel Narr. Popish Plot (1680) 99 She poach'd Eggs for them both. a1693Urquhart's Rabelais iii. xx. 169 As if he had been to potch them in a Skillet with Butter and Eggs. 1742,1889[see poached ppl. a.1]. 1898C. H. Senn Senn's Culinary Encycl. 74 Poach (to).., to parboil or to boil slightly. Mode of cooking usually applied to eggs and quenelles of fish, meat or game. 1906Mrs. Beeton's Bk. Househ. Managem. xxxviii. 1237 Put the tins in the oven, in a sauté-pan, surround them to half their depth with boiling water, and poach until the white is firm. 1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 170/3 Steam Egg Poacher. A perfect way of poaching eggs. 1907A. Escoffier Guide Mod. Cookery ii. xiv. 292 The poaching of fillets of sole must be effected without allowing the cooking-liquor to boil. 1940A. L. Simon Conc. Encycl. Gastron. II. 18/1 Fresh Cod..is usually boiled, steamed or poached. 1959Listener 26 Feb. 395/1 Peel and cut the pears in pieces and poach them very gently in the syrup. Ibid. 1 Oct. 551/2 Core the pears carefully. Poach until tender. 1963Hume & Downes Penguin Cordon Bleu Cookery 432 Fresh peaches poached in a sugar syrup until tender. 1972L. Davies Easy Cooking iii. 93 Very gently poach the sausages in the milk with the bay leaf, onion and seasoning, for 20 minutes.
†2. To sketch roughly. Obs. rare.[F. pocher, in this sense, appears to have arisen from the obs. and dial. sense ‘to make blots or blurs’: cf. Cotgr. ‘cet encre poche, this Inke blurres’.] 1651Cleveland Poems 44 Whose fervour can Hatch him, whom Nature poach'd but half a man.
▪ II. poach, v.2|pəʊtʃ|
Forms: 6–7 poche, 7– potch, poach.
[In 16th c. poche; app. in the main a palatalized collateral form of poke v.1, q.v. But sense 1 c appears to be immediately from OF. pocher ‘to thrust or dig out with the fingers’ (Cotgr.), in pocher un œil, les yeux (14th c. in Godef. Compl.) to thrust or gouge out an eye, to put out the eyes (in mod.F. to give any one ‘a black eye’ with a blow); itself prob. of LG. origin; and quots. 1528, 1542 in 1 b may be related to OF. pocher to put into a sack, to bag: see prec. The o was app. mostly short in 16–17th c., and potch is still widely spread in the dialects.]
I.
1. a. trans. To push or stir (anything) with the point of a stick, a finger, a foot, etc.; = poke v.1 1; to stir up by this means; fig. to instigate. Now dial.
[c1386: see poke v.1 1.] 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 75 Then..tried his armour everywhere by potching it, to see if he could find any place unarmed. 1684Otway Atheist i. i, A Woman who..watch't her Opportunity, and poach'd me up for the Service of Satan. 1749Fielding Tom Jones v. iv, He bid him beat abroad, and not poach up the Game in his Warren. 1859in J. Watson Living Bards of Border 92 (E.D.D.) We'll poach the fire, an' ha'e a crack aside the chumla lug.
b. To ram, shove, or roughly push (things) together, or in a heap. Obs. or dial.
1528Impeachm. Wolsey 59 in Furniv. Ballads fr. MSS. I. 353 Þou haste purposyd To mynester grete extorcion, By the whyche haste so furiously encrochyd, In Chestis, baggis hepyd & pochyd, Of every man Takyng A porcion. 1542Boorde Dyetary xi. (1870) 259 Mestlyng breade is made, halfe of whete and halfe of Rye. And there is also mestlyng made, halfe of rye and halfe of barly. And yll people wyll put whete and barly togyther. Breade made of these aforesayde grayne or cornes, thus poched togyther, maye fyll the gutte, but it shall neuer do good to man. 1903Eng. Dial. Dict. (Warwicksh.), Potch these oddments in the corner. These things are all potched together.
c. To thrust or poke out (the eyes); = OF. pocher l'œil, les yeux. Obs. or dial.
[c1380: see poke v.1 1.] 1584Hudson Du Bartas' Judith vi. in Sylvester's Wks. (1621) 752 And with their fingers poched out his eyes. 1608Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. iv. Decay 1179 O! poach not out mine eyes.
d. To strike, rap, slap. [Perh. for Ger. pochen.] slang.
1892Zangwill Childr. Ghetto I. 87 My mother potched my face... I shall never forget that slap.
2. a. To thrust or push (a stick, a finger, a foot, etc.) into any hole or thing. Now chiefly dial.
1673Temple United Prov. i. 5 His [Charlemagne's] Horse poching one of his legs into some hollow ground, made way for the smoaking water to break out, and gave occasion for the Emperor's building that City [Aix]. 1822–56De Quincey Confess. (1862) 133 Lest some one of the many little Brahminical-looking cows..might poach her foot into the centre of my face. [See Eng. Dial. Dict.]
b. intr. To poke or probe (e.g. with a stick, etc.); also, to poke, thrust oneself, intrude. Now dial.
a1550Hye Way to Spyttel Hous 308 in Hazl. E.P.P. IV. 41 One tyme to this spyttell, another to that, Probyng and pochyng to get somwhat; At euery doore lumpes of bread or meat. 1657Davenant 1st Day's Entertainm. Rutland Ho. 72 Your Bastelier..with her long pole gives us a tedious waft, as if he were all the while poaching for Eels. 1859in Eng. Dial. Dict. s.v., Eternally poachin' amang my feet.
†3.
a. trans. To thrust, stab, pierce. Obs.
1602Carew Cornwall 31 The Flowk, Sole and Playce followe the tyde vp into the fresh riuers, where, at lowe water the Countrie people..take them vp with their hands. They vse also to poche them with an instrument somewhat like the Sammon-speare. 1644W. Newport Fall of Man by Sin 4 Potch a dead man with knives, stab him with daggers, &c.
†b. intr. To make a stab or thrust at as in fencing. Also fig. Obs. rare.
1607Shakes. Cor. i. x. 15 Ile potche at him some way, Or Wrath, or Craft may get him. 1624Bacon War w. Spain Wks. 1879 I. 531/1 They have rather poached and offered at a number of enterprizes, than maintained any constantly.
II.
4. trans. To thrust or stamp down with the feet; to trample (soft or sodden ground) into muddy holes; to cut up (turf, etc.) with hoofs.
1677Plot Oxfordsh. 247 The Horses going..in a string and keeping the furrow, to avoid poching the Land. 1768Earl of Haddington Forest-trees 46 Cattle should be taken off, lest they potch the ground. 1814Scott Wav. lxiii, The cattle of the villagers..had poached into black mud the verdant turf. 1816― Old Mort. xv, The passage of the main body, in many instances, poached up the swamps through which they passed. 1849Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) I. 194/1 The land..ought not to be cut up and poached by the cart-wheels and horses' feet. 1894Times 18 Nov. 4/3 Pastures are soddened to an extent that must result in their being badly ‘poached’ where the stock cannot be taken off them.
5. intr. To sink (into wet heavy ground) in walking; to plod over soft ground, or through mud or mire; to tramp heavily or plungingly.
1600J. Northbrooke Poore Mans Gard. To Rdr. 2 Poching in the mire vp to the calfe of the legge. 1655W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. i. 88 How uncomfortable..for a traveller in Heaven's road..to go potching in the dark. 1686tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 176 The soyl so extreamly fat, that our Horses had much a do to poach along. 1792A. Young Trav. France (1794) I. 241 The hedges and ditches confine the carriages to poach through the mud. 1837Hogg Tales I. Wool-gatherer 213 Plunging and poaching to make all the fish take into close cover.
6. intr. Of land: To become sodden, miry, and full of holes by being trampled.
1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 15 The Chalky and Clay Lands..have also the inconveniencies..to burn in hot Weather, to chap in Summer, and poach in Winter. 1766Museum Rust. VI. 105 Cattle unavoidably do great mischief to grass land, when it is so wet as to poach. 1807A. Young Agric. Essex (1813) I. 24 Strong, wet, tenacious land, poaching with rain, and sticking to the horses' legs. 1879Jefferies Wild Life in S. Co. 378 The ground..is still soft, and will poach under the hoofs of cattle.
7. trans. To soak, make sodden.
1881Times 14 Apr. 10/5 As in many parts of England, along the banks of streams and rivers are considerable areas of good land, poached and scoured by frequent floods.
8. To mix with water and reduce to a uniform consistency. In Paper-making, to mix thoroughly (the half-stuff from the breaking-engine) with the bleach-liquor, in the poacher. (Also potch.)
1873Robertson Engineering Notes 49 The clay should be free from stones and must be well poached. 1877W. Arnot Cantor Lectures in Jrnl. Soc. Arts XXVI. 63/1 The breaking, poaching, and beating processes..are all conducted in machines or engines of the same general construction. 1883R. Haldane Workshop Receipts Ser. ii. 36/2 For potching half-stuffs previously gas bleached, the quantities are [etc.].
III. 9. a. intr. To encroach or trespass (on the lands or rights of another) in order to possess oneself unlawfully or unfairly of something, esp. in order to steal game; hence, to take game or fish illegally, or by unsportsmanlike devices. Also fig.
1611Cotgr., Pocher le labeur d'autruy, to poche into, or incroach vpon, another mans imployment, practise, or trade. 1682Dryden & Lee Duke of Guise iv. iii, I scorn to poach for power. 1706Phillips, To poach,..to destroy Game by unlawful means, as by laying Snares, Gins, etc. 1742Pope Dunc. iv. 228 For Attic Phrase in Plato let them seek, I poach in Suidas for unlicens'd Greek. 1827Scott Jrnl. 27 Jan., The pettish resentment that you might entertain against one who had poached on your manor. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Shaks. Wks. (Bohn) I. 358 So keen was the hope to discover whether the boy Shakespeare poached, or not. 1855Thackeray Newcomes ix, Poaching on her lodgers' mutton. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 72 A region in which the politician feels that he is poaching on the preserves of the geographer. 1885Standard 20 Nov. 3/8 All the owners poached for salmon.
b. In various ball games: to enter a partner's portion of the field or court and play a ball which he normally would have played.
1889W. M. Brownlee Lawn Tennis 167 He need not be profusely apologetic when he poaches unsuccessfully. 1928Daily Express 9 July 13/3 The pretty little Australian girl..would have won if her partner had not ‘poached’ and put himself out of position. 1960Times 4 July 15/7 They must have noticed Osuna's swift ability to poach.
10. trans.
a. To trespass on (land or water), esp. in order to kill or catch game.
1715Garth Claremont 8 They poach Parnassus, and lay snares for praise. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 814 He poach'd the wood, and on the warren snared. 1858F. E. Paget Curate Cumberw. (1859) 319 A fellow who had poached lands and fished waters which Mr. Soaper himself had hired. 1885Field 3 Oct. (Cassell), The Greta is not nearly so much poached as formerly.
b. To catch and carry off (game or fish) illegally; to capture by illicit or unsportsmanlike methods such as a poacher uses. Also fig.
1862Cornh. Mag. VI. 651 Some are famished to death, and some are poached, and some get hooked. 1895Westm. Gaz. 8 Nov. 1/3 You were always ‘poaching’ our best men. 1903Ibid. 28 Mar. 2/1 She's a poacher, that woman—poaches children... Yes; poaches them;..takes them away from other teachers who've taught in those families for years. 1955Times 14 June 3/3 These are the men whom the N.A.S.D. are said to have ‘poached’ from the Transport and General Workers Union. 1958Listener 11 Dec. 978/1 A girl doing it might later in life be tempted to poach service. 1979Internat. Jrnl. Sociol. of Law VII. 176 Solicitors in the large criminal firms not only ‘poach’ clients, they also strive to poach each other.
c. Racing slang. To filch (an advantage, e.g. at the start in a race) by unfair means.
1891Licensed Vict. Gaz. 20 Mar. 182/1 Seward maintained that the start was a false one, and that his opponent poached full five yards before he [Seward] moved. 1892Daily News 16 May 3/5 Several [jockeys] displayed a marked desire to ‘poach a bit’ at the start. 1894Ibid. 16 Mar. 6/5 The scratch poached the start, and gained fully half a length, rowing up to 44 to the minute against Oxford's 40.
Hence ˈpoaching ppl. a.
1681J. Chetham Angler's Vade-m. xxx. §1 (1689) 166 To be used by none but idle pouching [sic] fellows. 1886C. Scott Sheep-Farming 200 In a few minutes the poaching flock is sent scampering back to their own proper walk. |