western.

Brit.

/ˈwɛstə/, U.S.

/ˈwɛstər/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: west n.¹, -er suffix¹.

Etymology: < west n.¹ + -er suffix¹. Compare north-wester n. and southwester n.

Now rare.

A wind blowing from the west; = westerly n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > wind with reference to direction > winds from specific compass points > west

west windeOE

zephyrOE

westc1400

Favoniusc1550

wester1849

1849 T. C. Haliburton Old Judge II. xiv. 65 A wester, agin, is a blustering kind of boy—comes in a hullabolloo, but-end foremost, and kicks away the clouds right and left.

1872 E. Meteyard Doctor's Little Daughter vii. 229 Jack shall put a coracle to keep off the wester.

1913 J. Masefield Dauber v. 45 The wester came as steady as the Trades; Brightly it blew.

1933 J. Masefield Bird of Dawning 234 The wester was still blowing strong and true.

1974 M. J. Moakler Roll On, Grand Banks! (M. A. thesis, Brown Univ.) 116 A chilling wester crept along the swells, Our nostrils smarting with the smell of snow.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

westeradj.

Brit.

/ˈwɛstə/, U.S.

/ˈwɛstər/, Scottish English

/ˈwɛstər/, Canadian English

/ˈwestər/

Forms: Old English westere (in a Middle English copy), Old English (early Middle English in copy of Old English charter) westra (weak declension, masculine), late Old English wæsterra (weak declension, masculine), late Old English wæstra (weak declension, masculine), Middle English–1500s westre, late Middle English westir, late Middle English westyr, late Middle English– wester; Scottish pre-1700 ouster, pre-1700 vaster, pre-1700 vester, pre-1700 vestir, pre-1700 voster, pre-1700 wastir, pre-1700 wathstir, pre-1700 watstir, pre-1700 weister, pre-1700 westir, pre-1700 westre, pre-1700 westyr, pre-1700 woister, pre-1700 woster, pre-1700 1700s– wester, pre-1700 1800s– waster, 1800s waaster (Shetland), 1900s– wastre.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian westra , westera , wester , Middle Dutch wester , Middle Low German wester , Old High German westar (Middle High German wester ), Old Icelandic vestri , vestari (Icelandic vestar ), Norwegian vestre , Old Swedish västre (Swedish västra ), Old Danish wæstre , wæster , westre (Danish vestre ), showing a formation ultimately < the same base as west adv. with different suffixation; compare adverb and noun forms with final -r cited at west adv., adj., n.¹, and prep. Compare norther adj., souther adj., easter adj.In Old English attested only in weak forms (west(e)ra , masculine, west(e)re , feminine and neuter), with the ending probably reanalysed as the comparative -er suffix³ (compare the form wæsterra). This word, together with westerne western adj. (in origin a derivative from the same Germanic base), is the usual adjective for ‘western’ in Old English (Old English west is only attested as an adverb and as the first element of compounds); in later use largely superseded by western adj. and west adj. (compare discussion at west adv., adj., n.¹, and prep.). Also attested early in place names, as Westarham, Kent (late 9th cent.; now Westerham), Westrefelda, Suffolk (1086; now Westerfield), Westercaledoure, West Lothian (1170–2; now West Calder), Westerlega, Gloucestershire (1176; now Westerleigh), Westerey, Kent (1254; now Little Wester), Westregate, Sussex (1271; 1230 as Westgate; now Westergate). Very common in place names in Scotland and Newfoundland.

regional (Scottish and Newfoundland) in later use.

Situated or lying (further) to the west; western, westerly. Frequently in place names (esp. in Scotland and Newfoundland).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > West > [adjective]

westwardeOE

westOE

westerOE

westernOE

occidentalc1400

Occidenta1500

Hesperiana1547

westerly1549

westenc1550

westernly1575

westernlyc1595

setting1612

westwardly1651

ponent1667

westing1669

westlin1720

occasive1802

westland1818

westwards1838

OE Bounds (Sawyer 1314) in D. Hooke Worcs. Anglo-Saxon Charter-bounds (1990) 264 Se westra east healh & an stycce þæt west mæstan.

lOE List of Shipmen, St. Paul's, London in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 144 Of Stybbanhyþe & of Gislandune ii, of Orseaþun i, of Ligeandune i, of Seopinglande & of þam westrum Orseaþum i, [etc.].

a1225 ( Bounds (Sawyer 714) in S. E. Kelly Charters of Abingdon Abbey, Pt. 2 (2001) 395 Þonne se westra Crochyrst, þonne oðer Crochyrst.

1389 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1857) III. 261 Totam terram meam de Westyr Badfothellis.

1438 in J. Stuart & G. Burnett Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1882) V. 56 De medietate terre de Westercloveth in Strathdone.

1474 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 33/1 Þe landis of þe westir part of Strathenry.

1520 in J. Anderson Cal. Laing Charters (1899) 82 Of the whiche two chambres the oone is called the wester chambre.

1584 R. Norman tr. C. Antoniszoon Safegard of Sailers f. 7 Keep off from the wester shore, for..the easter shore is deeper.

1613 J. Saris Jrnl. 28 Mar. in Voy. Japan (1900) 43 He was gone to the Wester side of the Iland.

1633 T. James Strange Voy. 35 We had..coasted the Wester side.

1680 A. Haig in J. Russell Haigs of Bemersyde (1881) xi. 309 The apple trees which is within the uppermost waster quarter.

1702 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Royal Burgh Stirling (1889) II. 97 Appointes the dean of gild and conveiner..to visite Mrs. McNairs wester gable and trye the sufficiencie or insufficiencie theirof.

1766 Session Papers in Sc. National Dict. (1941) II. at Cast A cast made betwixt the two lochs for conveying the water from the Wester to the Easter loch.

1891 R. P. Chope Dial. Hartland, Devonshire Easter, eastern. Similarly we have Wester, Nother, and Suther. Fields are frequently distinguished as Easter and Wester.

1898 Shetland News 3 Sept. Whin da sin is ower da waaster planticrab, dat's juist sax o'clock frae da know.

1910 J. White Eppie Gray 5 Ivy bields the waster wa'.

1953 in Sc. National Dict. (1976) X. at Waster The easter-tooners and waster-tooners in St. Monance used to have recognisably different ways of speaking.

1967 in Dict. Newfoundland Eng. (1982) 605/1 They used to live over the wester island summer time, fishin'.

1979 A. Anderson Salt Water, Fresh Water 44 If you get the wind off the shore, like nor'west wind, wester wind, and north-east wind, it seems to turn the cod away from the cod-trap.

2003 T. McCulloch Mandalay to Norseman ii. 24 The isle of Bute, on the wester side of the River Clyde.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

westerv.

Brit.

/ˈwɛstə/, U.S.

/ˈwɛstər/

Forms: late Middle English westre, late Middle English– wester.

Origin: Probably formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: wester adj.

Etymology: Probably < wester adj.; perhaps compare -er suffix³. Compare west v., and later easter v.¹, souther v., norther v.

1. intransitive. Of the sun or other celestial object: to travel westward in its course; to decline towards the west. Also figurative.rare before mid 19th cent. except in the participial adjective (see westering adj. 1a).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (intransitive)] > travel west

westera1413

westc1425

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 906 Þe sonne Gan westren faste.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 2674 Vp-on þe point whan Phebus with his liȝt I-westrid is.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) Prol. l. 136 Esperus gan to wester dovn To haste hir cours ageyn þe morwe graye.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xxiii. 195 And now the lamp of day, Westering apace, had left them still in tears.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. ii. 21 The Sun shines; serenely westering, in smokeless mackerel-sky.

1845 R. W. Hamilton Inst. Pop. Educ. x. 330 Instead of turning to the sun of a once mighty prosperity as now fast westering and going down.

1889 W. C. Russell Marooned I. vi. 96 The moon was westering and looking over our foretopsail yard-arm.

1890 W. Sharp Life Robert Browning ix. 176 There is a rare serenity in the thought of death when it is known to be the gate of life. This conviction Browning had, and so his grief was rather that of one whose joy has westered earlier.

1922 A. E. Housman Last Poems xxvi The half moon westers low.

1932 New Yorker 14 May 39/1 As the sun westered..the huntsmen betook themselves to their clubs.

1981 W. H. Hallahan Trade xii. 295 Otto Dorten sat by his study window..and watched the winter stars wester.

2004 G. G. Kay Last Light of Sun (2005) x. 276 He had plenty of time to think under the summer stars as the blue moon westered through clouds.

2. intransitive. Of the wind: to change to a more westerly direction; to blow more strongly from the west.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow from a particular quarter > change direction > in specific direction

wester1580

veer1582

souther1635

northera1665

backen1800

south1823

southern1859

back1860

1580 H. Smith in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 468 The wind did Wester, so that we lay South southwest with a flawne sheete.

a1665 K. Digby Jrnl. Voy. to Mediterranean (1868) 93 The wind northered vpon vs. Att night it westered againe.

1699 T. Allison Acct. Voy. Archangel 11 We..began to consider..as to our safety in that place, should the Wind Wester.

1823 W. Scoresby Jrnl. Voy. Northern Whale-fishery 373 The wind having unfortunately westered.

1860 W. P. Lennox Pictures Sporting Life & Char. II. v. 142 Anchoring at sunset in smooth water, the wind having westered in Margate Roads.

1913 M. Roberts Salt of Sea x. 233 The wind westered so fast that I nearly jibed the mainboom.

1960 B. Roberts Last of Sailormen 86 The wind having westered and blowing like the devil.

1984 P. O'Brian Far Side of World iii. 85 Reaching Point St Helena..with the wind westering on us we took our departure for the Galapagos Islands.

3. intransitive. To move (further) west; in later use esp. with reference to migration westward across North America.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > West > [verb (intransitive)]

wester1803

1803 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 1 361 Let Germany awake, and give herself a better constitution..and the frontiers of France will wester again.

1875 Chambers's Jrnl. 30 Oct. 692/2 On the usual track taken by sailing-vessels between Upper California and the Isthmus, she has westered, to get well clear of the coast.

1964 F. Manfred Scarlet Plume ii. 145 This is why men have westered. Yes. Beyond the ridge of every horizon lies a new Eden prairie.

1972 N.Y. Times 30 May 37/2 He wouldn't get the girl either, even though he could if he really wanted to. He was the kind who would rather Wester.

2009 I. Hassan in M. P. Bullock & P. Y. Paik Aftermaths iv. 213 So, I westered, first to New England, then to the Midwest, then, sporadically, to the American West Coast.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

n.1849

adj.OE

v.a1413

单词	wester
释义	western. Brit. /ˈwɛstə/, U.S. /ˈwɛstər/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: west n.¹, -er suffix¹. Etymology: < west n.¹ + -er suffix¹. Compare north-wester n. and southwester n. Now rare. A wind blowing from the west; = westerly n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > wind with reference to direction > winds from specific compass points > west west windeOE zephyrOE westc1400 Favoniusc1550 wester1849 1849 T. C. Haliburton Old Judge II. xiv. 65 A wester, agin, is a blustering kind of boy—comes in a hullabolloo, but-end foremost, and kicks away the clouds right and left. 1872 E. Meteyard Doctor's Little Daughter vii. 229 Jack shall put a coracle to keep off the wester. 1913 J. Masefield Dauber v. 45 The wester came as steady as the Trades; Brightly it blew. 1933 J. Masefield Bird of Dawning 234 The wester was still blowing strong and true. 1974 M. J. Moakler Roll On, Grand Banks! (M. A. thesis, Brown Univ.) 116 A chilling wester crept along the swells, Our nostrils smarting with the smell of snow. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). westeradj. Brit. /ˈwɛstə/, U.S. /ˈwɛstər/, Scottish English /ˈwɛstər/, Canadian English /ˈwestər/ Forms: Old English westere (in a Middle English copy), Old English (early Middle English in copy of Old English charter) westra (weak declension, masculine), late Old English wæsterra (weak declension, masculine), late Old English wæstra (weak declension, masculine), Middle English–1500s westre, late Middle English westir, late Middle English westyr, late Middle English– wester; Scottish pre-1700 ouster, pre-1700 vaster, pre-1700 vester, pre-1700 vestir, pre-1700 voster, pre-1700 wastir, pre-1700 wathstir, pre-1700 watstir, pre-1700 weister, pre-1700 westir, pre-1700 westre, pre-1700 westyr, pre-1700 woister, pre-1700 woster, pre-1700 1700s– wester, pre-1700 1800s– waster, 1800s waaster (Shetland), 1900s– wastre. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian westra , westera , wester , Middle Dutch wester , Middle Low German wester , Old High German westar (Middle High German wester ), Old Icelandic vestri , vestari (Icelandic vestar ), Norwegian vestre , Old Swedish västre (Swedish västra ), Old Danish wæstre , wæster , westre (Danish vestre ), showing a formation ultimately < the same base as west adv. with different suffixation; compare adverb and noun forms with final -r cited at west adv., adj., n.¹, and prep. Compare norther adj., souther adj., easter adj.In Old English attested only in weak forms (west(e)ra , masculine, west(e)re , feminine and neuter), with the ending probably reanalysed as the comparative -er suffix³ (compare the form wæsterra). This word, together with westerne western adj. (in origin a derivative from the same Germanic base), is the usual adjective for ‘western’ in Old English (Old English west is only attested as an adverb and as the first element of compounds); in later use largely superseded by western adj. and west adj. (compare discussion at west adv., adj., n.¹, and prep.). Also attested early in place names, as Westarham, Kent (late 9th cent.; now Westerham), Westrefelda, Suffolk (1086; now Westerfield), Westercaledoure, West Lothian (1170–2; now West Calder), Westerlega, Gloucestershire (1176; now Westerleigh), Westerey, Kent (1254; now Little Wester), Westregate, Sussex (1271; 1230 as Westgate; now Westergate). Very common in place names in Scotland and Newfoundland. regional (Scottish and Newfoundland) in later use. Situated or lying (further) to the west; western, westerly. Frequently in place names (esp. in Scotland and Newfoundland). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > West > [adjective] westwardeOE westOE westerOE westernOE occidentalc1400 Occidenta1500 Hesperiana1547 westerly1549 westenc1550 westernly1575 westernlyc1595 setting1612 westwardly1651 ponent1667 westing1669 westlin1720 occasive1802 westland1818 westwards1838 OE Bounds (Sawyer 1314) in D. Hooke Worcs. Anglo-Saxon Charter-bounds (1990) 264 Se westra east healh & an stycce þæt west mæstan. lOE List of Shipmen, St. Paul's, London in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 144 Of Stybbanhyþe & of Gislandune ii, of Orseaþun i, of Ligeandune i, of Seopinglande & of þam westrum Orseaþum i, [etc.]. a1225 ( Bounds (Sawyer 714) in S. E. Kelly Charters of Abingdon Abbey, Pt. 2 (2001) 395 Þonne se westra Crochyrst, þonne oðer Crochyrst. 1389 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1857) III. 261 Totam terram meam de Westyr Badfothellis. 1438 in J. Stuart & G. Burnett Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1882) V. 56 De medietate terre de Westercloveth in Strathdone. 1474 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 33/1 Þe landis of þe westir part of Strathenry. 1520 in J. Anderson Cal. Laing Charters (1899) 82 Of the whiche two chambres the oone is called the wester chambre. 1584 R. Norman tr. C. Antoniszoon Safegard of Sailers f. 7 Keep off from the wester shore, for..the easter shore is deeper. 1613 J. Saris Jrnl. 28 Mar. in Voy. Japan (1900) 43 He was gone to the Wester side of the Iland. 1633 T. James Strange Voy. 35 We had..coasted the Wester side. 1680 A. Haig in J. Russell Haigs of Bemersyde (1881) xi. 309 The apple trees which is within the uppermost waster quarter. 1702 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Royal Burgh Stirling (1889) II. 97 Appointes the dean of gild and conveiner..to visite Mrs. McNairs wester gable and trye the sufficiencie or insufficiencie theirof. 1766 Session Papers in Sc. National Dict. (1941) II. at Cast A cast made betwixt the two lochs for conveying the water from the Wester to the Easter loch. 1891 R. P. Chope Dial. Hartland, Devonshire Easter, eastern. Similarly we have Wester, Nother, and Suther. Fields are frequently distinguished as Easter and Wester. 1898 Shetland News 3 Sept. Whin da sin is ower da waaster planticrab, dat's juist sax o'clock frae da know. 1910 J. White Eppie Gray 5 Ivy bields the waster wa'. 1953 in Sc. National Dict. (1976) X. at Waster The easter-tooners and waster-tooners in St. Monance used to have recognisably different ways of speaking. 1967 in Dict. Newfoundland Eng. (1982) 605/1 They used to live over the wester island summer time, fishin'. 1979 A. Anderson Salt Water, Fresh Water 44 If you get the wind off the shore, like nor'west wind, wester wind, and north-east wind, it seems to turn the cod away from the cod-trap. 2003 T. McCulloch Mandalay to Norseman ii. 24 The isle of Bute, on the wester side of the River Clyde. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). westerv. Brit. /ˈwɛstə/, U.S. /ˈwɛstər/ Forms: late Middle English westre, late Middle English– wester. Origin: Probably formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: wester adj. Etymology: Probably < wester adj.; perhaps compare -er suffix³. Compare west v., and later easter v.¹, souther v., norther v. 1. intransitive. Of the sun or other celestial object: to travel westward in its course; to decline towards the west. Also figurative.rare before mid 19th cent. except in the participial adjective (see westering adj. 1a). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (intransitive)] > travel west westera1413 westc1425 a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 906 Þe sonne Gan westren faste. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 2674 Vp-on þe point whan Phebus with his liȝt I-westrid is. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) Prol. l. 136 Esperus gan to wester dovn To haste hir cours ageyn þe morwe graye. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xxiii. 195 And now the lamp of day, Westering apace, had left them still in tears. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. ii. 21 The Sun shines; serenely westering, in smokeless mackerel-sky. 1845 R. W. Hamilton Inst. Pop. Educ. x. 330 Instead of turning to the sun of a once mighty prosperity as now fast westering and going down. 1889 W. C. Russell Marooned I. vi. 96 The moon was westering and looking over our foretopsail yard-arm. 1890 W. Sharp Life Robert Browning ix. 176 There is a rare serenity in the thought of death when it is known to be the gate of life. This conviction Browning had, and so his grief was rather that of one whose joy has westered earlier. 1922 A. E. Housman Last Poems xxvi The half moon westers low. 1932 New Yorker 14 May 39/1 As the sun westered..the huntsmen betook themselves to their clubs. 1981 W. H. Hallahan Trade xii. 295 Otto Dorten sat by his study window..and watched the winter stars wester. 2004 G. G. Kay Last Light of Sun (2005) x. 276 He had plenty of time to think under the summer stars as the blue moon westered through clouds. 2. intransitive. Of the wind: to change to a more westerly direction; to blow more strongly from the west. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow from a particular quarter > change direction > in specific direction wester1580 veer1582 souther1635 northera1665 backen1800 south1823 southern1859 back1860 1580 H. Smith in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 468 The wind did Wester, so that we lay South southwest with a flawne sheete. a1665 K. Digby Jrnl. Voy. to Mediterranean (1868) 93 The wind northered vpon vs. Att night it westered againe. 1699 T. Allison Acct. Voy. Archangel 11 We..began to consider..as to our safety in that place, should the Wind Wester. 1823 W. Scoresby Jrnl. Voy. Northern Whale-fishery 373 The wind having unfortunately westered. 1860 W. P. Lennox Pictures Sporting Life & Char. II. v. 142 Anchoring at sunset in smooth water, the wind having westered in Margate Roads. 1913 M. Roberts Salt of Sea x. 233 The wind westered so fast that I nearly jibed the mainboom. 1960 B. Roberts Last of Sailormen 86 The wind having westered and blowing like the devil. 1984 P. O'Brian Far Side of World iii. 85 Reaching Point St Helena..with the wind westering on us we took our departure for the Galapagos Islands. 3. intransitive. To move (further) west; in later use esp. with reference to migration westward across North America. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > West > [verb (intransitive)] wester1803 1803 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 1 361 Let Germany awake, and give herself a better constitution..and the frontiers of France will wester again. 1875 Chambers's Jrnl. 30 Oct. 692/2 On the usual track taken by sailing-vessels between Upper California and the Isthmus, she has westered, to get well clear of the coast. 1964 F. Manfred Scarlet Plume ii. 145 This is why men have westered. Yes. Beyond the ridge of every horizon lies a new Eden prairie. 1972 N.Y. Times 30 May 37/2 He wouldn't get the girl either, even though he could if he really wanted to. He was the kind who would rather Wester. 2009 I. Hassan in M. P. Bullock & P. Y. Paik Aftermaths iv. 213 So, I westered, first to New England, then to the Midwest, then, sporadically, to the American West Coast. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1849adj.OEv.a1413
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