boyarn.

Brit.

/ˈbɔɪɑː/,

/ˈbəʊjɑː/,

/bəʊˈjɑː/, U.S.

/boʊˈjɑr/

Forms:

α. 1500s boiaren, 1500s boiaron, 1600s boyaren, 1800s boyarine, 1800s– boyarin, 1900s– boiarin.

β. 1600s– bojar, 1600s– boyar, 1800s boiar.

γ. 1700s– boyard Brit. /ˈbɔɪəd/, /ˈbɔɪɑːd/, U.S. /ˈbɔɪərd/.

Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymons: Russian bojarin", bojare.

Etymology: In α. forms < Old Russian bojarin" (also boljarin" ; Russian (now historical) bojarin ) high-ranking member of the Muscovite Russian aristocracy of the 15th–17th centuries, in earlier sources (chiefly Old Russian chronicles) also feudal landowner, chief adviser of a Slavic prince; further etymology uncertain and disputed. In β. forms < Old Russian bojare (Russian bojare ), nominative plural of bojarin" . In γ. forms apparently after French boyard (1721; 1571 in Middle French as boyart ), alteration (with suffix substitution: compare -ard , -art -ard suffix) of †boyare (1415 in Middle French; also 1575 in Middle French as †boyar , 1637 as †boiare , 1692 as boïar (now rare), etc.) < Old Russian bojare . In sense 2 after Romanian (now historical) boier member of a landowning, privileged, and politically powerful class in Wallachia, Moldavia, and latterly Romania (1432), itself < a South Slavonic language, probably Bulgarian. Compare Old Church Slavonic boljarinŭ, (in later sources) bojarinŭ grandee (plural boljare; Bulgarian boljarin), Polish bojar, bojarzyn (both early 15th cent., the former originally denoting a Muscovite Russian or Lithuanian nobleman, the latter originally in sense ‘soldier, warrior’).The Slavonic word was also borrowed into other European languages; compare Byzantine Greek βοϊλᾶς (singular), βοϊλάδες, βολιάδες (plural), Serbian and Croatian boljar ( < Old Church Slavonic and Bulgarian respectively), Middle High German boyar (1331; German Bojar, Bojare, †Boyar; < Russian), post-classical Latin boiarus (1470 in a Polish source), Italian (now historical) boiaro (1550 in a translation of a post-classical Latin work about Muscovite Russia; subsequently from the 19th cent.; also †bogliaro, †boiar, †bojaro, etc.; < post-classical Latin), also boiardo (1674; < French).

a. A member of an order of Russian aristocracy, next in rank to a prince. Now historical.Boyars were entitled to many exclusive privileges, and held high military and civil offices. The order was abolished by Peter the Great.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] > member of > Russian

boyar1555

1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 289 ^v They are compelled to bee at theyr owne charges, excepte the younge gentelmen the soonnes of the Boiarons, that is, the noble men of the lowest degree.

1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xi. f. 34^v The Emperours of Russia giue the name of counsellour to diuers of their chiefe Nobilitie... These are called Boiarens.

1607 W. Russell Rep. Massacre in Citty of Mosco sig. A4^v The widdowes, and daughters of the great Lordes, and Boyars of the countrie.

a1618 W. Raleigh Maxims of State in Remains (1661) 43 As the Turk, his Ianizaries; the Russe, his Boyarens.

1676 London Gaz. No. 1077/1 Then the Bojars, which are the most eminent persons in this Countrey.

1716 J. Perry State of Russia 142 The old Boyars..ruled the former Czars by whatsoever superstitious and biggotted Schemes and Notions they had a Mind to.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 77 Not only the common people but many of the boyards or nobles.

1819 T. Hope Anastasius (1820) II. xii. 275 You must have heard of the wealthy Vakareskolo, Cresus of Boyars,—he who thought himself so secure from being fleeced.

1865 Spectator 11 Feb. 151 The older families of Russia retain the traditions of the boyars and of their power to a dangerous degree.

1947 K. S. Walker Brief for Ballet 49 A Latvian tale..about the rivalry between a daughter and her step-mother for the favours of a young boyard.

1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) ii. i. 45 Feuding within princely families was a constant problem, while retainers, both boyars and peasants, were able to transfer their allegiance from one to another.

b. In extended use: a landowning, privileged, or politically powerful Russian.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > power > [noun] > powerful person or body > powerful person

mightfula1325

mightya1382

potestatec1384

mightanda1400

potentatec1475

potent1568

leviathan1606

grandeur1632

strongman1764

huzoor1776

hegemon1829

prince1841

boyar1846

power-holder1854

baron1876

overlord1908

ayatollah1979

the mind > possession > possessor > [noun] > owner > landowner > other specific landowners

lord1653

poligar1672

talukdār1793

mirasdar1796

boyar1846

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] > member of > in former Soviet Union or communist countries

nomenklatura1958

nomenclature1959

boyar1968

1846 Times 15 May 5/2 The elegant society of Naples employs its leisure moments in turning into ridicule her Muscovite Majesty, as well as all the boyards, male and female, that accompany her.

1879 H. S. Edwards Russians I. 202 The rich ‘boyars’ (as foreigners persist in styling the Russian proprietors of the present day).

1968 G. F. Hudson Fifty Years of Communism ix. 109 All was not well even for the new ‘boyars of the bureaucracy’.

2005 Wall St. Jrnl. 18 Mar. (Central ed.) a1/3 The spectacular assault on the electricity boyar and privatization architect shows Russian business's Wild West era may not be over.

2. A member of a landowning, privileged, and politically powerful class in Wallachia and Moldavia, and latterly Romania, who remained influential into the early 20th cent. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1660 A. Moore Compend. Hist. Turks 1434 The Turks totally defeated the Prince of Vallachia,..8000 being slain upon the place, and a great number of prisoners taken; among whom, were divers Boyars, the principal Officers of that Prince.

1789 Times 10 Dec. 2/1 The Boyars and Nobles, with the Clergy, went out in a body to meet the Prince de Cobourg, who in the midst of them made his entrance into the city [sc. Bucharest].

1858 Times 28 Aug. 10/1 The Boyards [of Romania] are not an aristocracy of birth or wealth; they are simply a privileged class.

1897 B. Stoker Dracula iii. 29 This he afterwards explained by saying that to a boyar the pride of his house and name is his own pride.

1939 E. Lengyel Danube iii. ii. 389 He [sc. the peasant] was given land after the [First World] War from the boyars' large estates.

1975 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 35 72 The villas of pre-1914 Bucharest easily compare to some of the most lavish residences built in the United States during that era, although the typical owner was a wealthy boyar or merchant rather than an industrialist.

2005 R. Sabates-Wheeler Cooperation in Romanian Countryside 73 When the communist government expropriated the land of Boyars and large landholders in the 1940s, these lands were generally incorporated into newly formed State Cooperative farms.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	boyar
释义	boyarn. Brit. /ˈbɔɪɑː/, /ˈbəʊjɑː/, /bəʊˈjɑː/, U.S. /boʊˈjɑr/ Forms: α. 1500s boiaren, 1500s boiaron, 1600s boyaren, 1800s boyarine, 1800s– boyarin, 1900s– boiarin. β. 1600s– bojar, 1600s– boyar, 1800s boiar. γ. 1700s– boyard Brit. /ˈbɔɪəd/, /ˈbɔɪɑːd/, U.S. /ˈbɔɪərd/. Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymons: Russian bojarin", bojare. Etymology: In α. forms < Old Russian bojarin" (also boljarin" ; Russian (now historical) bojarin ) high-ranking member of the Muscovite Russian aristocracy of the 15th–17th centuries, in earlier sources (chiefly Old Russian chronicles) also feudal landowner, chief adviser of a Slavic prince; further etymology uncertain and disputed. In β. forms < Old Russian bojare (Russian bojare ), nominative plural of bojarin" . In γ. forms apparently after French boyard (1721; 1571 in Middle French as boyart ), alteration (with suffix substitution: compare -ard , -art -ard suffix) of †boyare (1415 in Middle French; also 1575 in Middle French as †boyar , 1637 as †boiare , 1692 as boïar (now rare), etc.) < Old Russian bojare . In sense 2 after Romanian (now historical) boier member of a landowning, privileged, and politically powerful class in Wallachia, Moldavia, and latterly Romania (1432), itself < a South Slavonic language, probably Bulgarian. Compare Old Church Slavonic boljarinŭ, (in later sources) bojarinŭ grandee (plural boljare; Bulgarian boljarin), Polish bojar, bojarzyn (both early 15th cent., the former originally denoting a Muscovite Russian or Lithuanian nobleman, the latter originally in sense ‘soldier, warrior’).The Slavonic word was also borrowed into other European languages; compare Byzantine Greek βοϊλᾶς (singular), βοϊλάδες, βολιάδες (plural), Serbian and Croatian boljar ( < Old Church Slavonic and Bulgarian respectively), Middle High German boyar (1331; German Bojar, Bojare, †Boyar; < Russian), post-classical Latin boiarus (1470 in a Polish source), Italian (now historical) boiaro (1550 in a translation of a post-classical Latin work about Muscovite Russia; subsequently from the 19th cent.; also †bogliaro, †boiar, †bojaro, etc.; < post-classical Latin), also boiardo (1674; < French). 1. a. A member of an order of Russian aristocracy, next in rank to a prince. Now historical.Boyars were entitled to many exclusive privileges, and held high military and civil offices. The order was abolished by Peter the Great. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] > member of > Russian boyar1555 1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 289 ^v They are compelled to bee at theyr owne charges, excepte the younge gentelmen the soonnes of the Boiarons, that is, the noble men of the lowest degree. 1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xi. f. 34^v The Emperours of Russia giue the name of counsellour to diuers of their chiefe Nobilitie... These are called Boiarens. 1607 W. Russell Rep. Massacre in Citty of Mosco sig. A4^v The widdowes, and daughters of the great Lordes, and Boyars of the countrie. a1618 W. Raleigh Maxims of State in Remains (1661) 43 As the Turk, his Ianizaries; the Russe, his Boyarens. 1676 London Gaz. No. 1077/1 Then the Bojars, which are the most eminent persons in this Countrey. 1716 J. Perry State of Russia 142 The old Boyars..ruled the former Czars by whatsoever superstitious and biggotted Schemes and Notions they had a Mind to. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 77 Not only the common people but many of the boyards or nobles. 1819 T. Hope Anastasius (1820) II. xii. 275 You must have heard of the wealthy Vakareskolo, Cresus of Boyars,—he who thought himself so secure from being fleeced. 1865 Spectator 11 Feb. 151 The older families of Russia retain the traditions of the boyars and of their power to a dangerous degree. 1947 K. S. Walker Brief for Ballet 49 A Latvian tale..about the rivalry between a daughter and her step-mother for the favours of a young boyard. 1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) ii. i. 45 Feuding within princely families was a constant problem, while retainers, both boyars and peasants, were able to transfer their allegiance from one to another. b. In extended use: a landowning, privileged, or politically powerful Russian. ΘΚΠ society > authority > power > [noun] > powerful person or body > powerful person mightfula1325 mightya1382 potestatec1384 mightanda1400 potentatec1475 potent1568 leviathan1606 grandeur1632 strongman1764 huzoor1776 hegemon1829 prince1841 boyar1846 power-holder1854 baron1876 overlord1908 ayatollah1979 the mind > possession > possessor > [noun] > owner > landowner > other specific landowners lord1653 poligar1672 talukdār1793 mirasdar1796 boyar1846 society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] > member of > in former Soviet Union or communist countries nomenklatura1958 nomenclature1959 boyar1968 1846 Times 15 May 5/2 The elegant society of Naples employs its leisure moments in turning into ridicule her Muscovite Majesty, as well as all the boyards, male and female, that accompany her. 1879 H. S. Edwards Russians I. 202 The rich ‘boyars’ (as foreigners persist in styling the Russian proprietors of the present day). 1968 G. F. Hudson Fifty Years of Communism ix. 109 All was not well even for the new ‘boyars of the bureaucracy’. 2005 Wall St. Jrnl. 18 Mar. (Central ed.) a1/3 The spectacular assault on the electricity boyar and privatization architect shows Russian business's Wild West era may not be over. 2. A member of a landowning, privileged, and politically powerful class in Wallachia and Moldavia, and latterly Romania, who remained influential into the early 20th cent. Now historical. ΚΠ 1660 A. Moore Compend. Hist. Turks 1434 The Turks totally defeated the Prince of Vallachia,..8000 being slain upon the place, and a great number of prisoners taken; among whom, were divers Boyars, the principal Officers of that Prince. 1789 Times 10 Dec. 2/1 The Boyars and Nobles, with the Clergy, went out in a body to meet the Prince de Cobourg, who in the midst of them made his entrance into the city [sc. Bucharest]. 1858 Times 28 Aug. 10/1 The Boyards [of Romania] are not an aristocracy of birth or wealth; they are simply a privileged class. 1897 B. Stoker Dracula iii. 29 This he afterwards explained by saying that to a boyar the pride of his house and name is his own pride. 1939 E. Lengyel Danube iii. ii. 389 He [sc. the peasant] was given land after the [First World] War from the boyars' large estates. 1975 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 35 72 The villas of pre-1914 Bucharest easily compare to some of the most lavish residences built in the United States during that era, although the typical owner was a wealthy boyar or merchant rather than an industrialist. 2005 R. Sabates-Wheeler Cooperation in Romanian Countryside 73 When the communist government expropriated the land of Boyars and large landholders in the 1940s, these lands were generally incorporated into newly formed State Cooperative farms. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1555
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