† ruskn.¹

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Perhaps formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rusk v.¹

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic rusk act of shaking, Old Swedish rusk noise, disturbance, uproar, both < the respective Scandinavian verbs cited at rusk v.¹), or perhaps < rusk v.¹, although in either case the semantic development is difficult to account for.

Scottish. Obsolete.

A blow, esp. with something sharp or pointed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > impact > striking > [noun] > a stroke or blow

dintc897

swengOE

shutec1000

kill?c1225

swipc1275

stroke1297

dentc1325

touchc1325

knock1377

knalc1380

swapc1384

woundc1384

smitinga1398

lush?a1400

sowa1400

swaipa1400

wapc1400

smita1425

popc1425

rumbelowc1425

hitc1450

clope1481

rimmel1487

blow1488

dinga1500

quartera1500

ruska1500

tucka1500

recounterc1515

palta1522

nolpc1540

swoop1544

push1561

smot1566

veny1578

remnant1580

venue1591

cuff1610

poltc1610

dust1611

tank1686

devel1787

dunching1789

flack1823

swinge1823

looder1825

thrash1840

dolk1861

thresh1863

mace-blow1879

pulsation1891

nosebleeder1921

slosh1936

smackeroo1942

dab-

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Adv. 19.2.3) i. l. 206 To þat boy he gef a rusk,..He dang him with his bow to deid.

a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander 3232 That hors or man that he gat in his tusk Or on his horn he gaue him sic ane rusk That hors or man he bair doun to the ground.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2019).

ruskn.²

Brit.

/rʌsk/, U.S.

/rəsk/

Forms: 1500s–1600s ruske, 1500s– rusk.

Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish rosca.

Etymology: < Spanish rosca coil of bread (beginning of the 14th cent.; short for rosca de pan (c1280)), specific use of rosca act of twisting or turning, act of coiling up (c1275), cognate with Portuguese rosca twisted object, coil, also twisted roll of bread (mid 16th cent.), further etymology uncertain and disputed, perhaps a loanword < a pre-Romance substratum language (see further J. Corominas Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (1981) at rosca).

a. Originally: bread or cake broken into small pieces and hardened by rebaking, esp. for use as ship's stores. In later use: plain or sweet bread which has been baked twice until it is dry and crisp.Originating as a convenient way to preserve bread or cake, various forms of rusk are found as a traditional food in different countries, esp. in northern Europe, Russia, Greece, and South Africa (see 1b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > crispbread or rusk > [noun]

biscuit?a1400

rusk1589

boer rusk1902

Ryvita1925

crispbread1926

1589 E. Hayes in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 690 Nowe hauing..put aboorde our prouision, which was wines, bread or ruske, fishe wette and drie, sweete oyles.

1595 Drake's Voy. (1849) 15 The provision..was seven or eight cakes of bisked or rusk for a man.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary ii. 192 His new men grew weake with feeding onely upon ruske.

1639 T. Lechford Note-bk. (1885) 113 You must..have some refreshments besides the ships provisions,..that is, some suger and fine ruske or bisket.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 23 A large Basket of Rusk or Bisket of their kind.

1788 G. Keate Acct. Pelew Islands iii. 32 A canister of tea, a canister of sugar-candy, and a jar of rusk.

1821 W. Scott Pirate III. iii. 61 Naething to eat but a mouthful of Norway rusk.

1849 Prairie Farmer Mar. 78/2 Set in oven for half an hour, then cover it thickly with pounded rusk or bread crumbs, and set back for half an hour.

1866 W. D. Howells Venetian Life xx. 330 A thin waferish slice of toasted rusk.

1884 Celtic Mag. Nov. 11 At length a small privateer from Dunkirk, laden with rusk, managed to run the blockade.

1996 A. L. Lucas tr. C. Collodi Adventures of Pinocchio xxxv. 156 The ship was laden not only with preserved meat in tins, but with ship's biscuit, otherwise known as rusk.

2007 L. A. Coben Anna's Shtetl xxiv. 148 They struck a bargain, giving him two pieces of their bread in exchange for his two apples, fresh fruit to break the monotony of eating rusk.

b. A piece of plain or sweet bread which has been baked twice to form a light biscuit; (South African) such bread sliced into rectangles or broken into chunks before the second baking; = boerebeskuit n.In some countries rusks are widely used as a food for babies and children, whereas in South Africa they are a popular accompaniment to coffee or tea.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > crispbread or rusk > [noun] > a rusk

rusk1685

ruskinc1803

1685 T. Phelps True Acct. Captivity 18 We shar'd our Bread, which came to two half Rusks a peice.

1725 ‘C. Comb-Brush’ Every Man mind his Own Business 32 You eat six or seven Rusks with a Three-penny Dish of Chocolate, which is your common Dinner when abroad.

1784 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children 81 On the same account, rusks, and biscuit-powder are more suitable than bread.

1835 Court Mag. 6 144/2 Breakfast..consists of warm café-au-lait and a rusk.

1869 Atlantic Monthly Oct. 476 A cup of coffee and a rusk (sweet biscuit) were handed to each person present.

1902 H. Duckitt Hilda's ‘Where is It?’ in M. Kuttel Quadrilles & Konfyt (1954) 13 We made ‘Moss Bolletjies’, a delicious bun which every housekeeper prides herself on making a good supply of, as the rusks..are so much appreciated.

a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) i. vii. 49 They were receiving bed-time rusks and milk from their French governess.

1955 A. Delius Young Traveller S. Afr. 102 With tea there was always served either preserved oranges or melon, known as konfyt, or hard, white rusks called beskuit.

1960 H. Carter in First Person Rural (1963) xvii. 161 A cracker tin full of rusks, turned out..to a great-grandmother's recipe.

1999 J. Burchill Married Alive viii. 120 I lay back, sucking my Jaffa cake like a baby with a rusk.

2. Twice-baked bread or cake which has been reduced to crumbs by pounding, and frequently used in foods such as sausages, stuffing, etc.

ΚΠ

1890 in Cent. Dict. Rusk, bread or cake dried and browned in the oven, and reduced to crumbs by pounding.

1937 Times 21 Jan. 20/6 That was particularly so with regard to the rusk and breadcrumb factory of the Golden Crust Bread Company.

1969 E. Porter Cambridgeshire Customs & Folklore Appendix II. 369 Before specially prepared rusk was available as an ingredient of sausages, breadcrumbs had to be used.

2002 Which? Apr. 6/2 The ingredients of Paxo Celebration Sausagemeat and Thyme stuffing were rusk, breadcrumbs [etc.].

Compounds

General attributive, as rusk biscuit, rusk bread, etc.

ΚΠ

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 28 I gave Xury a piece of Rusk-bread to Eat.

1796 J. G. Stedman Narr. Exped. Surinam I. x. 243 This rusk biscuit is made of a coarse rye loaf, cut in two, and baked as hard as a stone.

1836 United Service Mag. Feb. 190 Their whole and sole provision consisted of rusk-biscuits, partly concocted of sawdust.

1882 Mrs H. Reeve Cookery & Housek. 379 Dip in beaten egg, then in fine rusk-crumbs, and fry in lard.

1934 N. Alexander tr. T. Tchernavin Escape from Soviets ii. xvi. 310 We also found a handful of crumbs in the rusk bag.

1992 J. Toomre tr. E. Molokhovets Classic Russ. Cooking vi. 249 When the pheasant is cooked, baste once more with butter and sprinkle with rusk crumbs.

2004 Western Mail (Nexis) 10 Apr. 14 When you're six and over, Barbie's up there with rusk biscuits..something you've grown out of.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† ruskn.³

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rusk n.²

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps an extended use of rusk n.²; or perhaps compare Icelandic rusk dust, powder, Norwegian rusk scraps, refuse, rubbish, dust, Swedish regional rusk scraps, refuse, rubbish, Danish regional (Bornholm) rusk flotsam and jetsam washed up on the foreshore ( < the same Scandinavian base as Icelandic ruska to disturb, disorder: see rusk v.¹).

English regional (north-eastern). Coal Mining. Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

In plural. Small pieces of coal.

ΚΠ

1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 209 Rusks, small slack, or that next larger than dust or dead small.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

ruskv.¹

Brit.

/rʊsk/, U.S.

/rʊsk/, Scottish English

/rusk/

Forms: Middle English rusk; Scottish pre-1700 (1800s– chiefly Shetland) rusk, 1800s roosk (Shetland).

Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Icelandic ruska to disturb, disorder, to shake roughly, Faroese ruska to tear, tug, Norwegian ruske to tear, tug, shake, Swedish ruska to pull, shake, Danish ruske to pull, shake, and (with i-mutation) Old Icelandic ryskja to shake roughly, to handle roughly, Norwegian regional ryskja to pluck, pull, tear, Old Swedish ryskia to pull, tug (Swedish regional ryske)), probably < the same Scandinavian base (with suffixation) as Icelandic rosi refuse, rubbish, Norwegian regional rus, ros, rys rind, peel, fish scale, scraps, refuse, Danish ros wood parings, scraps, rubbish, junk; further etymology uncertain.

†1. transitive. To disturb violently; to shake; to tear or tug up. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > irregular movement or agitation > agitate [verb (transitive)]

weigha1000

dreveOE

ruska1300

commovec1374

to-stira1382

busy?c1400

tormenta1492

squalper?1527

toss1557

jumble1568

buskle1573

agitate1599

disturb1599

to work up1615

vex1627

conturbate1657

jerry-mumble1709

rejumble1755

jerrycummumble1785

reesle1903

the world > space > place > removal or displacement > extraction > extract [verb (transitive)] > pull out or up > violently tear out or up

ruska1300

off-teara1393

ripa1400

whop14..

rivea1425

ravec1450

reavec1450

esrache1477

to plough out1591

uptear1593

outrive1598

ramp1607

upthrow1627

tear1667

to tear up1709

evulse1827

efforce1855

tear-out1976

a1300 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 92 (MED) Per..geyneþ vs no grene..Ne þe ronke racches þat ruskit þe ron.

a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) 727 (MED) Foules fallen to fote & her feþres rusken [v.r. to reste].

c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 190 He ruskes vppe mony a rote Wyth tusshes of iii fote.

†2. intransitive. Scottish. With at. To pluck roughly; to scratch, claw. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (intransitive)]

renda1325

racec1390

sundera1393

shearc1450

ruska1525

rent1526

tear1526

to go abroad1568

raga1642

spalt1731

screeda1801

a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 548, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 18 With his nalis and with his tuskis Sa rudlye at þe rute he ruskis That all was lyke for to ga dovne.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. II. (at cited word) When a horse tears hay from a stack, he is said to be ruskin' at it.

3. transitive. Scottish (Shetland). To tousle or frizzle (the hair). Cf. rusked adj. at Derivatives. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1866 T. Edmondston Etymol. Gloss. Shetland & Orkney Dial. 94 Roosk, to frizzle up.

Derivatives

rusked adj. (in forms rooskit, rusket) Scottish (Shetland) (of the hair) tousled, frizzled; (of a person) having hair of this type. Sc. National Dict. (at Roosk) records the word as still in use in Shetland in 1968.

ΚΠ

1866 T. Edmondston Etymol. Gloss. Shetland & Orkney Dial. 94 Rooskit, frizzled, as the hair.

1932 A. Horsbøl tr. J. Jakobsen Etymol. Dict. Norn Lang. in Shetland II. 729/1 Rusket, having tousled, bristling hair; a r[usket] ‘shield’ [‘chield’].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

ruskv.²

Brit.

/rʌsk/, U.S.

/rəsk/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rusk n.²

Etymology: < rusk n.²

Now rare.

1. transitive. To toast or crisp (bread or cake) into rusk.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook [verb (transitive)] > toast

toastc1440

rusk1765

1765 tr. G. van Swieten Comm. Aphorisms Boerhaave XI. 423 Let the patient be fed with roasted meats of young animals, and river fishes broiled, with bread rusked or twice baked.

1839 Amer. Housewife 125 If broken pieces of bread are put in the oven, five or six hours after baking, and rusked, they will keep good a long time.

1881 K. E. Tyler Story of Scand. Summer iii. 43 The latter is a sweet sort of bread, cut in slices and rusked in the oven—the favorite attendant of the morning cup of coffee.

1890 Cent. Dict. Rusk,..to convert, as bread or cake, into rusk.

1976 ‘J. Herriot’ Vets might Fly iv. 43 Keep him on biscuits and brown bread rusked in the oven.

2. transitive (reflexive). To get into a particular state or condition by eating rusks.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1928 Daily Express 5 Sept. 8/2 Women..have dieted and reduced and starved and rusked..themselves into a fantastic aversion from the pleasures of the table.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

n.¹a1500

n.²1589

n.³1883

v.¹a1300

v.²1765

单词	rusk
释义	† ruskn.¹ Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Perhaps formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rusk v.¹ Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic rusk act of shaking, Old Swedish rusk noise, disturbance, uproar, both < the respective Scandinavian verbs cited at rusk v.¹), or perhaps < rusk v.¹, although in either case the semantic development is difficult to account for. Scottish. Obsolete. A blow, esp. with something sharp or pointed. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impact > striking > [noun] > a stroke or blow dintc897 swengOE shutec1000 kill?c1225 swipc1275 stroke1297 dentc1325 touchc1325 knock1377 knalc1380 swapc1384 woundc1384 smitinga1398 lush?a1400 sowa1400 swaipa1400 wapc1400 smita1425 popc1425 rumbelowc1425 hitc1450 clope1481 rimmel1487 blow1488 dinga1500 quartera1500 ruska1500 tucka1500 recounterc1515 palta1522 nolpc1540 swoop1544 push1561 smot1566 veny1578 remnant1580 venue1591 cuff1610 poltc1610 dust1611 tank1686 devel1787 dunching1789 flack1823 swinge1823 looder1825 thrash1840 dolk1861 thresh1863 mace-blow1879 pulsation1891 nosebleeder1921 slosh1936 smackeroo1942 dab- a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Adv. 19.2.3) i. l. 206 To þat boy he gef a rusk,..He dang him with his bow to deid. a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander 3232 That hors or man that he gat in his tusk Or on his horn he gaue him sic ane rusk That hors or man he bair doun to the ground. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2019). ruskn.² Brit. /rʌsk/, U.S. /rəsk/ Forms: 1500s–1600s ruske, 1500s– rusk. Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish rosca. Etymology: < Spanish rosca coil of bread (beginning of the 14th cent.; short for rosca de pan (c1280)), specific use of rosca act of twisting or turning, act of coiling up (c1275), cognate with Portuguese rosca twisted object, coil, also twisted roll of bread (mid 16th cent.), further etymology uncertain and disputed, perhaps a loanword < a pre-Romance substratum language (see further J. Corominas Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (1981) at rosca). 1. a. Originally: bread or cake broken into small pieces and hardened by rebaking, esp. for use as ship's stores. In later use: plain or sweet bread which has been baked twice until it is dry and crisp.Originating as a convenient way to preserve bread or cake, various forms of rusk are found as a traditional food in different countries, esp. in northern Europe, Russia, Greece, and South Africa (see 1b). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > crispbread or rusk > [noun] biscuit?a1400 rusk1589 boer rusk1902 Ryvita1925 crispbread1926 1589 E. Hayes in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 690 Nowe hauing..put aboorde our prouision, which was wines, bread or ruske, fishe wette and drie, sweete oyles. 1595 Drake's Voy. (1849) 15 The provision..was seven or eight cakes of bisked or rusk for a man. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary ii. 192 His new men grew weake with feeding onely upon ruske. 1639 T. Lechford Note-bk. (1885) 113 You must..have some refreshments besides the ships provisions,..that is, some suger and fine ruske or bisket. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 23 A large Basket of Rusk or Bisket of their kind. 1788 G. Keate Acct. Pelew Islands iii. 32 A canister of tea, a canister of sugar-candy, and a jar of rusk. 1821 W. Scott Pirate III. iii. 61 Naething to eat but a mouthful of Norway rusk. 1849 Prairie Farmer Mar. 78/2 Set in oven for half an hour, then cover it thickly with pounded rusk or bread crumbs, and set back for half an hour. 1866 W. D. Howells Venetian Life xx. 330 A thin waferish slice of toasted rusk. 1884 Celtic Mag. Nov. 11 At length a small privateer from Dunkirk, laden with rusk, managed to run the blockade. 1996 A. L. Lucas tr. C. Collodi Adventures of Pinocchio xxxv. 156 The ship was laden not only with preserved meat in tins, but with ship's biscuit, otherwise known as rusk. 2007 L. A. Coben Anna's Shtetl xxiv. 148 They struck a bargain, giving him two pieces of their bread in exchange for his two apples, fresh fruit to break the monotony of eating rusk. b. A piece of plain or sweet bread which has been baked twice to form a light biscuit; (South African) such bread sliced into rectangles or broken into chunks before the second baking; = boerebeskuit n.In some countries rusks are widely used as a food for babies and children, whereas in South Africa they are a popular accompaniment to coffee or tea. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > crispbread or rusk > [noun] > a rusk rusk1685 ruskinc1803 1685 T. Phelps True Acct. Captivity 18 We shar'd our Bread, which came to two half Rusks a peice. 1725 ‘C. Comb-Brush’ Every Man mind his Own Business 32 You eat six or seven Rusks with a Three-penny Dish of Chocolate, which is your common Dinner when abroad. 1784 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children 81 On the same account, rusks, and biscuit-powder are more suitable than bread. 1835 Court Mag. 6 144/2 Breakfast..consists of warm café-au-lait and a rusk. 1869 Atlantic Monthly Oct. 476 A cup of coffee and a rusk (sweet biscuit) were handed to each person present. 1902 H. Duckitt Hilda's ‘Where is It?’ in M. Kuttel Quadrilles & Konfyt (1954) 13 We made ‘Moss Bolletjies’, a delicious bun which every housekeeper prides herself on making a good supply of, as the rusks..are so much appreciated. a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) i. vii. 49 They were receiving bed-time rusks and milk from their French governess. 1955 A. Delius Young Traveller S. Afr. 102 With tea there was always served either preserved oranges or melon, known as konfyt, or hard, white rusks called beskuit. 1960 H. Carter in First Person Rural (1963) xvii. 161 A cracker tin full of rusks, turned out..to a great-grandmother's recipe. 1999 J. Burchill Married Alive viii. 120 I lay back, sucking my Jaffa cake like a baby with a rusk. 2. Twice-baked bread or cake which has been reduced to crumbs by pounding, and frequently used in foods such as sausages, stuffing, etc. ΚΠ 1890 in Cent. Dict. Rusk, bread or cake dried and browned in the oven, and reduced to crumbs by pounding. 1937 Times 21 Jan. 20/6 That was particularly so with regard to the rusk and breadcrumb factory of the Golden Crust Bread Company. 1969 E. Porter Cambridgeshire Customs & Folklore Appendix II. 369 Before specially prepared rusk was available as an ingredient of sausages, breadcrumbs had to be used. 2002 Which? Apr. 6/2 The ingredients of Paxo Celebration Sausagemeat and Thyme stuffing were rusk, breadcrumbs [etc.]. Compounds General attributive, as rusk biscuit, rusk bread, etc. ΚΠ 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 28 I gave Xury a piece of Rusk-bread to Eat. 1796 J. G. Stedman Narr. Exped. Surinam I. x. 243 This rusk biscuit is made of a coarse rye loaf, cut in two, and baked as hard as a stone. 1836 United Service Mag. Feb. 190 Their whole and sole provision consisted of rusk-biscuits, partly concocted of sawdust. 1882 Mrs H. Reeve Cookery & Housek. 379 Dip in beaten egg, then in fine rusk-crumbs, and fry in lard. 1934 N. Alexander tr. T. Tchernavin Escape from Soviets ii. xvi. 310 We also found a handful of crumbs in the rusk bag. 1992 J. Toomre tr. E. Molokhovets Classic Russ. Cooking vi. 249 When the pheasant is cooked, baste once more with butter and sprinkle with rusk crumbs. 2004 Western Mail (Nexis) 10 Apr. 14 When you're six and over, Barbie's up there with rusk biscuits..something you've grown out of. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † ruskn.³ Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rusk n.² Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps an extended use of rusk n.²; or perhaps compare Icelandic rusk dust, powder, Norwegian rusk scraps, refuse, rubbish, dust, Swedish regional rusk scraps, refuse, rubbish, Danish regional (Bornholm) rusk flotsam and jetsam washed up on the foreshore ( < the same Scandinavian base as Icelandic ruska to disturb, disorder: see rusk v.¹). English regional (north-eastern). Coal Mining. Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. In plural. Small pieces of coal. ΚΠ 1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 209 Rusks, small slack, or that next larger than dust or dead small. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2021). ruskv.¹ Brit. /rʊsk/, U.S. /rʊsk/, Scottish English /rusk/ Forms: Middle English rusk; Scottish pre-1700 (1800s– chiefly Shetland) rusk, 1800s roosk (Shetland). Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Icelandic ruska to disturb, disorder, to shake roughly, Faroese ruska to tear, tug, Norwegian ruske to tear, tug, shake, Swedish ruska to pull, shake, Danish ruske to pull, shake, and (with i-mutation) Old Icelandic ryskja to shake roughly, to handle roughly, Norwegian regional ryskja to pluck, pull, tear, Old Swedish ryskia to pull, tug (Swedish regional ryske)), probably < the same Scandinavian base (with suffixation) as Icelandic rosi refuse, rubbish, Norwegian regional rus, ros, rys rind, peel, fish scale, scraps, refuse, Danish ros wood parings, scraps, rubbish, junk; further etymology uncertain. †1. transitive. To disturb violently; to shake; to tear or tug up. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in specific manner > irregular movement or agitation > agitate [verb (transitive)] weigha1000 dreveOE ruska1300 commovec1374 to-stira1382 busy?c1400 tormenta1492 squalper?1527 toss1557 jumble1568 buskle1573 agitate1599 disturb1599 to work up1615 vex1627 conturbate1657 jerry-mumble1709 rejumble1755 jerrycummumble1785 reesle1903 the world > space > place > removal or displacement > extraction > extract [verb (transitive)] > pull out or up > violently tear out or up ruska1300 off-teara1393 ripa1400 whop14.. rivea1425 ravec1450 reavec1450 esrache1477 to plough out1591 uptear1593 outrive1598 ramp1607 upthrow1627 tear1667 to tear up1709 evulse1827 efforce1855 tear-out1976 a1300 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 92 (MED) Per..geyneþ vs no grene..Ne þe ronke racches þat ruskit þe ron. a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) 727 (MED) Foules fallen to fote & her feþres rusken [v.r. to reste]. c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 190 He ruskes vppe mony a rote Wyth tusshes of iii fote. †2. intransitive. Scottish. With at. To pluck roughly; to scratch, claw. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (intransitive)] renda1325 racec1390 sundera1393 shearc1450 ruska1525 rent1526 tear1526 to go abroad1568 raga1642 spalt1731 screeda1801 a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 548, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 18 With his nalis and with his tuskis Sa rudlye at þe rute he ruskis That all was lyke for to ga dovne. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. II. (at cited word) When a horse tears hay from a stack, he is said to be ruskin' at it. 3. transitive. Scottish (Shetland). To tousle or frizzle (the hair). Cf. rusked adj. at Derivatives. Now rare. ΚΠ 1866 T. Edmondston Etymol. Gloss. Shetland & Orkney Dial. 94 Roosk, to frizzle up. Derivatives rusked adj. (in forms rooskit, rusket) Scottish (Shetland) (of the hair) tousled, frizzled; (of a person) having hair of this type. Sc. National Dict. (at Roosk) records the word as still in use in Shetland in 1968. ΚΠ 1866 T. Edmondston Etymol. Gloss. Shetland & Orkney Dial. 94 Rooskit, frizzled, as the hair. 1932 A. Horsbøl tr. J. Jakobsen Etymol. Dict. Norn Lang. in Shetland II. 729/1 Rusket, having tousled, bristling hair; a r[usket] ‘shield’ [‘chield’]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). ruskv.² Brit. /rʌsk/, U.S. /rəsk/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rusk n.² Etymology: < rusk n.² Now rare. 1. transitive. To toast or crisp (bread or cake) into rusk. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook [verb (transitive)] > toast toastc1440 rusk1765 1765 tr. G. van Swieten Comm. Aphorisms Boerhaave XI. 423 Let the patient be fed with roasted meats of young animals, and river fishes broiled, with bread rusked or twice baked. 1839 Amer. Housewife 125 If broken pieces of bread are put in the oven, five or six hours after baking, and rusked, they will keep good a long time. 1881 K. E. Tyler Story of Scand. Summer iii. 43 The latter is a sweet sort of bread, cut in slices and rusked in the oven—the favorite attendant of the morning cup of coffee. 1890 Cent. Dict. Rusk,..to convert, as bread or cake, into rusk. 1976 ‘J. Herriot’ Vets might Fly iv. 43 Keep him on biscuits and brown bread rusked in the oven. 2. transitive (reflexive). To get into a particular state or condition by eating rusks.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1928 Daily Express 5 Sept. 8/2 Women..have dieted and reduced and starved and rusked..themselves into a fantastic aversion from the pleasures of the table. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.¹a1500n.²1589n.³1883v.¹a1300v.²1765
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† ruskn.1

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ruskv.1

Derivatives

ruskv.2

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ruskn.²

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