单词 | profess |
释义 | † professn. Obsolete. The declaration made by a person entering a religious order; = profession n. 1a. Also: the document containing this. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [noun] > document containing profession professc1325 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 8944 Þe abit of nonne heo tok, Ac me nolde hire profes [v.r. professe; a1400 Trin. Cambr. profession] noȝt make anone wise. a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 38 (MED) When sho sall make hir professe, In þe Kirke bi-fore þame alle sal sho haite stabilnes and buxumnes. a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 39 (MED) Þe bref of hir professe sal sho noht haue. a1450 Ordination of Nuns (Vesp.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 145 Þe madyn þat salbe mayde nun sal sit in þe quere a-pon a stole be-for þe prioures stayle with hir prouese in hir hand. a1450 Ordination of Nuns (Vesp.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 145 Scho with hir professe-boke in hir hand. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † professadj. Obsolete. Professed; that has made a profession, that has taken religious vows.Frequently as past participle. Cf. profess v. 1a. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [adjective] > that has made profession profess1340 professedc1440 professionala1450 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 238 (MED) Neuremor hi ne moȝe by spoused zeþþe hi byeþ profes. c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 63 Monek, muneche, ne no frere, Ne no man of religion, Profes ȝef þat he were. c1390 (c1300) MS Vernon Homilies in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1877) 57 276 (MED) Þis ilke Monk..was Monk of Cleruaus profes. 1896 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 169 Young Fathers are, but do not seem [holy]; Profess Fathers both seem and are. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). professv. I. Senses relating to the taking of religious vows. 1. a. transitive (in passive). To have taken the vows of a religious order; to be admitted or received into a religious order by making a profession; esp. to become a monk or nun. Also in extended use. [The form to be professed apparently either arose directly out of to be profess (see profess adj.; French être profès ) or was due to rendering the Latin deponent professus est as a passive. Subsequently apparently viewed as passive in sense, from which the active use at sense 1b was formed.] ΚΠ c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 63 (MED) Relessed Schel hym nauȝt be religioun, Þaȝ he be nauȝt professed. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 1848 (MED) His wif..was professed in the place. a1425 Ordination of Nuns (Lansd.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 143 (MED) Efter þe gospell on þe day þat sho sall be profeste, hir maistres sall..lede hir til þe gree. c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 3683 Folkys that ben amerous, Professed in Venus covent. 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xviii. f. 32 They be all onely p [ro] fessed to god to be his men and women, and to none other. 1560 T. Ingelend Disobedient Child (Percy Soc.) 25 I am profest for losse or gayne, To be thyne owne assuredlye. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxxix. xii. 1030 When she was a very young wench..shee, togither with her mistresse, was there professed and consecrated. 1673 J. Dryden Assignation ii. i. 10 A House of Benedictines, call'd the Torre di Specchi, where only Ladies of the best Quality are Profess'd. 1753 C. Lennox Shakespear Illustr. I. 203 He placed her [sc. his daughter] till his return in a Monastery, where one of her Cousins, named Sister Camilla Biffa, was professed. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. xi. 306 Vivaldi..was told that a nun was going to be professed. 1820 C. R. Maturin Melmoth II. xi. 306 You, Alonzo di Monçada, monk, professed of the order of—, accused of the crimes of heresy, apostacy, fratricide. 1883 R. F. Littledale in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 704/1 This fourth vow bound the monk to continuance in his profession, and even to residence for life at the monastery in which he was professed. 1890 Dict. National Biogr. XXIV. 309/1 He was professed in the Dominican convent at Bornhem, near Antwerp, in 1696, and was ordained priest in 1698. 1939 A. Clarke Sister Eucharia i. 8 The day she was professed a year Ago. 1975 Anglo-Saxon Eng. 4 140 If the manuscript was a gift to William of St Calais around 1083 when the first monks were professed at Durham, it is written in a script..that would have been familiar to the new bishop. 1995 Church Times 3 Mar. 6/4 She entered St Margaret's Convent in East Grinstead, and was professed on Corpus Christi in 1943. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [verb (transitive)] > admit to monkOE orderc1330 profess?1430 cowl1536 clothe1628 monasticize1825 monachize1876 ?1430 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 13 To graunte..to þe Priour of Thetford..autorite and powere..to professe..þe seyd monkes of Bromholm vn-professed. a1450 St. Etheldreda (Faust.) 255 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 288 ‘Take þou..þis mayde clene, And professe hur to religiose’..And professede he in-to þe abbay of Colndy þo þat holy mayde. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 36 In the .ix. yere of his reigne, the Archbishop Anselme professed Gerard Archebishop of Yorke to the yoke of obedience. 1669 A. Woodhead Manner visiting Monasteries Discalced Nuns 8 in tr. 2nd Pt. Life Holy Mother For the professing them, a very great diligence is requisite. 1886 J. Monahan Rec. Ardagh & Clonmacnoise 6 The Bollandists hold that St. Mel professed St. Bridget in his own church at Ardagh. c. Originally †transitive (reflexive); subsequently intransitive. To make a profession; to take the vows of a religious order. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [verb (intransitive)] > make profession profess?1510 to take the vows1845 monachize1876 ?1510 T. More tr. G. F. Pico della Mirandola Lyfe I. Picus sig. b.viv He chaunged that purpose and appointed to professe him self in the ordre of freris prechours. a1556 T. Cranmer Let. 20 Dec. in H. J. Todd Life Cranmer (1831) I. 91 She had a commandment from God..as she said, to profess herself a nun. c1572 W. Forrest Theophilus 325 in Anglia (1884) 7 89 The Iwe proffessed to Sathan, his lorde, By whom hee lyved and dyd all his curys. 1679 J. Leanerd Counterfeits v. ii. 48 Learn of her that teaches by Experience, not to trust those Angel-like bewitching Lips which with such power move, they might intice a Nun professing at the Altar. 1745 R. Pococke Descr. East II. ii. i. i. 4 They [sc. Calamarians] cannot profess before they are twenty-five years old. 1829 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 39 394 The young man went back to France, and professed there in some religious order. 1892 Dict. National Biogr. XXX. 62/1 He professed at Dieulouard in Lorraine, for the English monastery of St. Edward the King at Paris, on 26 May 1675. 2004 Daily Record (Morristown, New Jersey) (Nexis) 4 Feb. 12 a In 1939 she professed as a nun in the order of St. John the Baptist, an order that taught at its boarding school in Mendham. II. Senses relating to other declarations, avowals, or professions. 2. ΚΠ 1463 Burgh Court Bk. Newburgh f. 11v Ihon Anderson..professit hym til fulfyl that his writ purportit. ?1495 J. Lydgate St. Petronilla (Pynson) l. 23 in Minor Poems (1911) i. 155 (MED) She..Professyd to God to perseuere immutable, In hir auough made vnto chastyte. 1531 W. Tyndale Answere Mores Dialoge f. xlv The amice on the heed is the kercheue that Christ was blyndfolded with..now it maye well signifie yt he that putteth it on is blynd, and hath professed to leade vs aftir him in darkenesse. 1678 I. Walton Life of Sanderson 23 They shut up their shops, professing not to open them till justice was executed. b. transitive (reflexive). To declare, affirm, acknowledge, or confess oneself to be something. Sometimes with reflexive pronoun or infinitive understood, or (occasionally) both.Often with overtones of sense 3a. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > acknowledge, avow, or confess [verb (transitive)] kenc975 kithec1000 acknowOE anyetec1175 knowledgec1225 beknowc1325 avow1330 granta1400 acknowledge1481 recognize1509 confess1526 profess1526 testify1526 reacknowledge1550 avouch1606 to take with ——a1653 upgivea1776 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Ciii And professeth themselfe to be pilgrymes in this worlde. 1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 5 Many professe themselues better Philosophers then good Christians. 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene vi. vi. sig. Dd6v Yet did her face and former parts professe A faire young Mayden, full of comely glee. View more context for this quotation 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear i. 67 I professe my selfe an enemie to all other ioyes. View more context for this quotation 1627 W. Sclater Briefe Expos. 2 Thess. 114 Saint Paul is too nice, and professeth puritane, when he reckons fornicators, adulterers..among the damned crue. 1662 Bk. Common Prayer Prayer for all Conditions of Men That all who profess and call them~selves Christians may be led into the way of truth. 1712 Spectator 15 Sept. 2/1 These Authors have profess'd themselves for the modest Man. 1795 W. Paley View Evidences Christianity (ed. 3) II. ii. vii. 198 He probably was, what he professes himself to be. 1838–9 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 75 She professed herself much relieved. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 220 He..professed himself to be snugly lodged. 1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim xxxix. 396 Brown professed himself willing, and on this basis the negotiation was carried on with mutual distrust. 1998 Boxing Monthly Apr. 57/3 Angelo Dundee, in Arthur's corner, professed himself to be ‘shocked as heck’ at what happened. c. transitive. To declare, affirm, avow (something); to acknowledge (someone). Frequently with clause as object. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > assertion or affirmation > [verb (transitive)] vowc1330 anferme1340 affirma1382 willa1382 threapc1386 avow1393 to make oneself strongc1425 maintain?c1430 protest1440 traverse1491 assure1509 ferma1525 verc1540 profess1542 enforce1579 justify1579 aver1582 to take on1583 asserta1604 will1614 assevera1618 positive1656 autume1661 declare1709 obtesta1722 predicate1782 asseveratea1847 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 68 He did declare his own modestie & softnes, and reproued the arrogancie of others, who professed and openly tooke vpon theim that thei were ignoraunte of nothyng, whereas in deede thei knewe nothyng at al. 1557 Bible (Whittingham) Matt. vii. 23 And then wil I professe to them, I neuer knewe you. 1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia sig. F1(2) Hoping..that we would do so much at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iv. ii. 101 Lord Angelo hath to the publike eare Profest the contrarie. View more context for this quotation 1629 P. Massinger Roman Actor Ep. Ded. sig. A2 I were most vnworthy of such noble friends, if I should not..professe, and owne em. 1670 H. Stubbe Plus Ultra 38 Galileo professeth that in the moon there is no rain. 1716 J. Addison Freeholder No. 50. ⁋1 He profess'd it was his Design to save Men by the Sword. 1796 F. Burney Camilla III. vi. ii. 167 He professed his intention of sitting by her, for the rest of the evening. 1826 W. Scott Woodstock III. i. 30 I profess I thought I was doing you pleasure. 1869 F. W. Newman Misc. 43 It is professed that Mathematical science is demonstrative. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 543 Who professes that he will not leave him. 1953 M. H. Abrams in D. Lodge 20th Cent. Lit. Crit. (1972) 2 Recent theorists of art have been quick to profess that much, if not all, that has been said by their predecessors is wavering, chaotic, phantasmal. 1993 Boulevard Spring 170 Our autobiographical tradition professes that true self-writing must break with or close the past. 3. a. transitive. To make profession of, to lay claim to (often with implication of insincerity); to make protestation of (some quality or feeling). Also with infinitive as object: to claim or pretend (to be or to do something). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > assertion without proof > [verb (transitive)] > claim, maintain, or profess to bear (a person or thing) in (also an, a, on) handc1300 pretend1402 presumea1470 profess1530 vendicate1557 pretence1567 intend1570 to show for ——1573 affect1606 to make out1659 purport1679 proport1884 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > insincerity > claim insincerely [verb (transitive)] profess1530 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 667/1 Wolde to God every man that professeth chastyte coude kepe it well. 1553 R. Eden in tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India Ded. sig. aaiij If a man woulde professe to wryte of Englande. 1604 F. Bacon Apol. in Wks. (1879) I. 436 I profess not to be a poet. 1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 3 That love of truth which ye eminently professe. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. Pref. p. viii But perhaps, I have less Abhorrence than he professes for it. View more context for this quotation 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 194 Whose only care..Is not to find what they profess to seek. View more context for this quotation 1826 W. Scott Woodstock III. i. 30 Oh, sir, profess less and practise more. 1842 T. B. Macaulay Frederic the Great in Ess. (1877) 658 It professes, indeed, to be no more than a compilation. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xiii. 269 William professed, and in many respects honestly practised, a devotion to religion beyond that of other men. 1884 Manch. Examiner 3 May 6/1 Mr. Raikes..professed extreme regret at being compelled as an act of public duty to make these painful disclosures. 1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps x. 244 They seemed exactly what they professed to be. 1954 I. Murdoch Under Net i. 17 I've seen her sometimes looking at French newspapers, though she professes not to know French. 2000 T. Hall To Elephant Graveyard (2001) i. 17 The bigwigs, those who professed to be carrying on the work of the Mahatma, were all dressed in white homespun pyjamas. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 79 If you know, That I professe my selfe in Banquetting To all the Rout, then hold me dangerous. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 456 He is dishonor'd by a man, which euer Profess'd to him. View more context for this quotation 1794 R. B. Sheridan Duenna (new ed.) iii. 62 In religion, as in friendship, they who profess most are ever the least sincere. 1849 J. L. H. McCracken Earning Living iv. xii Miss Dubarre..Some people profess to think it is... Minetta..Some people profess too much. 4. transitive. To affirm or declare one's faith in or allegiance to; to acknowledge or formally recognize as an object of faith or belief (a religion, principle, God, etc.). Formerly also †intransitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > school of thought > acknowledge belief [verb (transitive)] confess1509 testify1526 profess1549 the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > acknowledge, avow, or confess [verb (transitive)] > as an object of faith or belief confess1509 profess1549 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. 1 Tim. iv. f. xiii To professe Christ, is not an ydle nor a delycate finefyngred matter [L. non est ociosa aut delicata professio]. 1565 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 372 The securitie of thame professing the said religioun. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 395 Who professed the rule of S. Augustine. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iv. ii. 180 By the Saint whom I professe, I will plead against it with my life. View more context for this quotation 1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes iii. §2. 185 The Amalekites had forsaken the God..whom Israel still professed. 1640 Laud in Neal Hist. Purit. (1733) II. 383 As if he should profess with the Church of England, and have his heart at Rome. 1655 in J. Stuart Sel. Rec. Kirk Aberdeen (1846) 128 Who shall without disturbance practice or profess with sobrietie according to thair light. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Nestorians The Chaldee Christians, who still profess Nestorianism. 1755 E. Young Centaur i, in Wks. (1757) IV. 122 They, that profess deism for the credit of superior understanding. 1773 E. Ives Voy. India 317 The Sanjacks..once professed Christianity, then Mahometanism, and last of all Devilism. 1801 J. E. de Joinville in Asiatick Researches 7 423 Some prince on the continent, professing the Boudhou religion. 1867 R. Palmer Life P. Howard 137 In this year F. Vincent Torre professed two Religions. 1966 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. (ed. 4) v. 79 The Danakil profess Islam, but their practice is lax, and they lack regular priests or teachers. 1989 Yankee May 128/1 Shadrach Ireland..abandoned his wife and children in Charlestown, Massachusetts, came to Harvard where he professed the doctrine of ‘spiritual wifery’. III. Senses relating to professional function or status. 5. a. transitive. To teach (a subject) as a professor. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > systematic or formal teaching > [verb (transitive)] > teach as professor profess?1532 ?1532 Sir T. Eliot tr. Plutarch Educ. or Bringinge up Children iv. sig. Bivv They do prouyde maysters for their children, ignoraunt persones, whiche for a lyttell stypende professeth lernynge of small estimation [L. inscitiam sectantes vilem]. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. i The same time was Martin Luther an Augustine Frere, and professed diuinitie in the Vniuersitie of Wittemberge. 1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. G8v The seuerall Schooles wherein the seuen liberall sciences are professed. 1656 W. Sanderson Compl. Hist. Mary & James VI 98 Buchanan..professed Philosophy at Saint Andrews, and became the Kings Tutor. 1702 in Rous's Academia Cœlestis Advt. sig. A2v That common Learning, which is Profess'd and Taught in our Universities. 1724 J. B. tr. C. Fleury Hist. Origine French Laws p. vii Stephen..put out an Edict against the Study of the Civil Law at Oxford..to silence Vicarius, who began to profess and teach it in that University. 1799 C. Collignon tr. ‘Vosgien’ Hist. & Biogr. Dict. I. (at cited word) Bannes (Dominic), an eminent Spanish divine of the Dominican order..was confessor to St. Theresa, and professed divinity at Alcala, Valladolid and Salamanca. 1871 C. J. Munro in Life Clerk Maxwell (1882) xii. 379 I hope it is true that you are to profess experimental physics at Cambridge. 1906 Sir O. Lodge in St. George IX. 6 Several friends..professing different subjects at the University College in Liverpool. 1994 Sci. Amer. Nov. 93/1 Hölldobler did return to his own university, Würzburg, where his father had professed entomology. b. intransitive. To perform the duties of a professor. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > systematic or formal teaching > [verb (intransitive)] > teach as professor professa1600 a1600 J. Melvill Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 45 Mr. Andro..lyked..rather to be in sum universitie and profes thair as the king's lectors in Parise. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 533 No student in Oxford should publickly professe or reade at Stanford. 1706 tr. L. E. Du Pin New Eccl. Hist. 16th Cent. II. iv. xi. 457 The University..demanded, Who they were? and by what Right they undertook to Profess? 1850 R. Browning Christmas-eve xvi. 56 Down to you, the man of men, Professing here at Göttingen. 1867 J. R. Lowell Lett. (1894) I. iv. 427 If I live this life much longer I shall do nothing but profess and review. 1978 Daily Tel. 17 Nov. 15/2 Today he professes at the University of California. 1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Apr. 4/4 Larry, now professing down the road in nearby Bath, intrudes himself into Tim's idyll. 6. transitive. To make profession of, or claim to have knowledge of or skill in (some art, field, or science); to declare oneself expert or proficient in; to make (a thing) one's profession or business. Formerly also †intransitive. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > make one's profession profess1574 professionize1858 the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > be skilled or versed in [verb (transitive)] > claim to profess1574 1574 B. Rich Right Exelent Dialogue Mercury & Eng. Souldier sig. A iiii Farther mayst thou finde abuses many wayes, In those which do professe the Art. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 6 Ozias as we reade professed husbandry. 1611 Bible (King James) Titus iii. 14 Let ours also learne to maintaine good workes [margin. professe honest trades] . View more context for this quotation 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 827 They..beginne to professe in practise of Physick and Diuination. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvi. 142 The advice of one that professeth the study of the Law. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiii. 358 War was the only art which he professed. 1818 A. Boucher Let. 1 Oct. in Lady Morgan Passages from Autobiogr. (1859) 147 Playing on the harp and piano, which instruments she professes. 1883 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. II. 936/1 When passing his examination, he [sc. Sir W. Hamilton] professed the whole works of Aristotle. 1939 Times 28 Dec. 3/3 Mr Fiddes professed Classics at the examination. 1971 K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic iii. 70 In Gerrard Winstanley's Digger utopia anyone who professed the trade of preaching and prayer was to be put to death ‘as a witch’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1325adj.1340v.c1350 |
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