| 释义 |
promotern. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French promotour ; Latin promotor ; promote v., -er suffix1. Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman promotour, Anglo-Norman and Middle French promoteur (French promoteur ) person who initiates something (c1350), person who institutes a law-suit (a1377 or earlier), person who prosecutes (especially in ecclesiastical law) (late 14th cent.) and its etymon post-classical Latin promotor person who advances or furthers (1261, 1425, 1426 in British sources), prosecutor in an ecclesiastical court (13th cent.; from 14th cent. in British sources), person who promotes to higher office, rank, or degree (1378 in a British source), officer appointed to prosecute students in some Scottish universities (1482 or earlier) < classical Latin prōmōt- , past participial stem of prōmovēre promote v. + -or -or suffix. In later use probably partly also directly < promote v. + -er suffix1. Compare later promotor n.In sense 4c after French promoteur (F. Jacob et al. 1964, in Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 258 3128). The β forms apparently only occur in sense 3a. I. A person who or thing which promotes. 1. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > promotion or help forward > [noun] > one who or that which the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [noun] > rise in prosperity, power, or rank > advancement or promotion of a person > one who advances another 1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt (1931) 30 (MED) To which euel menyng, I was a ful helpere & promotour. 1481 (a1470) J. Tiptoft tr. Cicero (Caxton) sig. c8v Lete vs flee assentacion in frendship whiche is the promoter of vice. c1503 ( Complaynte Duke of Glouceter in R. Arnold f. cix/1 He shulde haue promoters of his nacyon..in the courte of rome. 1530 (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 237 A comforter to them that are desolate, a promoter to the righteful, an helper to the synful. a1568 R. Ascham (1570) i. f. 28 In tyme they be Promoters of both openlie. 1660 R. Boyle xx That great and learned promoter of experimental philosophy, Dr. Wilkins. 1737 H. Bracken viii. 132 A powerful Diuretic, or Promoter of Urine. 1781 D. Williams tr. Voltaire II. 135 Money is the best promoter of matrimony. 1835 iii. 48 He appears to be a great mercurialist and promoter of the business of the apothecary. 1865 10 June 5/1 Dr. Lee,..the promoter of temperance, anti-tobacco, peace, and other ‘progressionist’ causes. 1878 W. E. H. Lecky II. v. 35 [The] leading promoter [of the University] was the Chancellor, Bishop Elphinstone. 1906 30 Nov. 402/2 A sturdy Dissenter, a weariless promoter of Godliness. 1956 J. Barth xx. 187 Don't think..I'm an indiscriminating promoter of suicides. No: I merely hold that those who would live reasonably should have reasons for remaining alive. 2004 (National ed.) 23 Nov. c17 (headline) Dr. Ancel Keys, 100, promoter of mediterranean diet, dies. society > law > legislation > legislator > [noun] > promoter of bill 1652 A. Griffith 13 If it be true what the promoters of the Act, and the persons that reap the benefit thereof did informe the Parliament, That their Country doth abound with ignorance and prophannesse. 1689 in E. M. Thompson 15 Aug. (1878) II. ii. 138 Coll. Birch wase ye great promoter of ye Woolen Act. 1741 C. Middleton I. vi. 441 Cicero himself was the promoter of it, and procured a decree to his satisfaction. 1799 R. Heron V. vi. ix. 1234 Lord Hardwicke was the promoter of a law which obliged the Highlanders to lay aside their peculiar dress. 1841 7 Jan. 5/1 Who, we may ask, dreamed of ‘any opposition’ to the amendments? Certainly not the promoter of the bill. 1863 H. Cox i. ix. 172 The promoters of each bill are required to prove compliance with the standing orders of both Houses. 1898 27 Apr. 2/1 The large majority against this Westminster Bill was in part a protest against the way in which its promoters had lobbied in its interests. 1905 6 149 In all these cases it was a condition precedent to the relief asked that the promoter of the Bill should have obtained a decree of divorce..from the Ecclesiastical Court. 1995 R. Cross et al. (ed. 3) ii. 24 Many Bills contain amendments which are not the work of the promoters. society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > promoter of joint-stock company 1844 11 July 3/6 On clause 5 (enacting a penalty of 20% on any promoter of any joint-stock company for delay of provisional registration). 1884 13 Mar. 385/2 If the Company floats, the promoter gets his money. 1890 c. 64 §3 A promoter in this section means a promoter who was a party to the preparation of the prospectus. 1902 A. D. McFaul 127 Each day brought its new characters, fakirs, peddlers, schemers and promoters. 1929 5 Apr. 12/3 John Reinmuller, the original promoter of the present company, who secured the bond and lease from Parker Liddell. 1989 S. A. Fox xiii. 50 In law, a promoter is understood to be one who causes a corporation to be formed, organized, and financed. the mind > will > intention > planning > [noun] > arranging > planned series of events or programme > one who organizes or promoter 1885 E. J. Guthrie 27 The most celebrated match of this last mentioned game [sc. handball] which took place in modern times was played at Carterhaugh in the year 1815, the promoter of the match being the Earl of Home. 1904 22 Nov. 9/4 Billy Lavigne, the Seattle boxing promoter, who manages the affairs of Tommy Burns, went to Portland over a week ago to look about. 1936 7 Mar. 517/2 We may..put..the total ‘rake off’ of football pool promoters..at not less than 30 per cent. of the amounts staked. 1950 7 Apr. 22/3 This would involve the full co-operation of sports promoters and the B.B.C. 1971 27 May 2/6 The Isle of Wight County Council last night rejected all three farm sites proposed by Richard Roscoe, a promoter, for staging a pop festival. 1986 16 July 34/1 This fight does represent the beginnings of a grandiose series of eliminators—cooked up by the eccentric US promoter, Don King. 2002 Sept.–Oct. 30/2 This promoter of the gigs has put on Bryan Adams, The Scorpions and Pink Floyd over there. 2. 1463 in C. Innes & P. Chalmers II. 131 Neuirtheles the said abbot said that for my lord of Sanctandrois sak that was his promotour..that [etc.]. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Nero) vi. l. 995 His promotour [a1530 Royal promovare] hym oft assayit How of his stat he helde hym payit. 1721 tr. P. B. Du-Bois 182 A Favour discreetly bestow'd, reflects with no less Glory upon the Promoter, than the Person promoted. 1868 E. A. Freeman II. vii. 80 Harold..appears as a special promoter of German churchmen. 1936 28 Feb. 14/1 Promotion..inspires the promoted man to resolve that he will show that the trust has been well placed, that the advancement is fully deserved. Happy then is the promoter and the promoted. society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > [noun] > presenting or petitioning for degree > person who 1699 26–9 June 2/1 Munday last being the Day appointed for the publick Graduation..Mr. William Scot..Promoter for this year..declam'd an Elegant Harangue. 1898 A. C. Fraser iv. 46 In the last year of each course, as ‘promoter’, he presented his undergraduates to receive the Master's degree [at King's Coll., Aberdeen]. II. A person who prosecutes or informs. 3. society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > state or public law officers > state or public prosecutor α. 1485 VI. 347/1 The Office of oure Promotoure, by us graunted unto hym by oure Lettres Patents. 1509 A. Barclay (Pynson) f. cxlixv Sergeaunt at turney promoter Juge or scribe Wyll nat fele thy mater without a preuy brybe. 1566 10 Nov. Such as be infourmers vpon penall lawes and Statutes, commonly called promoters. 1607 J. Cowell sig. Fff4/2 Promoters..be those, which in popular and penall actions doe deferre the names, or complaine of offenders, hauing part of the profit for their reward... They belong especially to the Exchequer and kings bench. 1715 W. Whiston 5 You, Sir,..did yet, the last Winter, offer your self as a voluntary Promoter or Informer, against him, for the supposed Crime of Heresy. 1791 X. 86 The redresser of rights, and promoter of wrongs.—Many a petty offender he sacrificed at the altar of public infamy, while he, himself..was veiling his own offences. society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > [noun] > officer of > prosecutor 1645 W. Constantine 39 Swarmes of dronish people fostered up either in unnecessary services as Chanters, Choristers, Apparators, Promoters, &c. 1761 D. Hume I. 278 Laics should not be accused in spiritual courts, except by legal and reputable promoters and witnesses. 1820 C. Lamb in Oct. 367/1 Amid an incongruous assembly of attorneys, attorneys' clerks, apparitors, promoters, vermin of the law, among whom he sits, ‘in calm and sinless peace’. 1877 2 198 The promoter in this proceeding of ‘duplex querela’ complains in his libel that having been duly presented..the bishop has refused to institute him. 1889 E. S. Roscoe 1 The promoters in the suit were E. Read, W. Brown, T. F. Wilson, and J. Marshall. The respondent was the Lord Bishop of Lincoln. 1897 19 Mar. 12/3 Mr. Harold Hardy appeared for the promoter of the suit; and Mr. J. J. Wright for the defendant. 1913 3 706 All offences against any penal statute, for which any common informer or promoter may lawfully ground any popular action, bill, plaint, suit, or information. 2000 D. A. Spaeth iv. 95 It is significant that Sir George Hungerford was not the only promoter of the suit. He was joined by three other men from Foxham. It is not clear how the other promoters were chosen, but they were most likely members of the parish elite. III. Extended uses. 4. the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > promotion > promoter 1911 J. Y. Johnson 6 Very much better yields can be obtained in the synthetical production of ammonia from its elements if there be employed, as the catalytic agent, iron in admixture with certain bodies as hereinafter explained... These bodies my foreign correspondents [sc. Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik, Germany], for the sake of brevity, term ‘promoters’. 1930 N. K. Adam viii. 241 Many promoters are simply refractory supports for a metallic catalyst. 1961 J. N. Anderson (ed. 2) xxiv. 251 When these promoters meet the benzoyl peroxide in the polymer, they start a chain of events similar to that which occurs when heat is applied. 1970 G. Odian vii. 464 The reactive cyclic ether used as a component of the catalyst system is referred to as a promoter (or a cocatalyst). 1992 31 172/2 In a typical experiment, known quantities of methylamine in methanol, catalyst, and iodide promoter were charged to the reactor. the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > [noun] > drugs used for research 1960 1 July 40/2 If..the urethan acts as an initiator only, or as a promoter only, then the augmentation should operate in one application sequence or the other, but not in both. 1976 27 Dec. 22/3 These carcinogens don't usually cause cancer unless they mix with other agents called promoters. 1991 21 Dec. 1592/2 If we assume that TCDD's are carcinogenic promoters and that they have the ability to stimulate initiated cells to produce a tumour, it is plausible that TCDD could promote overt cancer. the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > other genetic structures 1965 26 Nov. 1127/1 The operator and the more recently discovered promoter..will not be discussed, since it is the polycistronic condition of the operon that is to be emphasized. 1975 13 Mar. 118/1 The promoter has been loosely defined as the site on the DNA where the RNA polymerase recognises some signal which allows it to bind tightly and initiate transcription. 1995 Dec. 36/2 About half our genes have promoters that are littered with CG groups and yet are shielded from methylation. Derivatives society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > specific operations or arrangements > promoting joint-stock company > as reprobated 1872 T. Carlyle in (1882) 26 It is since this last resurrection into life and glory, of the miraculous Commercial-World, that the hitherto dim though long active Genius of Promoterism has burst forth. 1882 27 Oct. 6/7 Word-painting of the diabolical promoterism of the day. 2002 9 7 The unsteady and unbalanced economic growth process in the period of ‘promoterism’ and rapid industrial expansion in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1384 |
