paupern.adj.

Brit.

/ˈpɔːpə/, U.S.

/ˈpɔpər/,

/ˈpɑpər/

Forms: late Middle English– pauper, 1500s pawper, 1600s paiper (English regional); also Scottish 1800s powper.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pauper.

Etymology: < classical Latin pauper poor, not wealthy, meagre, unproductive, a poor person < a first element from the same Indo-European base as paucus few (see pauci- comb. form) + a second element from the same base as parere to bring forth (see parent n.).Compare the following example of post-classical Latin in forma pauperis (see sense A. b) in a British source:1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 12 (heading) An Acte to admytt such persons as are poore to sue in formâ pauperis.

A. n.

a. A person having no property or means of livelihood; a person dependent on the charity of others; (also) a beggar. In later use also in weakened sense: a very poor person.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > very poor person

armeOE

goodlessa1350

pauper1516

bankrupt?1563

gnaw-bone1607

gnaw-crust1611

have-nothing1755

bone-grubber1817

bone-picker1825

lack-all1850

destitute1863

stiff1899

down and out1901

down-and-outer1906

1516 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 396 No lazer nor infecte paupers or poore shall come..within the town.

1779 T. Jefferson Public Papers (1950) II. 477 The free white inhabitants of every of the states..paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be intitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities of free citizens.

1812 G. Crabbe Tales xvii. 318 And he, a wandering Pauper, wanting bread.

1880 M. E. Braddon Barbara III. xvi. 241 You would have found me a disgraced man,..a pauper, without a chance of fortune.

1916 E. H. Porter Just David xx. 263 Paupers don't go to Princesses, and say ‘I love you’.

1956 A. J. Cronin Crusader's Tomb 195 A time-worn plaque defining the intention of the founder to..give Christian burial to paupers and executed criminals.

2003 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 7 Sept. m2 Local governments..have been reduced to confederacies of paupers.

b. Law. A person allowed, because of poverty, to sue or defend in forma pauperis (i.e. without paying costs) in a court of law. Cf. dispauper v.The procedure is no longer used in England, where it has been superseded by the Legal Aid system, but continues to be used in the United States, both in state and federal courts.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > party in litigation > [noun] > exempt from costs on account of poverty

pauper1631

1631 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 73 My Lord Keeper pronounced this order, that the plaintiff should continue pauper.

a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 252 No Court allows..two single Paupers, T'encounter Hand to Hand at Bars, and trounce Each other Gratis in a Suit at once.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. xxiv. 400 Paupers, that is, such as will swear themselves not worth five pounds, are by statute 11 Henry VII. c. 12. to have original writs and subpœnas gratis, and counsel and attorney assigned them without fee.

1943 Fed. Reporter 134 317/2 The plaintiff filed on affidavit that she is a pauper.

1995 Texas Techn. Law Rep. 26 125 In recent years, Texas courts, like their federal counterparts, have been flooded with writs filed by paupers.

c. spec. A recipient of relief under the provisions of the Poor Law or of public charity. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor person in receipt of relief

almsmanOE

beadsman?1529

almswoman1584

relievant1589

almsbasket mana1634

basket-scrambler1647

pensioner1690

pensionary1753

in-pensioner1761

pauper1775

tax-eater1818

colleger1886

soup-kitchener1907

reliefer1934

1775 T. Mendham (title) A dialogue, in two conversations, between a gentleman, a pauper, and his friend; intended as an answer to a pamphlet published by the Rev. Mr. Potter, entitled, Observations on the Poor Laws.

1788 W. Mason (title) Animadversions on the present Government of the York Lunatic Asylum; in which the case of parish paupers is distinctly considered.

1850 Rec. Town of Brookhaven (1880) III. 437 The boy was not a pauper at the time and therefore was not under the controle of the overseers.

1860 C. S. Davies Hist. Macclesfield (1961) v. 267 In-Maintenance of paupers £1027 s.5 d.9.

1925 L. O'Flaherty Informer i. 7 The nearest old man to the door wore a brown pauper's uniform.

1985 Hecate (Nexis) 30 Nov. 43 The New Poor-law stopped this wholesale giving of outdoor relief, and made paupers go into workhouses.

B. adj. (attributive).

That is a pauper; destitute.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor > very poor or destitute

(as) poor as JobOE

nakedOE

voidc1374

naisa1400

vacant1430

(as) drunk, (also mad, poor, rank, weak, etc.) as a rat?1548

Hungarian1608

pauper1690

destitute1735

farthingless1834

pebble-beached1890

piss-poor1945

1690 T. D'Urfey Collin's Walk iii. 90 Coupees low from Pauper drudges.

1706 T. D'Urfey Wonders in Sun i. i. 9 Thou art as Snappish and as Surly as a Covetous Lawyer to a Pauper Client.

1809 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 21 185 To have pauper patients committed to him.

1833 H. Martineau Berkeley the Banker i. i. 10 Our pauper-labourers have taken his work from him.

1887 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm.: Suppl. Nights III. dxlii. 99 'Tis thoroughly well known to me that I am the child of pauper parents.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. viii. [Lestrygonians] 172 They say they used to give pauper children soup to change to protestants in the time of the potato blight.

1987 E. Simpson Orphans (1988) ii. xii. 183 Born in a workhouse..he is looked after by a bibulous pauper woman.

Compounds

C1. General attributive with the sense ‘of, belonging to, or intended for a pauper or paupers’.

pauper asylum n.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > institutional homes > [noun] > for the poor, infirm, etc. > workhouse

working-house1597

workhouse1631

house of industry1679

spin-house1702

parish house1709

poorhouse1727

poorshouse1732

house?1825

union workhouse1830

union house1835

pauper asylum1837

great house1838

union1839

big house1851

spiniken1859

spike1866

lump1874

1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. III. 190 I was grieved to see the magnificent pauper asylum near Philadelphia, made to accommodate luxuriously 1200 persons.

1860 W. Collins Woman in White (new ed.) III. 212 I won't have her put in a pauper Asylum. A Private Establishment, if you please.

1995 Times (Nexis) 14 Oct. The author..draws an important distinction between pauper asylums and those for the middle and upper classes.

pauper coffin n.

ΚΠ

1852 Househ. Words 31 July 457/1 If anyone will imagine a long room filled with pauper coffins with the lids off, he will have a good idea of our dormitory.

1892 R. L. Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker v. 75 The two who had that day flouted me should live to envy my success, or to weep tears of unavailing penitence behind my pauper coffin.

pauper colony n.

ΚΠ

1817 R. Owen New View of Society 29 The beneficial effects of this practice have been experienced..at New Lanark, in Scotland; at Munich, in Bavaria; and in the Pauper Colonies, at Fredericks-oord.

1980 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 1 Apr. b13 Since the 17th century, the islands have served as sites for public facilities: quarantine hospitals, pauper colonies, immigration stations, almshouses, and prisons.

pauper list n.

ΚΠ

1824 Ann. Rep. State Board Charities 952 in D. Loercher Pazicky Cultural Orphans in Amer. (1998) v. 128 The facilities afforded them, in being placed upon the pauper list, operate as so many invitations to become beggars.

1864 W. Allingham Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland xi. 247 Nor is it found to swell the pauper list: The Board on steady discipline insist.

1980 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 19 Dec. 20 This family..had never been on the pauper list.

pauper palace n.

ΚΠ

1810 G. Crabbe Borough xviii. 241 There, in one House, throughout their Lives to be, The Pauper-Palace which they hate to see.

2000 T. May Victorian Workhouse 6/2 The quality of workhouse provision in many parts of Norfolk in the eighteenth century gave rise to the epithet ‘pauper palaces’.

pauper rate n.

ΚΠ

1770 A. Brice Mobiad v. 117 Less than Twopence on the Pauper-Rate.

1839 J. E. Carpenter Poor-law Rhymes 5 Had paid it o'er and o'er In pauper-rates.

1870 W. E. Forster in Times 17 Feb. 7/1 An education rate would save the prison rate and the pauper rate.

pauper school n.

ΚΠ

1841 M. Edgeworth Let. 14 Mar. (1971) 584 I went..to see a pauper school at Battersea established by a certain Dr. Kay a poor law Commissioner.

1873 E. C. Wines Let. 20 Oct. in G. L. Harrison Chapters on Social Sci. (1877) 50 It is only to-day that I received a letter from Mr. E. Carleton Tuffnell, inspector of the pauper schools of England.

1989 A. Schafer Goodstein Nashville 1780–1860 ix. 184 Pearl tried hard to keep the common school from becoming a pauper school.

pauper system n.

ΚΠ

1797 J. Bentham in Ann. Agric. 29 396 As to the work at large, it will occupy two independent, though connected, volumes. Pauper Systems compared;—Pauper Management improved.

1882 Cent. Mag. July 400/2 To make the present pauper system more efficient.

1999 Buffalo News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 26 Mar. 1 b This is a pauper system where schoolchildren share books, lavatories lack toilet paper and teachers and parents pay for extra paper and pencils.

b. Objective and instrumental.

pauper-breeding adj.

ΚΠ

1896 Westminster Gaz. 9 July 3/3 To this condition..things are hastening, mainly through the pauper-breeding principles of ‘Working Man’.

pauper-fed adj.

ΚΠ

1845 J. E. Carpenter Poems & Lyrics 97 Poor-law minions, pauper-fed.

pauper-making n. and adj.

ΚΠ

1823 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 6 Sept. 629 Here has been the pauper-making work!

1896 Catholic World June 368 Their convict and pauper-making drinking saloons.

1906 250th Anniversary Settlement Jews in U.S. 1605–1955 15 They especially care for their poor, but they do it sensibly, and in a way that avoids pauper-making.

C2.

pauper's funeral n. (also pauper funeral) a funeral for a pauper paid for by public or charitable funds.

ΚΠ

1798 M. Wollstonecraft Wrongs of Woman I. v. 124 I have indeed been shocked beyond expression when I have met a pauper's funeral.

1891 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 54 639 The certainty of being able to avoid the workhouse in old age would..increase the desire already so strong to avoid a papuer funeral.

1993 Times Sat. Rev. 9 Jan. 10/1 The Victorians would have called it a pauper's funeral, buried by the parish. Today it is known as a welfare funeral, and it is the local authority that bears the cost.

pauper's grave n. (also pauper grave) a grave provided for a pauper by means of public or charitable funds.

ΚΠ

1845 C. Norton Child of Islands 113 The Pauper-Graves, for whom no church-bells tolled.

1853 De Bow's Rev. July 105 Licence to starve, to rot, to die, and be buried in a fetid pauper's grave.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 937/2 So emboldened and careless did these body-snatchers become,..that they no longer confined themselves to pauper graves.

1992 A. Gray Poor Things (1993) i. 9 Don't pay a penny towards the burial. If Scraffles puts me in a pauper's grave then Hell mend him!

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pauper
释义	paupern.adj. Brit. /ˈpɔːpə/, U.S. /ˈpɔpər/, /ˈpɑpər/ Forms: late Middle English– pauper, 1500s pawper, 1600s paiper (English regional); also Scottish 1800s powper. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pauper. Etymology: < classical Latin pauper poor, not wealthy, meagre, unproductive, a poor person < a first element from the same Indo-European base as paucus few (see pauci- comb. form) + a second element from the same base as parere to bring forth (see parent n.).Compare the following example of post-classical Latin in forma pauperis (see sense A. b) in a British source:1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 12 (heading) An Acte to admytt such persons as are poore to sue in formâ pauperis. A. n. a. A person having no property or means of livelihood; a person dependent on the charity of others; (also) a beggar. In later use also in weakened sense: a very poor person. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > very poor person armeOE goodlessa1350 pauper1516 bankrupt?1563 gnaw-bone1607 gnaw-crust1611 have-nothing1755 bone-grubber1817 bone-picker1825 lack-all1850 destitute1863 stiff1899 down and out1901 down-and-outer1906 1516 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 396 No lazer nor infecte paupers or poore shall come..within the town. 1779 T. Jefferson Public Papers (1950) II. 477 The free white inhabitants of every of the states..paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be intitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities of free citizens. 1812 G. Crabbe Tales xvii. 318 And he, a wandering Pauper, wanting bread. 1880 M. E. Braddon Barbara III. xvi. 241 You would have found me a disgraced man,..a pauper, without a chance of fortune. 1916 E. H. Porter Just David xx. 263 Paupers don't go to Princesses, and say ‘I love you’. 1956 A. J. Cronin Crusader's Tomb 195 A time-worn plaque defining the intention of the founder to..give Christian burial to paupers and executed criminals. 2003 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 7 Sept. m2 Local governments..have been reduced to confederacies of paupers. b. Law. A person allowed, because of poverty, to sue or defend in forma pauperis (i.e. without paying costs) in a court of law. Cf. dispauper v.The procedure is no longer used in England, where it has been superseded by the Legal Aid system, but continues to be used in the United States, both in state and federal courts. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > party in litigation > [noun] > exempt from costs on account of poverty pauper1631 1631 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 73 My Lord Keeper pronounced this order, that the plaintiff should continue pauper. a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 252 No Court allows..two single Paupers, T'encounter Hand to Hand at Bars, and trounce Each other Gratis in a Suit at once. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. xxiv. 400 Paupers, that is, such as will swear themselves not worth five pounds, are by statute 11 Henry VII. c. 12. to have original writs and subpœnas gratis, and counsel and attorney assigned them without fee. 1943 Fed. Reporter 134 317/2 The plaintiff filed on affidavit that she is a pauper. 1995 Texas Techn. Law Rep. 26 125 In recent years, Texas courts, like their federal counterparts, have been flooded with writs filed by paupers. c. spec. A recipient of relief under the provisions of the Poor Law or of public charity. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor person in receipt of relief almsmanOE beadsman?1529 almswoman1584 relievant1589 almsbasket mana1634 basket-scrambler1647 pensioner1690 pensionary1753 in-pensioner1761 pauper1775 tax-eater1818 colleger1886 soup-kitchener1907 reliefer1934 1775 T. Mendham (title) A dialogue, in two conversations, between a gentleman, a pauper, and his friend; intended as an answer to a pamphlet published by the Rev. Mr. Potter, entitled, Observations on the Poor Laws. 1788 W. Mason (title) Animadversions on the present Government of the York Lunatic Asylum; in which the case of parish paupers is distinctly considered. 1850 Rec. Town of Brookhaven (1880) III. 437 The boy was not a pauper at the time and therefore was not under the controle of the overseers. 1860 C. S. Davies Hist. Macclesfield (1961) v. 267 In-Maintenance of paupers £1027 s.5 d.9. 1925 L. O'Flaherty Informer i. 7 The nearest old man to the door wore a brown pauper's uniform. 1985 Hecate (Nexis) 30 Nov. 43 The New Poor-law stopped this wholesale giving of outdoor relief, and made paupers go into workhouses. B. adj. (attributive). That is a pauper; destitute. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor > very poor or destitute (as) poor as JobOE nakedOE voidc1374 naisa1400 vacant1430 (as) drunk, (also mad, poor, rank, weak, etc.) as a rat?1548 Hungarian1608 pauper1690 destitute1735 farthingless1834 pebble-beached1890 piss-poor1945 1690 T. D'Urfey Collin's Walk iii. 90 Coupees low from Pauper drudges. 1706 T. D'Urfey Wonders in Sun i. i. 9 Thou art as Snappish and as Surly as a Covetous Lawyer to a Pauper Client. 1809 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 21 185 To have pauper patients committed to him. 1833 H. Martineau Berkeley the Banker i. i. 10 Our pauper-labourers have taken his work from him. 1887 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm.: Suppl. Nights III. dxlii. 99 'Tis thoroughly well known to me that I am the child of pauper parents. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. viii. [Lestrygonians] 172 They say they used to give pauper children soup to change to protestants in the time of the potato blight. 1987 E. Simpson Orphans (1988) ii. xii. 183 Born in a workhouse..he is looked after by a bibulous pauper woman. Compounds C1. General attributive with the sense ‘of, belonging to, or intended for a pauper or paupers’. a. pauper asylum n. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > institutional homes > [noun] > for the poor, infirm, etc. > workhouse working-house1597 workhouse1631 house of industry1679 spin-house1702 parish house1709 poorhouse1727 poorshouse1732 house?1825 union workhouse1830 union house1835 pauper asylum1837 great house1838 union1839 big house1851 spiniken1859 spike1866 lump1874 1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. III. 190 I was grieved to see the magnificent pauper asylum near Philadelphia, made to accommodate luxuriously 1200 persons. 1860 W. Collins Woman in White (new ed.) III. 212 I won't have her put in a pauper Asylum. A Private Establishment, if you please. 1995 Times (Nexis) 14 Oct. The author..draws an important distinction between pauper asylums and those for the middle and upper classes. pauper coffin n. ΚΠ 1852 Househ. Words 31 July 457/1 If anyone will imagine a long room filled with pauper coffins with the lids off, he will have a good idea of our dormitory. 1892 R. L. Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker v. 75 The two who had that day flouted me should live to envy my success, or to weep tears of unavailing penitence behind my pauper coffin. pauper colony n. ΚΠ 1817 R. Owen New View of Society 29 The beneficial effects of this practice have been experienced..at New Lanark, in Scotland; at Munich, in Bavaria; and in the Pauper Colonies, at Fredericks-oord. 1980 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 1 Apr. b13 Since the 17th century, the islands have served as sites for public facilities: quarantine hospitals, pauper colonies, immigration stations, almshouses, and prisons. pauper list n. ΚΠ 1824 Ann. Rep. State Board Charities 952 in D. Loercher Pazicky Cultural Orphans in Amer. (1998) v. 128 The facilities afforded them, in being placed upon the pauper list, operate as so many invitations to become beggars. 1864 W. Allingham Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland xi. 247 Nor is it found to swell the pauper list: The Board on steady discipline insist. 1980 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 19 Dec. 20 This family..had never been on the pauper list. pauper palace n. ΚΠ 1810 G. Crabbe Borough xviii. 241 There, in one House, throughout their Lives to be, The Pauper-Palace which they hate to see. 2000 T. May Victorian Workhouse 6/2 The quality of workhouse provision in many parts of Norfolk in the eighteenth century gave rise to the epithet ‘pauper palaces’. pauper rate n. ΚΠ 1770 A. Brice Mobiad v. 117 Less than Twopence on the Pauper-Rate. 1839 J. E. Carpenter Poor-law Rhymes 5 Had paid it o'er and o'er In pauper-rates. 1870 W. E. Forster in Times 17 Feb. 7/1 An education rate would save the prison rate and the pauper rate. pauper school n. ΚΠ 1841 M. Edgeworth Let. 14 Mar. (1971) 584 I went..to see a pauper school at Battersea established by a certain Dr. Kay a poor law Commissioner. 1873 E. C. Wines Let. 20 Oct. in G. L. Harrison Chapters on Social Sci. (1877) 50 It is only to-day that I received a letter from Mr. E. Carleton Tuffnell, inspector of the pauper schools of England. 1989 A. Schafer Goodstein Nashville 1780–1860 ix. 184 Pearl tried hard to keep the common school from becoming a pauper school. pauper system n. ΚΠ 1797 J. Bentham in Ann. Agric. 29 396 As to the work at large, it will occupy two independent, though connected, volumes. Pauper Systems compared;—Pauper Management improved. 1882 Cent. Mag. July 400/2 To make the present pauper system more efficient. 1999 Buffalo News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 26 Mar. 1 b This is a pauper system where schoolchildren share books, lavatories lack toilet paper and teachers and parents pay for extra paper and pencils. b. Objective and instrumental. pauper-breeding adj. ΚΠ 1896 Westminster Gaz. 9 July 3/3 To this condition..things are hastening, mainly through the pauper-breeding principles of ‘Working Man’. pauper-fed adj. ΚΠ 1845 J. E. Carpenter Poems & Lyrics 97 Poor-law minions, pauper-fed. pauper-making n. and adj. ΚΠ 1823 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 6 Sept. 629 Here has been the pauper-making work! 1896 Catholic World June 368 Their convict and pauper-making drinking saloons. 1906 250th Anniversary Settlement Jews in U.S. 1605–1955 15 They especially care for their poor, but they do it sensibly, and in a way that avoids pauper-making. C2. pauper's funeral n. (also pauper funeral) a funeral for a pauper paid for by public or charitable funds. ΚΠ 1798 M. Wollstonecraft Wrongs of Woman I. v. 124 I have indeed been shocked beyond expression when I have met a pauper's funeral. 1891 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 54 639 The certainty of being able to avoid the workhouse in old age would..increase the desire already so strong to avoid a papuer funeral. 1993 Times Sat. Rev. 9 Jan. 10/1 The Victorians would have called it a pauper's funeral, buried by the parish. Today it is known as a welfare funeral, and it is the local authority that bears the cost. pauper's grave n. (also pauper grave) a grave provided for a pauper by means of public or charitable funds. ΚΠ 1845 C. Norton Child of Islands 113 The Pauper-Graves, for whom no church-bells tolled. 1853 De Bow's Rev. July 105 Licence to starve, to rot, to die, and be buried in a fetid pauper's grave. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 937/2 So emboldened and careless did these body-snatchers become,..that they no longer confined themselves to pauper graves. 1992 A. Gray Poor Things (1993) i. 9 Don't pay a penny towards the burial. If Scraffles puts me in a pauper's grave then Hell mend him! This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). pauperv. Brit. /ˈpɔːpə/, U.S. /ˈpɔpər/, /ˈpɑpər/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pauper n. Etymology: < pauper n. Compare slightly earlier pauperate v., pauperize v. transitive. = pauperize v. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > make poor or impoverish [verb (transitive)] destroy1297 poverisha1382 apoora1400 impover1418 poora1425 dispurveyc1430 impoverish1440 beggar1528 weaken1530 ruinate1547 ruin1560 depauper1562 depoverish1569 craze1573 soak1577 sift1591 waste1599 impoor1613 uncluea1616 depauperate1623 disenrich1647 necessitate1647 erumnate1676 straiten1699 poorify1711 pauperize1806 pauperate1839 pauper1841 to clear out1884 immiserate1956 penny-pincha1961 immiserize1971 1841 Petition to House of Commons (P.R.O. MH 12/11459) in M. W. Dupree Family Struct. in Staffordshire Potteries 1840–1880 (1995) vii. 316 They are then paupered for life and sink degraded into hopeless indifference to the future. 1879 Ld. Tennyson Falcon i. i Why then, my lord, we are pauper'd out and out. 1960 J. Barth Sot-weed Factor i. vii. 65 What! Are ye paupered then? 2002 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 9 June j4 Mr. Mack's estranged boyhood friend whose drinking has paupered his family. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1516v.1841
随便看	micropublisher micropublishers micropublishing micropublishings micropulsation micropulsations micropulverization micropulverize micropuncture micropunctures micropylar micropyle micropyles microquantity miked up mikehook mikemike miker mikes mikeside mikestand mikimiki mikimoto pearl miking miking-up

paupern.adj.

Compounds

pauperv.