| 释义 |
reignn. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French reigne, regne. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman rengne, reng, reyn, Anglo-Norman and Old French reigne, Old French raigne, raine, reine, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French regne , Middle French reyne , French règne kingdom of heaven (c1000 as ren ), kingdom, realm (end of the 11th cent.), exercise of royal power, sovereignty (c1170), authority (1357), period of rule (early 15th cent. or earlier), (in the natural world) kingdom (1730) < classical Latin regnum office or power of a king, royal state, kingship, monarchy, monarch, government by a king, rule, sway, rule of a particular king, autocratic or despotic rule, tyranny, political control, dominion, kingdom, territory, realm, domain, sphere, in post-classical Latin also kingdom of heaven (Vetus Latina, Vulgate) < an extended form (n -stem) of the Indo-European base of classical Latin rēg- , rēx king (see rex n.1); the Indo-European n -stem is also reflected in Sanskrit rājn- , rājan king (see raja n.1). Compare Old Occitan renh (12th cent.), Catalan regne (13th cent.), Spanish reino (beginning of the 13th cent.), Portuguese reino (13th cent.), Italian regno (12th or 13th cent.). Compare reign v.The γ. forms reflect a development of the French palatal nasal (which is frequent in Older Scots: see N n.); rhyme evidence also suggests the occurrence of pronunciations with [ŋg] or [ŋ] for β. forms and in some instances where α. spellings occur; compare E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §441 note 2. society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [noun] > of king or royal ruler a1300 in C. Brown (1932) 70 Ector..& cesar..beoþ i-glyden vt of þe reyne. c1300 (?c1225) (Cambr.) (1901) 901 Mi Rengne þu schalt welde. 1340 (1866) 85 A gode uele byeþ þer kynges..þet habbeþ casteles, cites and regnes..Þet of hare herten ne byeþ naȝt lhordes. 1372 in C. Brown (1924) 77 (MED) Þei riden þoru heroudis rengne To maken here offringge. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 285 (MED) No womman schulde aftirwarde be eyre of þe reigne of Fraunce. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1515 O stronge god þt in the regnes colde Of Trace honoured art. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) i. 2562 In ȝour repeire to ȝour fadres reigne..ȝe schal me with ȝo lede. c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 992 This is the reyne of libie there ȝe ben. a1500 (?a1400) (1903) 1980 But weilaway! the reufulle Rayne, That euyr launcelote was my fo! a1525 in W. A. Craigie (1923) I. 189 And sen syne neuer falȝeit king of that blud fra the rigne and the crovne of Scotland. 1572 in J. Cranstoun (1891) I. xxxvi. 51 Dyuers duikis and kingis,..Exylit from þair countreis and thair ringis. 1638 W. Lisle Serm. Paschall Lamb 1, in (new ed.) There was slain on yt night in euery house throughout Pharaos reigne the first borne child. ?a1642 A. Garden (1709) 37 His ill rewled Regne. 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer I. iv. 12 A gorgeous train Attend the nymph to Phthia's distant reign. 1776 E. Gibbon I. xi. 304 Though he was acknowledged by the senate and people, the frontiers of Italy, Africa, Illyricum, and Thrace, confined the limits of his reign. 2. In extended use. the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > kingdom of a1325 (?c1300) (Cambr. Gg.1.1) 1057 (MED) In othir stide is mi baillie, Mi regne [v.rr. ryngne; wonnyng] is in heuene litht. 1340 (1866) 83 (MED) Uirtue makeþ man..zuo hardi þat he dar opnyme þe regne of heuene to wynne. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) §5 Manye been the weyes espirituels that leden folk..to the regne of glorie. c1450 (c1350) (Bodl.) (1929) 642 Þe heie God..Þat hevene holdeþ and haþ to His hole regne. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 244 b/2 I shalle drynke it newe wyth you in the regne of my fader. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in 466/1 They shall..awake at the blast of the trumpe, and euer after liue with ye lorde in his reigne. 1594 R. Carew tr. T. Tasso i. 50 Th' angels earst banisht from the heau'nly raine. 1798 E. Butcher xii. 240 The gospel of Christ, here denominated the kingdom or reign of heaven, is a most valuable treasure. 1834 Aug. 404 Two good reasons may be offered why Matthew, the oldest Christian writer, generally prefers Kingdom or Reign of Heaven, to the phrase Kingdom or Reign of God. 1864 Oct. 347/1 By them the very entrance into the reign of God had been obscured. 1916 47 61 It was the reign of God on earth for which he consumed his strength, for which he died, and for which he promised to return. 1994 Mar. 26/2 We're waiting for the reign of God, the peaceable kingdom, the Shalom. the world > space > [noun] > defined or limited portion of space > a particular extent or region > distinguished by some quality or condition c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1441 Queene of the regne of Pluto, derk and lowe. ?c1425 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1879) l. 45 Thow born art in my [sc. Fortune's] regne of varyaunce. 1590 E. Spenser ii. vii. sig. S4 A beaten broad high way..That streight did lead to Plutoes griesly rayne. 1590 E. Spenser iii. iv. sig. Ff6v Like as a fearefull Doue, which through the raine, Of the wide ayre her way does cut amaine. 1667 J. Milton i. 543 The universal Host upsent A shout that..Frighted the Reign of Chaos and old Night. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil 50 Or wilt thou, Cæsar, chuse the watry Reign ? View more context for this quotation 1736 J. Thomson 24 To my near Reign, the happy Isle, I steer'd With easy Wing. 1757 T. Gray Ode I i. i, in 5 Thro' verdant vales, and Ceres' golden reign. 1817 P. B. Shelley i. xlviii. 25 The ocean Which girds the pole, Nature's remotest reign. 1943 J. P. Bishop in 12 124 Only throned statues of the great survey A reign of rubble in a littered day. 2005 J. Lancaster i. 24 The Sybil then accompanied Aeneas into Hades, the reign of Pluto, through the eerie solfatara. the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > kingdom or sub-kingdom the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > the material world or nature > division of natural world 1744 J. Armstrong i. 7 A kindly sky! whose fost'ring power regales Man, beast, and all the vegetable reign. 1748 J. Thomson ii. xi The vegetable and the mineral reigns. 1781 E. Gibbon II. xviii. 90 The venom was commonly extracted from the vegetable reign. 1828 Apr. 397 The spiraculata, on the other hand, enter the vegetable reign. 1864 W. R. Bertolacci xv. 69 The vegetable reign succeeded to the mineral one, which was followed by the animal reign. 1946 M. C. Ghyka vi. 91 A symmetry connected with the Golden Section and unknown in inanimate systems, seems to exist in the animal reign. 3. society > authority > rule or government > sole rule > [noun] > rule or reign > period of a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1963) 3 Kings vi. 1 He is þe secounde moneþ of þe regne [L. regni] of Salamon vp on israel. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) ii. 28 (MED) Þe ferth ȝere of þe regne..þese þre..Werred on Athelstan. 1451–2 in C. Welch (1902) I. 15 (MED) The fest of Seint Michell, the xxxti yere of the regne of kyng Henri the sixt. a1500 (c1400) (1977) 212 (MED) I was..in þe New Troie In þe regne of þe riche kynge þat rewlit vs þen. 1556 in J. G. Nichols (1852) 3 Here beganne the rayne of kyng Henry the third, sonne unto kynge John. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay iv. xxix. 149 b At the time of the deluge..& in the riegne of Ducalion. 1641 J. Jackson i. 35 In the tenth yeare of his raigne, he sent forth a generall Edict. 1667 H. More (1713) v. xi. 442 But Carnality and Externalness, especially after the Reign of Constantine, quickly over-ran all. 1711 R. Steele No. 43. ⁋9 That Celebrated Poem, which was written in the Reign of King Charles the Second. 1788 E. Gibbon V. xlix. 130 During the five succeeding reigns,..the contest was maintained with unabated rage. 1833 C. F. Crusé tr. Eusebius (ed. 2) i. x. 39 It was about the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius. 1841 E. W. Lane tr. I. 106 After a reign of seventy years, he died. 1929 30 Dec. 12/3 Queen Victoria's reign, with all its little restraints, repressions, and pruderies. 1997 J. Williams iv. 107/2 Striking by machine rather than by hand occurred in Turkey during the reign of Abd al-Mejid i (1839–61) as part of his programme of modernisation known as the tanzimat. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 122 Sum cravis of God to end my ring [a1586 regnne]. 1607 R. Niccols 36 All this time of winters wrathfull reigne, When all things did in deepe distresse complaine, Dan Cuckow in the bower of blisse did sing His ioyfull note, where dwels eternall spring. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil 110 This during Winter's drisly Reign be done. View more context for this quotation 1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace II. iv. vii. 14 Yet Summer dies in Autumn's fruitful Reign, And slow-pac'd Winter soon returns again. 1794 J. P. Kemble iii. 44 Sweet bird, that cheer'st the heavy hours Of winter's dreary reign, O, still exert thy tuneful pow'rs, And pour the vocal strain! 1831 J. Foster Let. in (1846) II. 197 A long and proudly imperious reign of corruption. 1867 1 2 Timbrology next had a short reign as a technical term, till Philately..has proved to be the right word. 1924 G. B. Shaw Let. in (1960) 66 I think you will gravitate towards literature after a reign as a postcard beauty. 1981 A. Paton xxii. 187 These rules could be evaded, but their evasion was preferable to a reign of snoopery and an encouragement of informers. 2004 M. R. Pitts x. 30 He tries to put an end to the criminal reign of gangster Big Boy Caprice. the world > time > period > [noun] > a reign as a period of time 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4683 in (1931) I And cardinalis, duryng thare ryngis, Fallowis to princis and to kyngis. 1769 10 Thro' the series of each Papal reign, Did Freedom's votaries bleed at ev'ry vein. 1829 J. Chambers I. 541 After a stormy reign as prime minister, he was, 1742, driven by the opposition from his throne. 1892 23 Sept. 6/7 The brightest page in the history of the Catholic Church of the country would be that which recorded the reign of Archbishop Eyre. 1926 10 Dec. 7/1 Before Huddersfield Town entered on their reign as champions Liverpool were the leading team in the Football League for two years. 1978 13 Oct. 6/3 Dr. Hilliard chronicles the Mission's history..using the reigns, long and short, of successive bishops to divide his material. 1989 G. Early iii. ix. 174 Early in Muhammed Ali's..reign as heavyweight champion, he hired Joe Louis as an ‘adviser’. 2001 9 Nov. 4/4 His reign as First Minister began to come apart when he kippered himself on BBC1's Question Time last week. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel with reference to qualities or attributes > [noun] > attributes of vessel > the life of a vessel 1674 W. Petty 32 If no trading Ship be (one time with another) above 1/10 of her whole reign under sail, or 6 days in 60. 1819 J. H. Vaux New Vocab. Flash Lang. in II. 201 Reign, the length or continuance of a man's career in a system of wickedness, which..is said to have been a long or a short reign, according to its duration. 1829 60 During the reign of the notorious pickpocket Barrington, an alarm was raised in the box-lobby of Covent-Garden Theatre, that he was in the house. 1901 R. Boldrewood 136 It may be doubted whether, in the present efficient state of the New South Wales force, any notorious outlaw would enjoy so protracted a ‘reign’, as the provincial phrase goes. 1934 J. Spenser xi. 192 My ‘reign’, as the crooks say, came to an abrupt end, about four months after getting back from France. 4. society > authority > rule or government > sole rule > [noun] > rule or reign a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. l. 1790 (MED) Thurgh wisdom..Mor than..lignage..The regne of thilke empire he hente. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) 9318 ‘Princs o pees’ sal man him call, And neuermar es regn fall. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) ii. 65 Tille Harald, Godwyn sonne, þe regne wille best falle. c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 213 Kyng god to thy fader lente Glorie and honour, regne, tresor, rente. c1450 tr. (Royal) 6 (MED) So that alle tho that ben vndir his regne ben of oon obeyshaunce. 1534 R. Whittington tr. Cicero i. sig. B.5 There is no sure fellowshyp nor sure trust in hye reigne. 1590 E. Spenser iii. iii. sig. Ee4 Then shall Cadwallin die, and then the raine Of Britons eke with him attonce shall dye. 1617 F. Moryson i. 246 The English, vnder the Raigne of Queene Elizabeth, obtained like priuiledge. 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini i. xxiii. 39 Empires..which know not how to prefix bounds to their insatiate desire of Reigne. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer I. ii. 265 He who like a father held his reign. 1770 O. Goldsmith 288 Some fair female unadorned and plain, Secure to please while youth confirms her reign. 1782 W. Cowper 90 In Britain's isle, beneath a George's reign. 1813 P. B. Shelley i. 1 The gloomy Power Whose reign is in the tainted sepulchres. 1853 W. M. Thackeray iii. 111 In a British drawing-room, under the reign of Queen Victoria. 1954 R. Brock xviii. 154 Promise them, tribe by tribe, the crescent moon and the stars, too, and untold hectares of desert, and let them have reign over the wild wastes of Araby. 2006 M. Jones iv. 87 The gods have reign over everyone. society > authority > power > influence > [noun] > controlling or prevailing influence of something c1450 (?a1405) J. Lydgate Complaint Black Knight (Fairf.) 510 in (1934) ii. 403 (MED) Dispite now haldeth forth her reyn, Thro hasty beleve of tales that men feyn. 1567 (1897) 204 Lyke Prince and King, he led the Regne, Of all Iniquitie. 1596 E. Spenser v. v. sig. Q4 She gan to stoupe, and her proud mind conuert To meeke obeysance of loues mightie raine . View more context for this quotation 1656 H. Jeanes 20 A soule that is free from both the raigne, or prevalency, and the anxiety of doubts. 1768 III. 131 The allodial sistem was in reign before it was supplanted by the feodal one. 1782 W. Cowper Hope in 143 Would age in thee resign his wintry reign. 1821 P. B. Shelley 10 The owlet Night resumes her reign. 1883 Oct. 804/1 A country where both winter and summer were debarred full reign. 1934 Dec. 337/2 The questions on prayer and the reign of law involve the whole subject of determinism, freedom and moral responsibility. 2006 F. Emmons iii. 161 Fear no longer has reign over your emotions. Compounds society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [noun] > porcelain > Chinese > markings on 1904 E. Dillon viii. 119 We have innumerable vases in our collections undoubtedly made in the reign of the great Kang-he (1661-1722), but his reign-mark is comparatively rarely found. 1936 Jan. 10/2 Distinguished by a reign mark in blue or pink enamel. 2007 (Nexis) 8 Dec. 10 The rare piece is graced with the reign mark of the Yongle emperor (1403-1424) incised on the underside in exquisite calligraphy. 1871 June 15/2 The reign-name is always mentioned when speaking of an Emperor and not his proper name which is not allowed on any account to be adopted by others or employed in conversation or writing. 1918 K. S. Latourette vi. 118 The Japanese have the custom, derived from China, of dating events not by centuries or by reigns, but by reign names. 1997 J. Williams vi. 140 The discovery of copper in Japan in 708 was so important that the reign name was changed to Wado (literally ‘soft copper’), which appeared in the inscription (Wado kaiho ) on Japan's first copper coins. society > society and the community > social class > nobility > title > [noun] > of Japanese or Chinese rulers to denote eras 1898 Nov. 503 The debauched Emperor, whose reign-title was Hien-fêng, died in the year 1861, leaving only one son. 1935 C. P. Fitzgerald xxiii. 457 Every Ming Emperor retained the same reign title for the full duration of his reign. 2002 107 516/1 ‘Perpetual happiness’ translates the reign-title ‘Yongle’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). reignv. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French rengner; Latin regnāre. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French rengner, Old French reigner, reiner, raigner, rainer, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French regner, Middle French renner, French régner to rule as king (c1000; first half of the 12th cent. with reference to God), to exercise spiritual authority (c1000), (of abstract concepts) to have a dominant influence, be prevalent (c1176), (in astrology) to be dominant (1256 or earlier), to rule, dominate (second half of the 13th cent. or earlier), to exercise sovereign power (13th cent.), to live, exist (1213), (of a piece of architecture) to feature prominently (1611 in Cotgrave, with reference to a gallery) and its etymon classical Latin regnāre to rule as a king, to enjoy supremacy, hold sway, (of natural forces) to be in control, to play the part of a king, in post-classical Latin also used of God (Vulgate) < regnum reign n. Compare Old Occitan renhar (second half of the 12th cent.), Catalan regnar (14th cent.), Spanish reinar (mid 13th cent.), Portuguese reinar (13th cent.), Italian regnare (second half of the 13th cent. as rengnare ). Compare reign n.With the γ. forms compare note at reign n. The strong past tense and past participle forms in Scots were probably formed by analogy with inherited Germanic class III strong verbs such as sing v.1; compare (especially with γ. forms) ring v.1 The very occasional use of the forms rung in the present and rong in the past tense probably either show a confusion of stems or are simply transmission errors. In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix). †I. Senses relating to existence. Although attested slightly earlier, the senses in this branch are almost certainly extended uses of the Middle English senses of branch II. A connotation of ruling or prevailing is sometimes present (in varying degrees), and the senses of particular examples overlap with senses 5 and 6. Senses 8 and 9 are later formations arising from a similar metaphorical step.the world > action or operation > continuing > continue doing or keep going in a course of action [verb (intransitive)] c1300 (Laud) (1868) 2586 (MED) He brenne kirkes and prestes binde..Yif he regne þus-gate longe, He Moun us alle ouer-gange. a1400 (a1325) (Coll. Phys.) 24897 (MED) For to haluin þis ilke dai..In hali kirk ringand bi yer Als getin was vr leuedi der. ?c1450 tr. (1906) 3 (MED) Y sawe atte that tyme the gouernaunce of hem, the whiche y douted, that tyme yet regnithe [Fr. que encore soit courant]. ?c1450 (1891) l. 7708 (MED) Þe bischop þaim noȝt chastyd, Bot lete þaim regne forth in þaire pryde. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 1359 Than Rang I furth in cruell wer and payn. a1500 (c1410) (Hunterian) (1980) ii. 245 (MED) Þe lengere þat God suffryth folc to regnyn in her synne..þe harder he schal smytyn. 1556 W. Lauder sig. Bv The Liegis, of the vngodlie kyng In daylie trubbyll, thay sall ryng. 2. the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (intransitive)] a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 5492 (MED) His [sc. Joseph's] breþer in egypte regnand war [Gött. reynid war, Trin. Cambr. þei were]. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif (1880) 68 (MED) Also generaly prelatis regnen in symonye. a1450 (1969) l. 600 Ȝys, Werld, and þerto here myn honde To forsake God and hys seruyse. To medys þou ȝeue me howse and londe Þat I regne rychely at myn enprise. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) ix. 258 I wald..no langar in to that realm to ryng, Than to take leyff, and cum off it agayn. 1526 W. Bonde iii. sig. i iiiiv They bothe raigneth holy sayntes before god perpetually. the world > action or operation > prosperity > prosper or flourish [verb (intransitive)] > at a certain time a1450 (c1405) On translating Bible (Trin. Cambr.) in (1938) 7 174 Þis Bede regnede an hooly doctor after þe In-carnacion seuene hundered ȝeer and xxxij. c1450 tr. (Royal) 38 (MED) In the tyme of this ffysnomyas reynyd the..doctoure ypocras. a1500 (?c1425) (1936) 115 (MED) When the apostles regnyd and eny schuld be baptized, þere was noȝt seide but thus. a1578 R. Lindsay (1899) I. 147 About the same tyme rang money cuming men be quhose labouris..goode letteris flurischit. the world > action or operation > prosperity > prosper or flourish [verb (intransitive)] > in some respect ?c1500 J. Blount tr. N. Upton (1931) 33 The comon welthe vtterly vndone, whereby we lyue and Regne. 1546 tr. A. P. Gasser d vj Yet shal thei reigne in large benefites and great renoume. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane f. cxxvj They [sc. the Anabaptists] also reigne chiefly in those places, wher the doctrine of the Gospell is prohibited. 1575 tr. J. D'Albin de Valsergues xxxii. f. 73 The Donatists, which were a sect of heretikes that reigned in his time. 3. the world > relative properties > number > plurality > great number, numerousness > be numerous [verb (intransitive)] a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) 2124 It hatt Europe quar mast to day Regns o þe cristen lay. a1450 (1978) 109 (MED) Fyke..gendreþ of to myche blod þat regneþ bi-twexst þe hyde & þe hold. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton (BL Add.) (1975) l. 1811 (MED) Rubye colour..In a clere bodye..is amendid when in that bodie regnyth plenty of lyght. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece (1858) 3215 For multitude withoutin vnitie, Lang but discord it can nocht rycht weill be, The quhilk repungis in ane god till ring. the world > space > extension in space > extend in space [verb (intransitive)] c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxiii. 381 Ich wol..wenden as wide as the worlde regneþ [c1400 B text lasteth]. a1450 Dux Moraud in N. Davis (1970) 106 (MED) Duk Morawd I hot be name..Wol fer þan rengnyt my fame. II. Senses relating to rule or dominance. 4. a. Of a person: to hold or exercise the sovereign power or authority in a monarchical state; to rule or govern as a monarch; (also) to hold the title of king, queen, emperor, etc., while having only limited or nominal sovereignty. society > authority > [verb (intransitive)] society > authority > rule or government > sole rule > rule as monarch [verb (intransitive)] α. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 681 (MED) Leir..was king & regnede þritti ȝer. a1375 (c1350) (1867) 5370 (MED) Þe riche emperour of rome þat regned here þat time, wan ȝou fro me a-wei. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. ii. l. 1778 Some folk..halden þat ryȝt heyȝe power to be souereyn goode and enforcen hem forto regnen or ellys to ioignen hem to hem þat regnen. a1500 (1839) 10 Kyng Herry schuld..regne as welle as he dyd before. 1523 T. Cromwell Speech to Parl. in R. B. Merriman (1902) I. 31 The grete vexacion of his subiectes..by Francoys now raynyng there. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. iii. 10 During the time Edward the third did raigne . View more context for this quotation c1740 Visct. Bolingbroke viii. 67 He must begin to govern as soon as he begins to Reign. 1788 E. Gibbon V. xlix. 128 She reigned in her own name and that of her son. 1817 P. B. Shelley x. xli. 232 But he..The Princess shall espouse, and reign an equal King. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Guinevere in 252 Worst of the worst were that man he that reigns! 1871 15 Sept. A Monarch who desired to rule as well as to reign, would soon bring government to a deadlock. 1937 R. Byron v. 285 In the time of Sultan Sanjar, who reigned in the first half of the XIIth century, a report reached Balkh from India that the grave of Hazrat Ali, the fourth caliph, lay near by. 1967 53 581 She reigned as Regent of the Netherlands from 1507 until her death in 1530. 2004 31 Mar. 19/1 Acceding to the throne in 1760 at the age of 22, George III reigned for nearly 60 years. society > authority > rule or government > sole rule > rule over as monarch [verb (transitive)] a1425 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (Harl. 1900) (1876) VI. 151 He regnede over [c1400 Tiber. over regnede] þe West Saxons. a1425 (c1384) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Ezek. xx. 33 Y shal regne vpon [v.r. regnen on; L. regnabo] ȝou..and Y shal gadre ȝou of loondis in whiche ȝe ben scaterid. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif (1880) 230 Þat he & his children regne long tyme vpon Israel. a1475 J. Fortescue (Laud) (1885) 109 (MED) The gentiles, which we cal peynymes..hade no kynge but a man that reigned vppon thaim regaliter tantum. a1513 H. Bradshaw (1521) i. iii. sig. a.vii Wulfere A noble valyant prynce..Reygnynge vpon the Mercyens. 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. sig. Dd.iiv (heading) He ruleth not though he raigne ouer realmes. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas i. vi. 206 He should haue made in vaine So great a Prince, without on whom to Raigne. 1653 R. Austen 13 This King raigned a long time in Ierusalem over Iuda. 1662 E. Stillingfleet i. i. §16 They bring the poorer under their power, and reign as Lords over them. 1726 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer IV. xviii. 126 Affright the dogs, and reign A dreaded tyrant o'er the bestial train! 1760 132 James the sixth of Scotland, and first of England, crowned 1603, reigned over all Britain twenty two years. 1887 (Weekly ed.) 7 Oct. 2/4 The English Sovereign reigns over one-fifth of the whole human race. 1943 6 40 One of the most art-loving monarchs that have ever reigned over England—Henry III. 1994 D. M. Nicol (1996) iv. 50 She wanted to ensure that her sons and their children and their children's children would perpetuate the memory of their mother by reigning over the Empire. 1340 (1866) 266 (MED) A lytel ich yzeȝ oure lhord..ine þe lyue wyþ-oute ende regnynde. c1390 (Vernon) (1950) 30 Bot is þer eni ricchore þen þou..þat richeliche regnest in heuene & eorþe? a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 21821 (MED) Þe warlau said..Thoru him war mani sauls mine, Thoru þe þat nu i dred to tine; Thoru him i regned ferr a-bute, Þou mon me kast o kingrik vte. c1400 Comm. on Canticles (Bodl. 288) in T. Arnold (1871) III. 28 (MED) Þe devel and his proude lymes han lost her power in trewe Cristen men, and ben left but nakide heedis of hem, þat schulen regne above hem in helle. a1425 J. Wyclif (1869) I. 258 (MED) Þei wolden not þat Crist rengnede on hem. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) 2 Þe place of hem þat regnun in heuen wiþ Crist. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 474 in W. A. Craigie (1925) II. 109 Our saluatouris sepulture..Quhar he raiss as we reid richtuiss to ryng. 1567 (1897) 110 Our God forsuith Ringis in heuin full hie. 1633 P. Fletcher i. xxxii. 9 Who reignedst in thy heav'n, yet felt'st our hell. a1646 J. Burroughes (1652) iii. iii. 539 But when did Antichrist begin to reign? 1667 J. Milton ii. 814 That mortal dint, Save he who reigns above, none can resist. View more context for this quotation 1706 I. Watts i. 76 Now let the Lord for ever reign, And sway us as he will. 1721 R. Fern Disc. of Leaving World in 38 It is an uncertain, transitory, empty, and vanishing World; a World of Labour, Toil and Temptations..where Satan reigns, and has a confirmed Kingdom. 1788 W. Cowper iv Is there One who reigns on high? 1817 P. B. Shelley i. xxvii. 14 The Fiend did revel In victory, reigning o'er a world of woe. 1882 C. F. Alexander 46 But serve Him first, Who reigns above. 1896 R. W. Buchanan ix. 39 Long as I, the Devil, am reigning, You shall honour'd be in Hell! 1917 12 Aug. 4/2 God reigns above the smoke. He moves—and we have faith. 1999 R. M. Hannula xii. 77 His mother told him about the one true God who reigns on high. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. 868 The Sonne is overal The chief Planete..And thus betwen hem regneth he. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. 186 Ich haue wonder..why, so wide as þow [sc. Reason] regnest, þat þow ne reuelest raþer renkes þan oþer beestes. a1500 in R. H. Robbins (1959) 241 (MED) Concions myȝth reyne with-in þis londe, þen schulde owre trobul be at a nende. 1563 T. Becon (rev. ed.) f. 143v The Masse rained, ruled, ruffled, & triumphed, as a moste puissant and myghty Queene. 1594 W. Shakespeare (new ed.) sig. Eijv Where loue raignes, disturbing iealousie, Doth call himselfe affections centinell. 1637 J. Milton 12 Disinherit Chaos, that raigns here In double night. 1667 J. Milton iv. 765 Here Love his golden shafts imploies,..Reigns here and revels. View more context for this quotation 1776 C. Crawford 9 Far from the chearful precincts of the day, Where Chaos reigns o'er matter's formless mass Wild arbiter, upon his murky throne The grim, abominable, Monarch sits In rayless majesty. 1817 P. B. Shelley v. Song 123 While Truth with Joy enthroned o'er his lost empire reigns. 1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe II. i. i. 105 While..Reigns in pomp the perfect moon. 1912 D. McKie 40 Bricht Simmer rang; the yirth was vera dry. 5. society > authority > power > influence > have influence [verb (intransitive)] > have controlling or prevailing influence 1340 (1866) 67 (MED) Þis zenne heþ tuaye boȝes. Vor þe on is grouchinge aye god, and þe oþre aye man regneþ. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxi. 441 (MED) My ryghtwisnesse and my right shal regnen in helle. c1450 J. Capgrave (Bodl. 423) (1911) 39 (MED) Þere is a grete part of deite regnyng with inne þe. a1500 (?a1450) (Harl. 7333) (1879) 196 Wher so euer he knewe þat eny discorde or vnrest was Regnynge. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 78 Wirk for the place of paradyce, For thairin ringis na covettyce. 1560 J. Daus in tr. J. Sleidane v. f. lxiij Truthe, equitie, and honest lyuyng myght reingne and floryshe. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. ii. 15 Lord, Lord: to see what folly raignes in vs. View more context for this quotation c1616 R. C. (1871) iv. 1202 Insatiate Avarice then first began To raigne in the depravèd minde of man. 1617 J. Moore i. vii. 48 This transitory world is a dungeon of ill sauours, where vertue is poysoned with the puddle-water of vice; where ranckor and despight chiefely raigne, and all goodnesse is ouerwhelmed with malice. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot i. 101 Letters are in no vogue in that Country, and perfound Ignorance reigns among them. 1694 J. Strype iii. x. 338 When he studied at Paris, he remembred what Clamors were used in the Sorbon, where Popery chiefly reigned. 1705 J. Addison 93 The great Secrecy that reigns in their Publick Councils. 1764 O. Goldsmith 13 To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign, We turn. 1817 J. Mill II. v. v. 522 Dissension, improvidence, and pusillanimity reigned at Madras. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato IV. 35 The business of the legislator is to clear up this..confusion which reigns in the minds of men. 1904 July 799/1 Then pandemonium reigned for a few moments. 1967 R. K. Narayan iv. 47 Peace reigned at home, with speech reduced to a minimum. 2006 9 Oct. 43/2 The archive's ideal: the sweet equality that reigns in an enormous common grave. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. 925 (MED) He [sc. Jupiter] is the Planete of delices, Bot in Egipte..He regneth most in special. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) 113v Venus..regniþ in piscibus & in virgine his kyngdome failliþ. ?a1450 tr. Macer (Stockh.) (1949) 198 (MED) Who-so ete þis herbe roote in þe tyme of [read that] Mars reyneth, it wole lengþe his lyf. a1475 (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 5965 Þis planete regneþ of powere Oones in þritty ȝere..in a signe þat Libra hight. c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 389 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) I. 384 Thru þe playnyt þat regnyt þan hyre worthit be ane Il wemane. 1568 King Berdok in W. T. Ritchie (1928) III. 2 Quhen Phebus rang in sing of Capricorn. 1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Nov. 16 Gloss. The sonne reigneth, that is, in the signe Pisces. 1622 F. Bacon (1876) (modernized text) 108 Now did the sign reign, and the constellation was come, under which Perkin should appear. 1676 H. Coley ii. xiv. §3. 270 To Know What Planet Reigns, I turn to the other little Table. 1774 tr. J. F. Neveau 5 On Saturday, the first hour after midnight, Saturn reigns, the second Jupiter. 1899 R. H. Allen 108 It [sc. Cancer] was one of the unfortunate signs;..and reigned over Scotland, Holland, Zealand, Burgundy, Africa,..and the cities of Constantinople and New York. 1901 C. de Saint-Germain i. 17 The sixth sign—Virgo (the Virgin)—reigns from August 23d to September 21st. 2000 G. Erlanger Pref. 3 The sky's map is forever changing. Each month a new constellation reigns supreme. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) §226 Salomon seith Ther is no priuetee ther as regneth dronkenesse. c1450 J. Metham Christmas Day (Garrett) in (1916) 146 (MED) Iff Crystemes day falle vp-on the Moneday..myche sekenes schuld regne that yere in folkys eyn. 1483 W. Caxton tr. C ij In that tyme..reygned a grete pestylence. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil x. xiii. 12 Sik distres rang amang mortale wychtis. 1598 W. Shakespeare iv. iii. 94 A Feuer shee Raignes in my blood, and will remembred be. View more context for this quotation 1617 F. Moryson i. 270 The foule disease of lust, raigning in those parts. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil 103 To shun this Ill,..In Summer's Sultry Heats (for then it reigns ). View more context for this quotation 1727 E. Strother tr. P. Hermann I. ii. 134 Wherever the Scurvy reigns, it [sc. scurvy-grass] grows. In France, this Plant is not so hot: Its Juice is best of all given with Juice of Sorrel. 1757 P. Templeman tr. F. L. Norden II. 37 Poverty reigns generally in these quarters. 1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell I. 481 Famine has long reigned. 1885 Rep. Comm. Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms in (1904) V. 84/2 Measles be reigning at Lifton. 1924 1 Oct. 13/2 Famine reigned everywhere. 2006 J. Henke viii. 40 Poverty reigned, as some 100.000 Jamaicans made less than $20 a week. c1485 ( G. Hay (1993) xxv. 99 And than begynnis drouthis and grete hete of sonne to regne. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher v. iii. 41 Twenty of the Dog-dayes now reigne in's Nose. View more context for this quotation 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 117 in The South and Southwest winds reign here [i.e. in Meliapour] from April to September. 1709 A. Pope Summer in vi. 732 In thy Heart Eternal Winter reigns. 1726 G. Shelvocke v. 175 The land winds..reign all night. a1822 P. B. Shelley I would not be a King in M. W. Shelley (1840) 321 The path to power is steep and rough, And tempests reign above. 1867 May 35 Every one knows how much colder is the eastern side of England in the spring, when the east wind reigns. 2004 D. Edson 12 Rain reigns, welcome worn, Plays the warden, dripping scorn. society > authority > power > influence > have influence with [verb (transitive)] > have controlling or prevailing influence upon 1844 H. M. Noad (ed. 2) iv. 134 Electricity..for a time, reigned as the vital principle, by which ‘the decrees of the understanding, and the dictates of the will were conveyed from the organs of the brain to the obedient member of the body’. 1878 Oct. 468 It was the exception there to meet with an independent employer; the ‘corporation’ reigned everywhere. 1896 18 Jan. 66 The ‘Continental breakfast’ should be banished from a hemisphere where the Monroe doctrine and the pie should reign supreme. 1903 Aug. 173/2 One form of molding or cornice—the reed-bundle molding and caretto cornice—reigned in Egyptian architecture for thousands of years. 1943 J. Laver 16 The poke-bonnet still reigned... In the late 'fifties it began to slip backwards and to become even smaller. 1968 10 July 26/5 But in a season dominated by pitchers, the hurlers once again reigned supreme. 1990 31 112 By 1915, large corporations reigned supreme in the United States. 2002 Nov.–Dec. 59 For decades, vinyl reigned as the wallcovering king. In every category—tearability, scrubability..and aging—the stuff couldn't be beat. 1885 35 The bank on one side is thickly wooded, the firs chiefly reigning. 1900 Jan. 1/1 In more sandy parts of the forest fir and birch reigned among the trees; heather grew closely over the ground. 6. Of a person. c1350 (Harl. 874) (1961) 170 (MED) Antecristes prophetes shullen regnen & comen more & more & corrumpen goddes lawȝe. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland (Vernon) (1867) A. ii. 35 Alle þis Riche Retenauntes þat Regneden with Fals. c1449 R. Pecock (1860) 299 (MED) He muste nedis comaunde and regne upon hise tenauntis. a1450 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 43 Who regneth now in blisse but venus That hath this worthi knyghte in gouernaunc. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) x. l. 450 The Scottis at large out throu all Fyff thai rang. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 164 Lord Eolus dois in thy sessone ring. 1556 W. Lauder sig. B4v Quhat plagis..Sall fall wpon, the realmes and kyngis Quharin, no faithfull Iugis ryngis. 1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in sig. K3v Hee didde in the general bosome raigne Of young, of old. 1640 Bp. J. Hall i. §16. 67 Saint Paul was the same..that he was raigning in the Pulpit, or disputing in the Schoole of Tyrannus. 1671 J. Milton ii. 466 Yet he who reigns within himself, and rules Passions, Desires, and Fears, is more a King. View more context for this quotation 1711 A. Pope 39 Thus long succeeding Criticks justly reign'd, Licence repress'd, and useful Laws ordain'd. 1776 T. Paine ii. 25 Men who look upon themselves born to reign, and others to obey, soon grow insolent;..their minds are easily poisoned by importance. 1785 W. Cowper i. 455 The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns. 1820 P. B. Shelley i. i. 19 Me..Hast thou made reign and triumph..O'er mine own misery. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in 42 [He saw] him, that other, reigning in his place. 1937 F. P. Crozier 13 Blimp still reigns, unfortunately, in places of greater responsibility where he can make a fool of himself more easily. 1440 J. Capgrave (1977) l. 3533 Too popes regnes [read regned] at ones þat same ȝere. 1579 G. Gilpin tr. P. van Marnix van Sant Aldegonde vi. iii. f. 307 And hauing taken the oth of the Cardinal according to his wish and prescribing, did assure him to become Pope: & that agreed verie friendlie vpon the time wherein Borgia should reigne as Pope, to wit, 1108. 1649 F. Roberts (ed. 2) 198 In the 17. year of Jehoshaphat, Jehoram his son began to reign as Pro-rex, or Vice-Roy to his father. 1859 H. Green 110 The elders in our community speak of old Josephus Foden, who reigned as master of the Grammar School for forty-seven years. 1870 W. M. Cornell (1872) iv. 59 Some of us still remember the excitement about the time that President Jackson reigned. 1899 G. S. Tyack in W. Andrews 61 The new Norman Cathedral of Hereford was begun by Robert Losinga, who reigned as bishop from 1079 to 1096. 1998 7 June 1/1 wk The liberal Democrat who reigned as Speaker of the California State Assembly in the 1960's. 2005 15 Mar. 27/1 Disney said it had picked an internal executive to replace the long-serving Mr Eisner, who has reigned as the magic kingdom's CEO since 1984. 1893 1 June 11/1 [He] reigned as champion from 1882 until May, 1887, when he lost the title by default to the present holder. 1939 117/1 Joe Louis reigned as world heavyweight champion and defended his title three times. 2007 12 Sept. c3 During the outdoor track and field season, the Lion women have won 15 straight titles and the men have reigned as champions the last 11 seasons. 7. society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (transitive)] a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 379 Swych loue of frendes regneth al þis town. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Royal) v. 1359 [To] regne and reule thaire reawte [a1500 Nero in ryalte]. 1949 1 Dec. 4/3 Santa, who now reigns the Christmas card realm, in 1919 managed to sleighride onto only a handful of cards for children. society > authority > rule or government > sole rule > rule over as monarch [verb (transitive)] > rule for specific number of years a1641 R. Montagu (1642) 136 When he had reigned out forty yeares, he died in winter. 1679 (new ed.) 6 He will exceed all Reigns of Kings before, He'l Reign till Forty seven, if not more. And, if in Forty Eight he miss a drift, He'l Reign out Fifty, nay, till Fifty fift. 1820 P. B. Shelley ii. iv. 86 But who reigns down Evil, the immedicable plague? 1866 July 231 He hath reigned down death, He hath destroyed him that had the power of death, that is the devil. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel with reference to qualities or attributes > have qualities or attributes [verb (intransitive)] > last (of a ship) 1691 W. Petty Treat. Naval Philos. in T. Hale 132 A Ship doth commonly Reign about thirty years. 1724 D. Defoe I. i. 57 It was an ordinary thing for an Ipswich Collier, if no Disaster happen'd to him, to reign (as Seamen call it) forty or fifty Years, and more. 1868 3 354 Reign, to continue in use. ‘The Hebe was an old ship ten year ago; but she reigns still, I hare.’ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > be great in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (intransitive)] > be superior in amount or degree 1715–20 N. Dubois tr. A. Palladio III. iii. 27 There might reign a cornice the whole length of it on each side. 1757 W. Chambers 7 In the intercolumnations under the great roof reigns a friez, ornamented with fret-work. 1839 W. H. Leeds (ed. 2) I. 91 This front is crowned with a block cornice, which reigns throughout the building. 1873 W. Longman xii. 169 Of the main entablature, the cornice only reigns throughout the Church. 1920 F. M. Atkinson tr. R. De Félice iii. 115 The frieze of simplified entrelacs that reigns under the cornice, the lower panels of the doors, all that is Louis XVI. 1943 6 333/1 Above the palisters reigns the cornice, with a broad frieze of urns, acanthus scrolls and medallions with painted heads in profile. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.a1300 v.c1300 |
