naiadn.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪad/, U.S.

/ˈnaɪˌæd/,

/ˈneɪˌæd/

Inflections: Plural naiads, naiades Brit.

/ˈnʌɪədiːz/, U.S.

/ˈneɪədiz/.

Forms: Middle English nard (transmission error), Middle English nayd (perhaps transmission error), Middle English– naiad, 1500s–1600s nayad, 1600s–1800s naïad.

Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from Latin. Or (ii) a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin Nāïad-, Nāïas; Greek Ναιαδ-.

Etymology: < classical Latin Nāïad-, Nāïas river-nymph, nymph (Ovid) or its etymon ancient Greek Ναιαδ-, Ναϊάς river-nymph < the base of νάειν to flow (perhaps cognate with Sanskrit snu- to ooze, trickle) + -άς -ad suffix¹. In plural form naiades after the classical Latin and ancient Greek plural forms Nāïadēs and Ναϊάδες . Compare Middle French, French naïade (early 16th cent. in sense 1a; attested earlier in this sense in form nayade (c1490 in Middle French): see also note below). Compare also Italian naiade (a1321), Catalan nàiada (1429), Portuguese náiade (16th cent.).With sense 1b compare French naïade (1768 in Voltaire in this sense). In sense 2 after French naïades , plural (Lamarck Philosophie Zool. (1809) I. 318). In sense 3 after French naïade (1781; attested earlier in this sense in form nayade (1770)), and scientific Latin Naïades, Naiades, plural (A. L. de Jussieu Genera Plantarum (1789) p. lxiij and 18, respectively). Most 19th-cent. dictionaries give the pronunciation of the first syllable with the vowel of nay. Only Stormonth and Encycl. Dict. in the last quarter of the 19th cent., followed by most British dictionaries of the 20th cent., give it the vowel of nigh. N.E.D. (1906) gives the pronunciation as (nēⁱ·æ̆d, nəi·æ̆d) /ˈneɪæd/, /ˈnaɪæd/.

a. A nymph of fresh water, thought to inhabit a river, spring, etc., as its tutelary spirit. Occasionally: a representation of a water nymph in art, sculpture, etc.Originally in Greek Mythology, though often adopted in later classically influenced poetry. Naiads were distinguished from sea nymphs (cf. Nereid n. 1, Oceanid n. 1).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > classical deity > [noun] > nymph > water-nymph(s)

naiada1393

Nereida1393

water nympha1393

fairy of the sea1542

Neread1555

sea-nymph1565

naïs1581

naid1617

limnad1818

ephydriad1832

Oceanid1849

hydriad1864

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. 1334 And for the wodes in demeynes To kepe, tho ben Driades; Of freisshe welles, Naiades.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 6987 (MED) Water-nymphes, nor þis naydes [v.r. nardes], Satiry, nouþer driades, Þat goddesse bene of wode & wildernes.

1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. H^v Ye Sisters which the glorie bee Of the Pierian streames, fayre Naiades.

?1596 J. Dickenson Shepheardes Complaint sig. B2 The wind-winged Naiads.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iv. i. 128 You Nimphs cald Nayades of y^e windring brooks.

1637 J. Milton Comus 10 The Sirens three Amidst the flowrie-kirtl'd Naiades.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 355 Nymphs of Diana's train, and Naiades .

1746 J. Thomson Spring in Seasons (new ed.) 20 Down to the River, in whose ample Wave Their little Naiads love to sport at large.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. xiii. 121 A pleasant cave Umbrageous, to the nymphs devoted named The Naiades.

1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 146 The Naiad 'mid her reeds Press'd her cold finger closer to her lips.

1850 J. Leitch tr. K. O. Müller Ancient Art (new ed.) §403. 538 To the Nereids of the sea correspond the Naiads of the land.

1880 ‘Ouida’ Moths I. 101 What nymph or Naiad have you found?

1912 R. Brooke in Basileon June 3 To glimpse a Naiad's reedy head, Or hear the Goat-foot piping low.

1918 W. de la Mare Motley & Other Poems 27 When music sounds, out of the water rise Naiads whose beauty dims my waking eyes.

1989 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Foucault's Pendulum lvii. 338 A naiad could be discerned embracing a bull with the scaly tail of some great Biblical fish.

b. In extended use: a young woman likened to a naiad, esp. through some association with water. Also: a stream, lake, etc., supposed to be invested with the spirit of a naiad.

ΚΠ

1802 S. T. Coleridge Picture in Morning Post 6 Sept. 3/2 The Naiad of the Mirror!

1821 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto IV liii. 97 With thee, Cogniac! Sweet Naïad of the Phlegethontic rill.

1865 C. M. Yonge Clever Woman viii The naiad performances they shared together on the smooth bit of sandy shore.

1876 R. F. Burton Two Trips Gorilla Land II. 256 A bubbling brook, a true naiad of the hills.

1922 A. Brazil Monitress Merle i. 17 Two girls in navy bathing costumes..issued from behind a rock... Mavis and Merle took temporary possession of the naiads' dressing room.

1990 C. Shapiro in A. Parfrey Apocalypse Culture (rev. ed.) 214 The porno talent pool is fed with a steady stream of fresh, belly-flopping, open-mouthed, salmon-lipped naiads.

2. Zoology. Chiefly North American. A freshwater mussel or shell, as distinguished from a marine one. Usually in plural, in form naiades. Cf. naid n. 2, Oceanid n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Pelecypoda or Conchifera > [noun] > section Asiphonida > family Unionidae > member of

musseleOE

palour1589

pearl mussel1607

hena1613

horse-mussel1626

clam1672

clamp1672

pearl shell1781

glam1797

naiad1829

naid1854

unionid1861

zebra mussel1866

hackleback1899

maple leaf1908

monkey-face1936

1829 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 3 405 The Ostracea could not exist in the shells of the Naïades.

1854 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1852–3 6 243 Among the Naïades these are divisions..well marked by the external character as well as the hinge.

1886 C. T. Hudson in C. T. Hudson & P. H. Gosse Rotifera I. iv. 40 Rotifera may be found..in the viscera of slugs, earthworms and Naiades.

1938 Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan No. 392. 19 Naiades were collected at depths varying from one inch to two feet.

1988 Amer. Midland Naturalist 119 111 Previous accounts of host specificity, based on laboratory experiments with naiades, were corroborated by field observations.

1995 Living Museum Summer 19/2 Biological terminology has changed through the years, and today the term naiad is rarely used as a name for freshwater mussels.

3. Botany. Originally, J. Lindley's name for: a plant of the family Najadaceae, comprising various aquatic monocotyledonous plants. Now: spec. any plant of the genus Najas, comprising submerged aquatics with linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > aquatic, marsh, and sea-shore plants > [noun] > other aquatic plants

sea-purslane1548

frog-bit1578

heartwort1578

milkwort1578

water dragon1578

water-liverwort1578

water milfoil1578

water radish1578

arrowhead1597

saltwort1597

water archer1597

calla1601

water-rocket1605

sea rocket1611

water archer1617

water chickweed1633

water purslane1633

arsesmart1640

water hyssop1653

water thyme1655

water serpent1659

Myriophyllum1754

least water plantain1756

mud-weed1756

Thalia1756

water-leaf1756

marsh liverwort1760

bastard plantain1762

wool-weed1765

Ruppia1770

goat's foot1773

pipewort1776

blinking chickweed1777

mudwort1789

arrowleaf1805

water-target1814

water willow1814

felwort1816

water shield1817

mermaid weed1822

mud plantain1822

hydrilla1824

blinks1835

crystalwort1846

naiad1846

waterwort1846

arrow weed1848

willow-thorn1857

lattice leaf1866

marsh flower1866

bonnet1869

lattice plant1877

sea-ash1884

alligator weed1887

water parsley1891

water hyacinth1897

lirio1926

neverwet1927

1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 143 The manifest affinity of Naiads to Arrow-grasses determines a relation on the part of the former to Arads.

1916 W. H. Fitch & W. G. Smith Illustr. Brit. Flora (ed. 4) 238 (caption) Naias marina, L. Holly-leaved Naiad.

1956 D. McClintock & R. S. R. Fitter Pocket Guide Wild Flowers 200 Slender naiad Najas flexilis.

1964 W. Thesiger Marsh Arabs ix. 85 Below the surface dark tangles of rubbery weed, like seaweed, swung to the current's tow. This was holly-leaved naiad (Najas marina).

1995 Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 59 720 Taxa in native plant sites included muskgrass (Chara spp.), milfoil, southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis),..and spinyleaf naiad (N. minor; introduced exotic).

4. Entomology. The nymph or aquatic larva of a dragonfly, mayfly, or stonefly.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > pupa or chrysalis

nymph1577

nympha1601

aurelia1608

chrysalis1658

puppet1671

pricket1707

pupa1770

chrysalid1777

pupe1819

naiad1918

1918 J. H. Comstock in Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 11 224 I, therefore, propose..the use of the term naiad for designating the immature stages of the Plecoptera, Odonata, and Ephemerida.

1930 W. J. Lucas Aquatic (Naiad) Stage Brit. Dragonflies i. 1 The two stages in a dragonfly's life are no less strikingly unlike... Hence arises the necessity for the student of our dragonfly fauna to study and classify the naiads independently of the imagines.

1950 W. O. Douglas Of Men & Mountains xiv. 169 The nymphs or naiads of a species of the mayfly had left the bottom of the lake, worked their way to the surface, and spread their wings. Thousands of them were now playing the surface of the lake.

1994 P. J. Gullan & P. S. Cranston Insects ix. 224/2 For the odonates the terms larva, nymph and naiad have been used interchangeably, perhaps because the..final-instar odonate has been likened to the pupal stage of a holometabolous insect.

Derivatives

ˈnaiad-like adj. and adv. now rare

ΚΠ

1820 P. B. Shelley Sensitive Plant in Prometheus Unbound 158 The Naiad-like lily of the vale.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola III. xv. 159 Floating naïad-like in the waters.

1889 Fortn. Rev. 52 577 A flower show with naiad-like lilies, royal roses and rare exotics.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	naiad
释义	naiadn. Brit. /ˈnʌɪad/, U.S. /ˈnaɪˌæd/, /ˈneɪˌæd/ Inflections: Plural naiads, naiades Brit. /ˈnʌɪədiːz/, U.S. /ˈneɪədiz/. Forms: Middle English nard (transmission error), Middle English nayd (perhaps transmission error), Middle English– naiad, 1500s–1600s nayad, 1600s–1800s naïad. Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from Latin. Or (ii) a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin Nāïad-, Nāïas; Greek Ναιαδ-. Etymology: < classical Latin Nāïad-, Nāïas river-nymph, nymph (Ovid) or its etymon ancient Greek Ναιαδ-, Ναϊάς river-nymph < the base of νάειν to flow (perhaps cognate with Sanskrit snu- to ooze, trickle) + -άς -ad suffix¹. In plural form naiades after the classical Latin and ancient Greek plural forms Nāïadēs and Ναϊάδες . Compare Middle French, French naïade (early 16th cent. in sense 1a; attested earlier in this sense in form nayade (c1490 in Middle French): see also note below). Compare also Italian naiade (a1321), Catalan nàiada (1429), Portuguese náiade (16th cent.).With sense 1b compare French naïade (1768 in Voltaire in this sense). In sense 2 after French naïades , plural (Lamarck Philosophie Zool. (1809) I. 318). In sense 3 after French naïade (1781; attested earlier in this sense in form nayade (1770)), and scientific Latin Naïades, Naiades, plural (A. L. de Jussieu Genera Plantarum (1789) p. lxiij and 18, respectively). Most 19th-cent. dictionaries give the pronunciation of the first syllable with the vowel of nay. Only Stormonth and Encycl. Dict. in the last quarter of the 19th cent., followed by most British dictionaries of the 20th cent., give it the vowel of nigh. N.E.D. (1906) gives the pronunciation as (nēⁱ·æ̆d, nəi·æ̆d) /ˈneɪæd/, /ˈnaɪæd/. 1. a. A nymph of fresh water, thought to inhabit a river, spring, etc., as its tutelary spirit. Occasionally: a representation of a water nymph in art, sculpture, etc.Originally in Greek Mythology, though often adopted in later classically influenced poetry. Naiads were distinguished from sea nymphs (cf. Nereid n. 1, Oceanid n. 1). ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > classical deity > [noun] > nymph > water-nymph(s) naiada1393 Nereida1393 water nympha1393 fairy of the sea1542 Neread1555 sea-nymph1565 naïs1581 naid1617 limnad1818 ephydriad1832 Oceanid1849 hydriad1864 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. 1334 And for the wodes in demeynes To kepe, tho ben Driades; Of freisshe welles, Naiades. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 6987 (MED) Water-nymphes, nor þis naydes [v.r. nardes], Satiry, nouþer driades, Þat goddesse bene of wode & wildernes. 1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. H^v Ye Sisters which the glorie bee Of the Pierian streames, fayre Naiades. ?1596 J. Dickenson Shepheardes Complaint sig. B2 The wind-winged Naiads. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iv. i. 128 You Nimphs cald Nayades of y^e windring brooks. 1637 J. Milton Comus 10 The Sirens three Amidst the flowrie-kirtl'd Naiades. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 355 Nymphs of Diana's train, and Naiades . View more context for this quotation 1746 J. Thomson Spring in Seasons (new ed.) 20 Down to the River, in whose ample Wave Their little Naiads love to sport at large. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. xiii. 121 A pleasant cave Umbrageous, to the nymphs devoted named The Naiades. 1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 146 The Naiad 'mid her reeds Press'd her cold finger closer to her lips. 1850 J. Leitch tr. K. O. Müller Ancient Art (new ed.) §403. 538 To the Nereids of the sea correspond the Naiads of the land. 1880 ‘Ouida’ Moths I. 101 What nymph or Naiad have you found? 1912 R. Brooke in Basileon June 3 To glimpse a Naiad's reedy head, Or hear the Goat-foot piping low. 1918 W. de la Mare Motley & Other Poems 27 When music sounds, out of the water rise Naiads whose beauty dims my waking eyes. 1989 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Foucault's Pendulum lvii. 338 A naiad could be discerned embracing a bull with the scaly tail of some great Biblical fish. b. In extended use: a young woman likened to a naiad, esp. through some association with water. Also: a stream, lake, etc., supposed to be invested with the spirit of a naiad. ΚΠ 1802 S. T. Coleridge Picture in Morning Post 6 Sept. 3/2 The Naiad of the Mirror! 1821 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto IV liii. 97 With thee, Cogniac! Sweet Naïad of the Phlegethontic rill. 1865 C. M. Yonge Clever Woman viii The naiad performances they shared together on the smooth bit of sandy shore. 1876 R. F. Burton Two Trips Gorilla Land II. 256 A bubbling brook, a true naiad of the hills. 1922 A. Brazil Monitress Merle i. 17 Two girls in navy bathing costumes..issued from behind a rock... Mavis and Merle took temporary possession of the naiads' dressing room. 1990 C. Shapiro in A. Parfrey Apocalypse Culture (rev. ed.) 214 The porno talent pool is fed with a steady stream of fresh, belly-flopping, open-mouthed, salmon-lipped naiads. 2. Zoology. Chiefly North American. A freshwater mussel or shell, as distinguished from a marine one. Usually in plural, in form naiades. Cf. naid n. 2, Oceanid n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Pelecypoda or Conchifera > [noun] > section Asiphonida > family Unionidae > member of musseleOE palour1589 pearl mussel1607 hena1613 horse-mussel1626 clam1672 clamp1672 pearl shell1781 glam1797 naiad1829 naid1854 unionid1861 zebra mussel1866 hackleback1899 maple leaf1908 monkey-face1936 1829 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 3 405 The Ostracea could not exist in the shells of the Naïades. 1854 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1852–3 6 243 Among the Naïades these are divisions..well marked by the external character as well as the hinge. 1886 C. T. Hudson in C. T. Hudson & P. H. Gosse Rotifera I. iv. 40 Rotifera may be found..in the viscera of slugs, earthworms and Naiades. 1938 Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan No. 392. 19 Naiades were collected at depths varying from one inch to two feet. 1988 Amer. Midland Naturalist 119 111 Previous accounts of host specificity, based on laboratory experiments with naiades, were corroborated by field observations. 1995 Living Museum Summer 19/2 Biological terminology has changed through the years, and today the term naiad is rarely used as a name for freshwater mussels. 3. Botany. Originally, J. Lindley's name for: a plant of the family Najadaceae, comprising various aquatic monocotyledonous plants. Now: spec. any plant of the genus Najas, comprising submerged aquatics with linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > aquatic, marsh, and sea-shore plants > [noun] > other aquatic plants sea-purslane1548 frog-bit1578 heartwort1578 milkwort1578 water dragon1578 water-liverwort1578 water milfoil1578 water milfoil1578 water radish1578 arrowhead1597 saltwort1597 water archer1597 calla1601 water-rocket1605 sea rocket1611 water archer1617 water chickweed1633 water purslane1633 arsesmart1640 water hyssop1653 water thyme1655 water serpent1659 Myriophyllum1754 least water plantain1756 mud-weed1756 Thalia1756 water-leaf1756 marsh liverwort1760 bastard plantain1762 wool-weed1765 Ruppia1770 goat's foot1773 pipewort1776 blinking chickweed1777 mudwort1789 arrowleaf1805 water-target1814 water willow1814 felwort1816 water shield1817 mermaid weed1822 mud plantain1822 hydrilla1824 blinks1835 crystalwort1846 naiad1846 waterwort1846 arrow weed1848 willow-thorn1857 lattice leaf1866 marsh flower1866 bonnet1869 lattice plant1877 sea-ash1884 alligator weed1887 water parsley1891 water hyacinth1897 lirio1926 neverwet1927 1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 143 The manifest affinity of Naiads to Arrow-grasses determines a relation on the part of the former to Arads. 1916 W. H. Fitch & W. G. Smith Illustr. Brit. Flora (ed. 4) 238 (caption) Naias marina, L. Holly-leaved Naiad. 1956 D. McClintock & R. S. R. Fitter Pocket Guide Wild Flowers 200 Slender naiad Najas flexilis. 1964 W. Thesiger Marsh Arabs ix. 85 Below the surface dark tangles of rubbery weed, like seaweed, swung to the current's tow. This was holly-leaved naiad (Najas marina). 1995 Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 59 720 Taxa in native plant sites included muskgrass (Chara spp.), milfoil, southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis),..and spinyleaf naiad (N. minor; introduced exotic). 4. Entomology. The nymph or aquatic larva of a dragonfly, mayfly, or stonefly. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > pupa or chrysalis nymph1577 nympha1601 aurelia1608 chrysalis1658 puppet1671 pricket1707 pupa1770 chrysalid1777 pupe1819 naiad1918 1918 J. H. Comstock in Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 11 224 I, therefore, propose..the use of the term naiad for designating the immature stages of the Plecoptera, Odonata, and Ephemerida. 1930 W. J. Lucas Aquatic (Naiad) Stage Brit. Dragonflies i. 1 The two stages in a dragonfly's life are no less strikingly unlike... Hence arises the necessity for the student of our dragonfly fauna to study and classify the naiads independently of the imagines. 1950 W. O. Douglas Of Men & Mountains xiv. 169 The nymphs or naiads of a species of the mayfly had left the bottom of the lake, worked their way to the surface, and spread their wings. Thousands of them were now playing the surface of the lake. 1994 P. J. Gullan & P. S. Cranston Insects ix. 224/2 For the odonates the terms larva, nymph and naiad have been used interchangeably, perhaps because the..final-instar odonate has been likened to the pupal stage of a holometabolous insect. Derivatives ˈnaiad-like adj. and adv. now rare ΚΠ 1820 P. B. Shelley Sensitive Plant in Prometheus Unbound 158 The Naiad-like lily of the vale. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola III. xv. 159 Floating naïad-like in the waters. 1889 Fortn. Rev. 52 577 A flower show with naiad-like lilies, royal roses and rare exotics. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1393
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