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单词 mainstream
释义

mainstreamn.adj.

Brit. /ˈmeɪnstriːm/, U.S. /ˈmeɪnˌstrim/
Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: main adj.2, stream n.
Etymology: < main adj.2 + stream n. Compare Old Icelandic meginstraumr mighty stream or current (compare note s.v. main adj.2).Before 20th cent. probably pronounced with normal phrasal stress /ˌmeɪn ˈstriːm/, as it is still ordinarily in sense A. 1.
A. n.
1. Usually in form main stream. The principal stream or current (of a river, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > current > [noun] > main part
stream1398
strength1544
mainstream?1585
stream-way1822
?1585 W. C. Aduentures Ladie Egeria sig. B2v As a light codgel cast into a main stream without returne, caried into a Million of Myles.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 233 The neather Flood,..now divided into four main Streams . View more context for this quotation
1818 L. Hunt Nymphs p. xviii There's a whole bevy there in that recess Rounding from the main stream.
1949 A. E. Trueman Geol. & Scenery Eng. & Wales xv. 214 Many tributaries..hang above the larger valleys, and just before they join the main streams they often occupy narrow and deep gorges..cut into their older and wider high-level valleys.
a1976 R. Haig-Brown Writings & Refl. (1984) 111 Few of the beaver ponds were frozen and the main stream, a good-sized creek of constant flow, was not even iced along its edges.
1981 A. Gray Lanark xl. 471 The small river entered a mainstream.
2. In extended use: the prevailing trend of opinion, fashion, society, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > fashionableness > [noun] > the or a prevailing fashion
gentryc1400
the fashion1569
mainstream1599
the trim1603
mood1646
mode1649
vogue1649
beauty1653
à la mode1654
turn1695
the kick1699
goût1717
thing1734
taste1739
ton1769
nick1788
the tippy1790
twig1811
latest1814
dernier mot1834
ticket1838
kibosh1880
last cry1887
le (or the) dernier cri1896
flavour of the month (or week)1946
vague1962
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > tendency > [noun] > prevailing tendency or spirit
mainstream1599
current1613
stream1614
spirita1616
tone1641
power curve1968
1599 Warning for Faire Women ii. 3 You have..by gradations seen how we have grown into the main stream of our tragedy.
1831 Carlyle in Foreign Q. Rev. viii. 355 But after Luther's day, the Didactic Tendency again sinks to a lower level; mingles with manifold other tendencies; among which, admitting that it still forms the main stream, it is no longer so pre-eminent, positive, and universal, as properly to characterize the whole.
1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. v. 171 Byron and Shelley will be long remembered..for their..Titanic effort to flow in the main stream of modern literature.
a1908 E. F. Fenollosa Epochs Chinese & Japanese Art (1912) I. ix. 197 Several phases of Kamakura art..went on parallel to the main stream of secular makimono painting.
1938 F. M. Ford Let. Oct. (1965) 302 The very considerable influence that Mr. Pound..exercised on literary mainstreams.
1988 A. N. Wilson Tolstoy vii. 170 He could not function inside any mainstream. He had to be an outsider.
3. The stream of mainstream smoke from a cigarette, cigar, or pipe; cf. sense B. 1. Contrasted with sidestream n. 3.
ΚΠ
1935 Jrnl. Agric. Res. 51 274 Cigarettes with a moisture content of 11.13 percent contained more nicotine in the side stream than in the main stream.
1945 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 31 390 The smoker who gets the main stream through the cigarette or pipe stem has a more acid material thereby receiving his nicotine (alkaloid) as salts which are less irritating.
2001 Biol. Chem. 382 1613 The generation of nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous free radical, was observed in NO spin trapping solution bubbled with the filtered main-stream of cigarette smoke.
4. Education (originally North American). A stream or class for pupils without special needs. Cf. mainstream v. 1.
ΚΠ
1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 22 Jan. 9/1 New Canadian programs are aimed at getting immigrant students into English mainstream as quickly as possible.
1991 B. Cox Cox on Cox (BNC) 106 The procedures of the 1981 Act ensure that statements are drawn up on the basis of the pupil's individual needs, but with the general aim of ensuring, as far as possible, an education comparable with that of the pupil's age group in the mainstream.
1994 Daily Tel. 2 Aug. 19/4 The committee urged integration of physically and mentally handicapped children into the educational ‘mainstream’. Segal supported this, although with reservations. ‘You cannot mainstream everyone,’ he contended.
B. adj.
1. Designating smoke produced by a cigarette, cigar, or pipe that is directly inhaled by the smoker. Frequently in mainstream smoke. Cf. sidestream n. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > [adjective] > produced by
nicotinean1873
mainstream1943
1943 Science 19 Feb. 187/1 Cigarettes weighing one gram each were made..and the main stream smoke analyzed.
1956 Science 10 Feb. 226/2 There was no change in main-stream cigarette smoke temperatures until after 5 cm of the cigarette had been consumed.
1973 New Scientist 9 Aug. 313/3 The gases which a smoker draws into his mouth are called mainstream smoke.
1983 Jrnl. Toxicol. & Environmental Health 12 385 Cigarettes prepared from tobacco grown in pots..were smoked, and the mainstream and gaseous fractions were analyzed.
2005 Nicotine & Tobacco Res. 7 761 Internal studies observed changes in mainstream and sidestream smoke composition that may present increased health risks.
2. Of or relating to the mainstream; belonging to or characteristic of an established tradition, field of activity, etc.; conventional.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [adjective] > conventional
orthodox1755
conventional1833
mainstream1953
1953 R. Moore in R. Bretnor Mod. Sci. Fiction 95 For the purposes of discussion we shall define mainstream fiction as any fiction which is not fantasy or science fiction, an arbitrary distinction made in the interests of clarity.
1955 Mag. Fantasy & Sci. Fiction Oct. 3 At the time that you read this, science fiction has just received as important a distinction as has ever been bestowed upon it by a critic of mainstream literature.
1974 Listener 10 Jan. 54/2 Dick Taverne..possesses a rigid habit of mind, so far quite alien to mainstream British politics.
1979 Economist 24 Nov. 129/3 He himself has been fully trained in mainstream economics, but is also well acquainted with Marx's own writings.
1988 Wire Mag. Apr. 7/1 A fluent, easy-going lyricism was the most distinctive aspect of his pleasant mainstream voice.
3. Jazz. Of or relating to a style of jazz that lies between traditional and modern, having its roots in swing.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > jazz > [adjective] > types of
Chicagoan1861
bad1897
hot1918
red-hot1918
soft1921
low-down1922
sweet1924
barrel-house1926
New Orleans1926
straight1926
crazy1927
dirty1927
hotcha1930
jungle1935
solid1935
traditional jazz1935
powerhouse1937
gutty1939
riffy1939
jivey1944
Kansas City1946
cool1948
West Coast1949
far-out1954
nutty1955
swinging1955
mainstream1957
Afro-Latin1958
1957 S. Dance in S. Traill Concerning Jazz 55 Mainstream jazz, typified by musicians like Basie, Ellington..Armstrong.
1960 Sunday Times 11 Sept. 37/1 Very broadly you can break up jazz asymmetrically into the big, simple, driving noise of the traditionalists and the smaller, sophisticated, elegiac sound of modern jazz. In between, there is a discernible third group of ‘mainstream’ enthusiasts.
1988 Jazz Jrnl. Feb. 39/1 Made at the 1979 Honolulu Jazz Festival,..this is a most satisfying set of relaxed mainstream jazz.
4. Education (originally North American). Of or relating to the education of pupils without special needs. Cf. mainstream v. 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [adjective] > form or class
third form1687
upper1856
sixth1857
mainstream1974
1974 Florida FL Reporter 13 44/2 It ought to be equally obvious that the school presently structured and programmed as a mainstream-institution, as opposed by a minority-institution, cannot accomplish such a task.
1984 Times Educ. Suppl. 30 Nov. 29/1 The school also liaises with partially sighted pupils in Mid Glamorgan who have elected to stay within mainstream education.
1987 H. Pluckrose What is happening in our Primary Schools 113 Lack of support for mainstream teachers is not only reflected through inadequate training. One special needs child is not necessarily the equivalent of one ‘mainstream’ child.
1998 Daily Tel. 15 Apr. 19/2 The Government..intends to reduce the number of statemented children by a third and keep more of them in mainstream schools.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2000; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

mainstreamv.

Brit. /ˈmeɪnstriːm/, U.S. /ˈmeɪnˌstrim/
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: mainstream n.
Etymology: < mainstream n., perhaps at first as a derivative noun in -ing suffix1.
Chiefly U.S. transitive.
1. Education. To place (a child with a disability) in a school or class for those without special needs (for all or part of the school day); to educate in such an integrated environment. Also intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > educational administration > school administration > [verb (intransitive)] > place in mainstream education
mainstream1973
society > education > educational administration > school administration > [verb (transitive)] > place in mainstream education
mainstream1973
society > education > educational administration > school administration > [verb (transitive)] > place a disabled child in mainstream education
mainstream1973
1973 [implied in: School Managem. Aug. 28/1 The new practice of mainstreaming recognizes that the individual child may have specific learning or behavior problems which can and should be dealt with only part of the time in an isolated class. (at mainstream n. 2)].
1974 Today's Educ. Mar.–Apr. 25/3 That children will be mainstreamed without backup services is always a danger in times of financial stress.
1974 Exceptional Children Nov. 152/2 Efforts to provide training and experiences for regular classroom teachers are not keeping pace with efforts to mainstream.
1977 Time 30 May 37/1 Education experts..fear that the money crunch will force schools to ‘mainstream’ ill-prepared students into regular classrooms rather than putting them in small special classes.
1988 Washington Post 10 Nov. dc3/1 Should the child be mainstreamed into public schools or attend a school for the deaf?
1991 Governing Dec. 40/1 She was placed in a classroom with 12 other handicapped children and a teacher specially trained to teach children with disabilities. Within a year, Jennifer was ‘mainstreamed’ for two periods a day—storytime and playtime.
2. gen. To incorporate into the mainstream. Also without construction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > include [verb (transitive)] > in mainstream
mainstream1982
1982 G. M. Dalgish Dict. Africanisms p. xiii The editor has attempted to record the most well-known items [from the African languages]..in the belief that such items are most likely to become fully ‘mainstreamed’ into the English language.
1982 Amer. Speech 57 288 He would argue that the language of drugs has been mainstreamed for several years.
1993 Body & Soul Fall 65/1 Vegetarianism has been mainstreamed, due to increased interest in environmentalism and the green movement.

Derivatives

ˈmainstreaming n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > educational administration > school administration > [noun] > placing in mainstream education
inclusion1973
mainstreaming1973
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > [noun] > inclusion > in mainstream
mainstreaming1973
1973 School Managem. Aug.–Sept. 28/1 The new practice of mainstreaming recognizes that the individual child may have specific learning or behavior problems which can and should be dealt with only part of the time in an isolated class.
1982 Amer. Speech 57 216 Federal legislation and mainstreaming in public education have helped in dispelling some of these prejudices.
1991 San Francisco Rev. Bks. Fall 2/1 This issue's Special Feature surveys and explores black American writing, arts, and culture. However, the mainstreaming of these artists has not come about through the integration of the board room.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.adj.?1585v.1973
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