impugnv.

Brit.

/ɪmˈpjuːn/, U.S.

/ᵻmˈpjun/

Forms: Middle English in-, yn-, Middle English–1500s en-, (Middle English em-), Middle English–1500s ym-, Middle English–1600s impugne, Middle English inpungne, impungne, 1500s impunge (?), Scottish impung, 1500s– impugn.

Etymology: < French impugner (1363 in Godefroy) = Provençal im- , enpugnar , Spanish impugnar , Italian impugnare , < Latin impugnāre to attack, assail, < im- (im- prefix¹) + pugnāre to fight.

†1.

a. transitive. To fight against: to attack, assail, assault (a person, city, etc.). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > attack [verb (transitive)]

greetc893

overfallOE

riseOE

assail?c1225

to lay on or upon?c1225

onseekc1275

to set on ——c1290

infighta1300

saila1300

to go upon ——c1300

to turn one's handc1325

lashc1330

annoyc1380

impugnc1384

offendc1385

to fall on ——a1387

sault1387

affrayc1390

to set upon ——1390

to fall upon ——a1398

to lay at?a1400

semblea1400

assayc1400

havec1400

aset1413

oppressa1425

attachc1425

to set at ——c1430

fraya1440

fray1465

oppugn?a1475

sayc1475

envaye1477

pursue1488

envahisshe1489

assaulta1500

to lay to, untoa1500

requirea1500

enterprise?1510

invade1513

assemblec1515

expugn1530

to fare on1535

to fall into ——1550

mount1568

attack?1576

affront1579

invest1598

canvass1599

to take arms1604

attempt1605

to make force at, to, upon1607

salute1609

offence1614

strikea1616

to give a lift at1622

to get at ——1650

insult1697

to walk into ——1794

to go in at1812

to go for ——1838

to light on ——1842

strafe1915

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)]

assail?c1225

to set on ——c1290

saila1300

to turn one's handc1325

lashc1330

to set against ——c1330

impugnc1384

offendc1385

weighc1386

checka1400

to lay at?a1400

havec1400

to set at ——c1430

fraya1440

rehetea1450

besail1460

fray1465

tuilyie1487

assaulta1500

enterprise?1510

invade1513

sturt1513

attempt1546

lay1580

tilt1589

to fall aboard——1593

yoke1596

to let into1598

to fall foul1602

attack1655

do1780

to go in at1812

to pitch into ——1823

tackle1828

vampire1832

bushwhack1837

to go for ——1838

take1864

pile1867

volcano1867

to set about ——1879

vampirize1888

to get stuck into1910

to take to ——1911

weigh1941

rugby-tackle1967

rugger-tackle1967

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] > attack with hostile words or measures

fangc1320

hurtlec1374

impugnc1384

weighc1386

to fall upon ——a1398

to start on ——a1398

oppugn?1435

to lay to, untoa1500

onseta1522

wipe1523

to set against ——1542

to fall aboard——1593

aggress1596

to fall foul1602

attack1613

appugn1615

to set upon ——1639

to fall on ——1641

to lay home, hard, hardly to1650

tack1720

bombard1766

savage1796

to pitch into ——1823

to begin upon a personc1825

bulldog1842

to down on (also upon)a1848

to set at ——1849

to start on ——a1851

to start in on1859

set on at or to1862

to let into1872

to go for ——1890

swash1890

slog1891

to get at ——1893

tee1955

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. xi. 41 Thei inpungneden Yrael.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Judges ix. 44 He roos..and enpugnyde [1382 aȝenfiȝtynge] and bisegide the citee.

c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi iii. xl. 110 Þou dwellist amonge enemyes, þou art impugned on þe riȝt honde & on þe lifte honde.

1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 264 We are set in a slipperye place, and are impugned of deuills.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 35 He..laid siege vnto Damasco..which he so notably impugned, that [etc.].

figurative.1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan Ded. The Outworks of the Enemy, from whence they impugne the Civill Power.

†b. To fight in resistance against; to withstand, resist, oppose. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist

withstandc888

withsake971

forstanda1000

to stand again ——OE

withsetc1000

again-standOE

to stand againOE

warnc1175

wiþerhaldec1175

atstandc1220

astand1250

withsitc1300

sitc1325

asitc1330

(it) may well withc1395

reversea1400

resist1417

ofstandc1425

onstandc1425

gainstand?c1450

endure1470

obsista1475

repugna1513

recountera1525

occur1531

desist1548

impugn1577

obstrigillate1623

counter-stand1648

stem1675

repique1687

to make face to1807

to fight off1833

to stick up1838

bay1848

withstay1854

buck1857

1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. iii. ix. 44 Iosephus..which him selfe also at the first impugned the Romaynes.

1591 Troublesome Raigne Iohn ii. sig. E2^v Only the hart impugnes with faint resist The fierce inuade of him that conquers Kings.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. v. 449/2 God..will not leaue vs succourlesse, whiles in a iust cause, wee impugne a most vniust Intruder.

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 223 To impugn with all his power the Moores, Jews, and Idolaters.

in extended use.1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. v. 291 The defect of alternation would utterly impugne the generation of all things.

a. To assail (an opinion, statement, document, action, etc.) by word or argument; to call in question; to dispute the truth, validity, or correctness of; to oppose as false or erroneous.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > doubt [verb (transitive)] > raise doubts

impugn1362

contrary1586

surmisea1609

question1622

query1727

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. viii. 155 Al þis makeþ me..to þenken..On Pers þe plouhmon and whuch a pardoun he hedde, And hou þe preost inpugnede hit.

c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 350 Þes sectis inpungnen þe gospel, and also þe olde lawe.

1415 T. Hoccleve To Sir J. Oldcastle 172 No man wolde Impugne hir right.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. xliii. f. xv^v This sayinge contraryeth & enpugnyth myne Auctor Gaufride.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) Prol. 10 Detractione..reddy to suppedit & tyl impung ane verteous verk.

a1631 J. Donne Βιαθανατος (1647) ii. vi. §5 No man hath as yet, to my knowledge, impugned this custome of ours.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 642 It cannot be accounted less than Extreme Sottishness and Stupidity of Mind..thus to impugn a Deity.

1777 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip II I. v. 123 An opinion which in France had always been impugned and rejected.

1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. i. v. 60 The saint was scarcely canonized, before his claims to beatitude were impugned.

b. To assail the actions, question the statements, etc. of (a person); to find fault with, accuse. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)]

edwitec825

witec893

accuseOE

bespeaka1000

forwrayOE

atwiteOE

blamea1300

impugn1377

publishc1384

defamea1387

appeach1430

becryc1440

surmisea1485

arguea1522

infame1531

insimulate1532

note1542

tax1548

resperse1551

finger-point1563

chesoun1568

touch1570

disclaim1590

impeach1590

intent1613

question1620

accriminate1641

charge1785

cheek1877

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > blame > [verb (transitive)]

accuseOE

witea1000

blamec1200

lastc1225

awreakc1275

friec1300

lack1340

impugn1377

aretc1386

default1489

remord1522

culpate1548

tax1548

finger-point1563

witen1589

attask1608

refounda1653

thank1667

bumble1675

to take to task1682

twitter1749

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiii. 123 One Pieres þe ploughman hath inpugned vs alle, And sette alle sciences at a soppe, saue loue one.

a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) iii. iii. f. cccxviii^v/1 Many hated hym & specyally theretykes, for he cessed not to enpugne & repreef theym.

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 13 in Wks. (1931) I Quho dar presume thir Poetis tyll Impung, Quhose sweit sentence throuch Albione bene sung?

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iv. i. 176 Yet in such rule, that the Venetian law cannot impugne you as you doe proceed.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xl. 323 The Law, for the supposed apostasy from which he was impugned.

Derivatives

imˈpugned adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > [adjective] > subjected to query

in question1563

questioned1574

impugned1599

scrupled1670

queried?1727

doubted1795

impugnable1823

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [adjective] > subject to accusation

libellate1565

impugned1599

inculpated1837

unvindicated1879

unwhitewashed1909

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > blame > [adjective] > blamed

impugned1599

scapegoated1976

1599 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum (1632) 94 For defence of impugned truth.

1860 Sat. Rev. 9 145/2 The impugned department will send down..a cohort of witnesses.

imˈpugning n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > [noun] > raising of doubts

questioninga1450

impugningc1450

impugnation1502

addubitation1588

impugnance1602

challenge1820

impugnment1840

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [adjective] > involved in accusing

plainand1397

impugningc1450

plainant1467

criminousc1485

surmising1535

accusing1548

accusant1604

appeaching1637

decriminating1670

inculpative1802

imputative1824

inculpatory1837

inculpating1892

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 276 It techyth þe..to defende þi feyth wyth resouns fro inpugnyng of heretykes.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 73 Inpungning of þe law of God.

1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. III. v. xiii. 204 It should be allowable..to call upon the impugning witness..to declare [etc.].

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	impugn
释义	impugnv. Brit. /ɪmˈpjuːn/, U.S. /ᵻmˈpjun/ Forms: Middle English in-, yn-, Middle English–1500s en-, (Middle English em-), Middle English–1500s ym-, Middle English–1600s impugne, Middle English inpungne, impungne, 1500s impunge (?), Scottish impung, 1500s– impugn. Etymology: < French impugner (1363 in Godefroy) = Provençal im- , enpugnar , Spanish impugnar , Italian impugnare , < Latin impugnāre to attack, assail, < im- (im- prefix¹) + pugnāre to fight. †1. a. transitive. To fight against: to attack, assail, assault (a person, city, etc.). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > attack [verb (transitive)] greetc893 overfallOE riseOE assail?c1225 to lay on or upon?c1225 onseekc1275 to set on ——c1290 infighta1300 saila1300 to go upon ——c1300 to turn one's handc1325 lashc1330 annoyc1380 impugnc1384 offendc1385 to fall on ——a1387 sault1387 affrayc1390 to set upon ——1390 to fall upon ——a1398 to lay at?a1400 semblea1400 assayc1400 havec1400 aset1413 oppressa1425 attachc1425 to set at ——c1430 fraya1440 fray1465 oppugn?a1475 sayc1475 envaye1477 pursue1488 envahisshe1489 assaulta1500 to lay to, untoa1500 requirea1500 enterprise?1510 invade1513 assemblec1515 expugn1530 to fare on1535 to fall into ——1550 mount1568 attack?1576 affront1579 invest1598 canvass1599 to take arms1604 attempt1605 to make force at, to, upon1607 salute1609 offence1614 strikea1616 to give a lift at1622 to get at ——1650 insult1697 to walk into ——1794 to go in at1812 to go for ——1838 to light on ——1842 strafe1915 the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] assail?c1225 to set on ——c1290 saila1300 to turn one's handc1325 lashc1330 to set against ——c1330 impugnc1384 offendc1385 weighc1386 checka1400 to lay at?a1400 havec1400 to set at ——c1430 fraya1440 rehetea1450 besail1460 fray1465 tuilyie1487 assaulta1500 enterprise?1510 invade1513 sturt1513 attempt1546 lay1580 tilt1589 to fall aboard——1593 yoke1596 to let into1598 to fall foul1602 attack1655 do1780 to go in at1812 to pitch into ——1823 tackle1828 vampire1832 bushwhack1837 to go for ——1838 take1864 pile1867 volcano1867 to set about ——1879 vampirize1888 to get stuck into1910 to take to ——1911 weigh1941 rugby-tackle1967 rugger-tackle1967 the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] > attack with hostile words or measures fangc1320 hurtlec1374 impugnc1384 weighc1386 to fall upon ——a1398 to start on ——a1398 oppugn?1435 to lay to, untoa1500 onseta1522 wipe1523 to set against ——1542 to fall aboard——1593 aggress1596 to fall foul1602 attack1613 appugn1615 to set upon ——1639 to fall on ——1641 to lay home, hard, hardly to1650 tack1720 bombard1766 savage1796 to pitch into ——1823 to begin upon a personc1825 bulldog1842 to down on (also upon)a1848 to set at ——1849 to start on ——a1851 to start in on1859 set on at or to1862 to let into1872 to go for ——1890 swash1890 slog1891 to get at ——1893 tee1955 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. xi. 41 Thei inpungneden Yrael. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Judges ix. 44 He roos..and enpugnyde [1382 aȝenfiȝtynge] and bisegide the citee. c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi iii. xl. 110 Þou dwellist amonge enemyes, þou art impugned on þe riȝt honde & on þe lifte honde. 1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 264 We are set in a slipperye place, and are impugned of deuills. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 35 He..laid siege vnto Damasco..which he so notably impugned, that [etc.]. figurative.1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan Ded. The Outworks of the Enemy, from whence they impugne the Civill Power. †b. To fight in resistance against; to withstand, resist, oppose. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist withstandc888 withsake971 forstanda1000 to stand again ——OE withsetc1000 again-standOE to stand againOE warnc1175 wiþerhaldec1175 atstandc1220 astand1250 withsitc1300 sitc1325 asitc1330 (it) may well withc1395 reversea1400 resist1417 ofstandc1425 onstandc1425 gainstand?c1450 endure1470 obsista1475 repugna1513 recountera1525 occur1531 desist1548 impugn1577 obstrigillate1623 counter-stand1648 stem1675 repique1687 to make face to1807 to fight off1833 to stick up1838 bay1848 withstay1854 buck1857 1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. iii. ix. 44 Iosephus..which him selfe also at the first impugned the Romaynes. 1591 Troublesome Raigne Iohn ii. sig. E2^v Only the hart impugnes with faint resist The fierce inuade of him that conquers Kings. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. v. 449/2 God..will not leaue vs succourlesse, whiles in a iust cause, wee impugne a most vniust Intruder. 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 223 To impugn with all his power the Moores, Jews, and Idolaters. in extended use.1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. v. 291 The defect of alternation would utterly impugne the generation of all things. View more context for this quotation 2. a. To assail (an opinion, statement, document, action, etc.) by word or argument; to call in question; to dispute the truth, validity, or correctness of; to oppose as false or erroneous. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > doubt [verb (transitive)] > raise doubts impugn1362 contrary1586 surmisea1609 question1622 query1727 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. viii. 155 Al þis makeþ me..to þenken..On Pers þe plouhmon and whuch a pardoun he hedde, And hou þe preost inpugnede hit. c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 350 Þes sectis inpungnen þe gospel, and also þe olde lawe. 1415 T. Hoccleve To Sir J. Oldcastle 172 No man wolde Impugne hir right. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. xliii. f. xv^v This sayinge contraryeth & enpugnyth myne Auctor Gaufride. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) Prol. 10 Detractione..reddy to suppedit & tyl impung ane verteous verk. a1631 J. Donne Βιαθανατος (1647) ii. vi. §5 No man hath as yet, to my knowledge, impugned this custome of ours. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 642 It cannot be accounted less than Extreme Sottishness and Stupidity of Mind..thus to impugn a Deity. 1777 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip II I. v. 123 An opinion which in France had always been impugned and rejected. 1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. i. v. 60 The saint was scarcely canonized, before his claims to beatitude were impugned. b. To assail the actions, question the statements, etc. of (a person); to find fault with, accuse. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] edwitec825 witec893 accuseOE bespeaka1000 forwrayOE atwiteOE blamea1300 impugn1377 publishc1384 defamea1387 appeach1430 becryc1440 surmisea1485 arguea1522 infame1531 insimulate1532 note1542 tax1548 resperse1551 finger-point1563 chesoun1568 touch1570 disclaim1590 impeach1590 intent1613 question1620 accriminate1641 charge1785 cheek1877 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > blame > [verb (transitive)] accuseOE witea1000 blamec1200 lastc1225 awreakc1275 friec1300 lack1340 impugn1377 aretc1386 default1489 remord1522 culpate1548 tax1548 finger-point1563 witen1589 attask1608 refounda1653 thank1667 bumble1675 to take to task1682 twitter1749 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiii. 123 One Pieres þe ploughman hath inpugned vs alle, And sette alle sciences at a soppe, saue loue one. a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) iii. iii. f. cccxviii^v/1 Many hated hym & specyally theretykes, for he cessed not to enpugne & repreef theym. 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 13 in Wks. (1931) I Quho dar presume thir Poetis tyll Impung, Quhose sweit sentence throuch Albione bene sung? 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iv. i. 176 Yet in such rule, that the Venetian law cannot impugne you as you doe proceed. View more context for this quotation 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xl. 323 The Law, for the supposed apostasy from which he was impugned. Derivatives imˈpugned adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > [adjective] > subjected to query in question1563 questioned1574 impugned1599 scrupled1670 queried?1727 doubted1795 impugnable1823 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [adjective] > subject to accusation libellate1565 impugned1599 inculpated1837 unvindicated1879 unwhitewashed1909 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > blame > [adjective] > blamed impugned1599 scapegoated1976 1599 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum (1632) 94 For defence of impugned truth. 1860 Sat. Rev. 9 145/2 The impugned department will send down..a cohort of witnesses. imˈpugning n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > [noun] > raising of doubts questioninga1450 impugningc1450 impugnation1502 addubitation1588 impugnance1602 challenge1820 impugnment1840 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [adjective] > involved in accusing plainand1397 impugningc1450 plainant1467 criminousc1485 surmising1535 accusing1548 accusant1604 appeaching1637 decriminating1670 inculpative1802 imputative1824 inculpatory1837 inculpating1892 c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 276 It techyth þe..to defende þi feyth wyth resouns fro inpugnyng of heretykes. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 73 Inpungning of þe law of God. 1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. III. v. xiii. 204 It should be allowable..to call upon the impugning witness..to declare [etc.]. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.1362
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