gouvernanten.

Brit.

/ɡuːvəˈnɑːnt/, U.S.

/ˌɡuvərˈnɑnt/

Forms: 1500s gouuernant, 1600s– gouvernante.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French gouvernante.

Etymology: < French gouvernante female teacher (1534 in Middle French; 1477 in sense ‘wife of a governor’; the specific sense development ‘chaperone’ is apparently not paralleled until considerably later than in English: 1806), female housekeeper of a bachelor or widower (1690), use as noun of feminine present participle of gouverner govern v. Compare earlier governante n.In sense 3 after Dutch gouvernante (1533 (with reference to Mary of Hungary) or earlier in this sense; < French gouvernante).

historical and rare in later use.

†1.

a. A woman given responsibility for the care or education of children in a household; a governess. Later also more generally: a female teacher. Cf. governante n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > teacher > [noun] > professional teacher > governess

mistressc1330

schoolmistress1335

governoressc1422

tutrice1490

tutrix1515

gouvernante1579

tutress1599

tutoress1614

directrice1631

duenna1641

under-governess1669

governess1673

conductress1760

Mam'sellec1794

directress1801

nursery governess1814

mademoiselle1861

finishing governess1862

fräulein1883

govy1899

miss1924

1579 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1579/10/47 To his richt traist cousignace Annabell, countesse of Mar, gouvernant of his hienes persone and mowth in his infancy.

1636 Earl of Leicester Let. 3 June in A. Collins Lett. & Mem. State (1746) II. 383 She is a verye fine Child, about eight Years old; she came to meet me a great Part of the Chamber, with her Gouvernante and some other Ladyes.

1751 J. Hill tr. H.-F. de La Solle Mem. Man of Pleasure I. i. 47 An old Gouvernante, who had no other merit but that of having brought up my lady her mother, had the charge of the daughter's education.

1781 W. Hayley Triumphs of Temper i. 150 What ills the little female haunt, The testy nurse, th' imperious gouvernante.

1828 M. R. Mitford Our Village III. 113 During the churchwardenship of Farmer Brookes, no less than three village gouvernantes arrived at Aberleigh.

1865 Look before you leap I. 179 Disregarding her gouvernante, she went straight to Neville.

b. A woman, esp. an elderly one, who serves as the companion and protector of a young unmarried lady; a chaperone. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > one who looks after > one in charge of young person > female

governoressc1422

governess?c1500

governante1637

gouvernante1667

duenna1709

chaperone1720

sheep-dog1847

gooseberry-picker1868

1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions ii. 77 I am call'd (sayes she) Douegna, or Madam the Gouvernante [Sp. yo soy Dueña Quintañona].

1716 J. Addison Freeholder No. 4. ⁋3 The old and wither'd Matrons, known by the frightful Name of Gouvernantes and Duegnas.

1779 W. Alexander Hist. Women II. xvii. 23 They, for many centuries, made use of padlocks to secure the chastity of their women; but finding these ineffectual, they had recourse to old women, called Gouvernantes.

1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda I. xi. 328 A beautiful young girl and an elderly lady, whom they took for her gouvernante.

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Calderon iii She was living with an old relation, or gouvernante.

1901 E. Sichel Women & Men of French Renaissance i. i. 6 The State Chaperone, or Gouvernante, supervises the Ladies' Hut and performs the duties of the roll-call.

†2. A woman responsible for the management of a household, esp. that of a bachelor or widower; a housekeeper. Cf. governante n. 3. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > domestic servant > [noun] > housekeeper

housekeeper1528

governante1667

gouvernante1730

1730 tr. N. Heinsius Life Mirandor I. ii. i. 64 If the Gouvernante had been confin'd to her Bed long, I should at last have been transform'd into a walking Shadow.

1773 R. Graves Spiritual Quixote I. iii. vii. 145 My sister..became reserved to me, in order to recommend herself more effectually to our gouvernante.

1788 H. Walpole Narr. Rousseau 141 Rousseau..crossed the country with his gouvernante.

1817 T. Clifford & A. Clifford Topogr. & Hist. Descr. Parish of Tixall 80 His gouvernante one day told him, that she had, unperceived, seen the cook put some unusual ingredients into his broth.

3. A female ruler; esp. a woman exercising delegated authority; a female regent or governor. Also as a title or form of address.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > specifically of a country > female

mistressc1450

gouvernante1747

1747 London Mag. Nov. 469/1 The Princess his Mother shall, during his Minority, act as Guardian, with the Title of Gouvernante.

1772 Hartford Mercury 18 Sept. The King of Sweden had nominated her Gouvernante of Swedish Pomerania.

1837 W. G. Fearnside tr. N. G. Van Kampen Hist. & Topogr. Holland & Belgium Introd. 11 The coalition of four hundred nobles..presented an address to the Gouvernante Marguerite, sister of Philip, praying the government to adopt a system of tolerance.

1973 I. L. Leeb Ideol. Origins Batavian Revol. 73 William IV..left his wife, Anna, as Gouvernante and Regent.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	gouvernante
释义	gouvernanten. Brit. /ɡuːvəˈnɑːnt/, U.S. /ˌɡuvərˈnɑnt/ Forms: 1500s gouuernant, 1600s– gouvernante. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French gouvernante. Etymology: < French gouvernante female teacher (1534 in Middle French; 1477 in sense ‘wife of a governor’; the specific sense development ‘chaperone’ is apparently not paralleled until considerably later than in English: 1806), female housekeeper of a bachelor or widower (1690), use as noun of feminine present participle of gouverner govern v. Compare earlier governante n.In sense 3 after Dutch gouvernante (1533 (with reference to Mary of Hungary) or earlier in this sense; < French gouvernante). historical and rare in later use. †1. a. A woman given responsibility for the care or education of children in a household; a governess. Later also more generally: a female teacher. Cf. governante n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > teacher > [noun] > professional teacher > governess mistressc1330 schoolmistress1335 governoressc1422 tutrice1490 tutrix1515 gouvernante1579 tutress1599 tutoress1614 directrice1631 duenna1641 under-governess1669 governess1673 conductress1760 Mam'sellec1794 directress1801 nursery governess1814 mademoiselle1861 finishing governess1862 fräulein1883 govy1899 miss1924 1579 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1579/10/47 To his richt traist cousignace Annabell, countesse of Mar, gouvernant of his hienes persone and mowth in his infancy. 1636 Earl of Leicester Let. 3 June in A. Collins Lett. & Mem. State (1746) II. 383 She is a verye fine Child, about eight Years old; she came to meet me a great Part of the Chamber, with her Gouvernante and some other Ladyes. 1751 J. Hill tr. H.-F. de La Solle Mem. Man of Pleasure I. i. 47 An old Gouvernante, who had no other merit but that of having brought up my lady her mother, had the charge of the daughter's education. 1781 W. Hayley Triumphs of Temper i. 150 What ills the little female haunt, The testy nurse, th' imperious gouvernante. 1828 M. R. Mitford Our Village III. 113 During the churchwardenship of Farmer Brookes, no less than three village gouvernantes arrived at Aberleigh. 1865 Look before you leap I. 179 Disregarding her gouvernante, she went straight to Neville. b. A woman, esp. an elderly one, who serves as the companion and protector of a young unmarried lady; a chaperone. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > one who looks after > one in charge of young person > female governoressc1422 governess?c1500 governante1637 gouvernante1667 duenna1709 chaperone1720 sheep-dog1847 gooseberry-picker1868 1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions ii. 77 I am call'd (sayes she) Douegna, or Madam the Gouvernante [Sp. yo soy Dueña Quintañona]. 1716 J. Addison Freeholder No. 4. ⁋3 The old and wither'd Matrons, known by the frightful Name of Gouvernantes and Duegnas. 1779 W. Alexander Hist. Women II. xvii. 23 They, for many centuries, made use of padlocks to secure the chastity of their women; but finding these ineffectual, they had recourse to old women, called Gouvernantes. 1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda I. xi. 328 A beautiful young girl and an elderly lady, whom they took for her gouvernante. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Calderon iii She was living with an old relation, or gouvernante. 1901 E. Sichel Women & Men of French Renaissance i. i. 6 The State Chaperone, or Gouvernante, supervises the Ladies' Hut and performs the duties of the roll-call. †2. A woman responsible for the management of a household, esp. that of a bachelor or widower; a housekeeper. Cf. governante n. 3. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > domestic servant > [noun] > housekeeper housekeeper1528 governante1667 gouvernante1730 1730 tr. N. Heinsius Life Mirandor I. ii. i. 64 If the Gouvernante had been confin'd to her Bed long, I should at last have been transform'd into a walking Shadow. 1773 R. Graves Spiritual Quixote I. iii. vii. 145 My sister..became reserved to me, in order to recommend herself more effectually to our gouvernante. 1788 H. Walpole Narr. Rousseau 141 Rousseau..crossed the country with his gouvernante. 1817 T. Clifford & A. Clifford Topogr. & Hist. Descr. Parish of Tixall 80 His gouvernante one day told him, that she had, unperceived, seen the cook put some unusual ingredients into his broth. 3. A female ruler; esp. a woman exercising delegated authority; a female regent or governor. Also as a title or form of address. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > specifically of a country > female mistressc1450 gouvernante1747 1747 London Mag. Nov. 469/1 The Princess his Mother shall, during his Minority, act as Guardian, with the Title of Gouvernante. 1772 Hartford Mercury 18 Sept. The King of Sweden had nominated her Gouvernante of Swedish Pomerania. 1837 W. G. Fearnside tr. N. G. Van Kampen Hist. & Topogr. Holland & Belgium Introd. 11 The coalition of four hundred nobles..presented an address to the Gouvernante Marguerite, sister of Philip, praying the government to adopt a system of tolerance. 1973 I. L. Leeb Ideol. Origins Batavian Revol. 73 William IV..left his wife, Anna, as Gouvernante and Regent. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1579
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