fatwan.

Brit.

/ˈfatwɑː/,

/ˈfatwə/, U.S.

/ˈfətwə/,

/ˈfɑtˌwɑ/

Inflections: Plural fatwas, (rare) unchanged, fatawa.

Forms:

α. 1600s fatfa, 1600s–1800s fetfa.

β. 1700s– fetva, 1700s– fetwa, 1800s fethva, 1800s– fethwa, 1800s– fetwah.

γ. 1700s–1800s futwa, 1800s– fatva, 1800s– fatvah, 1800s– fatwa, 1800s– fatwah, 1800s– futwah.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Italian. Partly a borrowing from Turkish. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: Italian fetfà; Ottoman Turkish fetvā; Arabic fatwā.

Etymology: Partly (in α. and β. forms) < (i) Italian †fetfà (1608 in the passage translated in quot. 1625), and its etymon (ii) Ottoman Turkish fetvā (Turkish fetva , fetvâ ; < Arabic fatwā ), and partly (in γ. forms) directly (iii) < Arabic fatwā formal legal decision < aftā to give a decision on a point of law (compare mufti n.¹). Compare French fatwa (1851 or earlier; 1665 or earlier as †fetua, 1680 or earlier as †fetfa).The rare plural form fatawa reflects the Arabic plural form fatāwā . N.E.D. (1895 ) uses the headword fetwa and consequently gives the pronunciation as (fe·twă) /ˈfɛtwə/. The following quotation has been interpreted as an example of sense 1b, but it appears more likely that only warrant is intended to gloss the Turkish word:1834 J. von Hammer tr. Evliya Çelebi Narr. Trav. I. i. 150 Many thousands..proceeded armed to the At-maidán, where they received a fetvá, or warrant for the execution of Ibráhím Abdu-r-rahmán Efendí.

a. Islam. A formal, authoritative ruling on a point of Islamic law; a scholarly opinion given (typically in writing) by a mufti or other Muslim juridical authority in response to a question posed by an individual or a court of law.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > [noun] > judgement or decision of court

judgement?a1300

rulinga1382

deliverance1385

sentencec1386

laudc1465

judiciala1500

arrest1509

interlocutor1533

finding1581

fatwa1625

decreea1642

arrêtc1650

1625 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Grand Signors Seraglio xii, in S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1608 Fetfa's that is, Declarations, or Iudgements of the Muftee [It. Si chiamano fetfà, che vuol dire caso].

1668 P. Rycaut Present State Ottoman Empire (new ed.) ii. xix. 148 A certain Mufti..delivered his sentence or Fetfa, to the question demanded of him.

1704 J. Trapp Abra-Mule v. i. 2000 In less than half an hour, The black deposing Fetfa will be sign'd.

1795 Freemasons' Mag. May 329 Now, learned Hadgi, I entreat your fetwa.

1803 F. W. Blagdon Paris as it Was II. lxviii. 334 A fetfa or diploma of the Grand Signior.

1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iv. 134 The Na′ib..desires the plaintiff to procure a fet′wa (or judicial decision) from the Moof′tee.

1882 Times 5 Apr. 9/4 The fetwa from the great Mahomedan Academy will be awaited with curiosity.

1906 Westm. Gaz. 3 Sept. 3/2 No political act of the Sultan has any validity without the fetwa of the Sheikh-ul-Islam.

1949 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism vi. 105 His reply was embodied in a fatwā or statement of the legal issues.

1991 Jrnl. Islamic Stud. 2 213 This concern emerges clearly..not only in general religious writings but in his tafsır and fatāwā also.

2004 New Yorker 5 Jan. 51/1 King Khalid obtained a fatwa from the clergy that allowed government troops to retake the mosque.

b. irregular. A declaration or decree by a Muslim authority calling for a person to be put to death, typically as a punishment for blasphemy or apostasy; a death sentence.Modern use in this sense appears to be influenced by the frequent (though inaccurate) glossing of fatwa as ‘death sentence’ in media reports of a fatwa issued by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989, which called for the killing of Salman Rushdie, whose 1988 novel The Satanic Verses was considered by some to be blasphemous and insulting to Islam.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > [noun] > sentence > death-sentence

death sentence1655

fatwa1861

1861 G. Finlay Hist. Greek Revol. I. ii. iv. 229 He was hung from the lintel of the gate of the patriarchate, with a fetwa, or sentence of condemnation, pinned to his breast.

1989 Independent 15 Feb. 10/2 Khomeini's sentence of death is only theologically relevant to a minority of Muslims. An exiled Iranian Ayatollah..yesterday condemned the book but urged Shia Muslims to ignore Khomeini's fatwa.

1990 Independent 29 Sept. 8/7 The British government made no demand that Iran lift the fatwa, or death sentence, imposed on Mr Rushdie.

2002 Sunday Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 28 Apr. (Agenda section) 10 She seems safe, but she is still under a fatwa, a Taliban sentence of death.

2013 D. Tolfree Acts of Retribution 51 Al-Qaeda had Curly marked out as a prime target with a fatwa on his head.

2. An edict or statement issued by a religious authority belonging to a faith other than Islam. Also occasionally in colloquial or trivial use: a forcefully expressed opinion, judgement, or condemnation; a decree.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > [noun] > edict, decree, ordinance, or institute

doomc825

i-setnessec900

setnessc950

edict1297

statutec1300

purveyancea1325

assize1330

ordinancec1330

decreetc1374

constitutionc1380

decree?a1400

sizea1400

stablementc1400

edictionc1470

stablishment1473

ordinationc1499

estatutea1514

placarda1530

prescript1532

golden bull1537

rescript1545

institute1546

institution1551

constitutec1561

sanction1570

decretal1588

ordain1596

decretum1602

invention1639

scite1656

dispositive1677

bull1696

ordonnance1702

subnotation1839

senatus consultum1875

fatwa1989

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > dispraise or discommendation > [noun] > censure or condemnation

condemnationc1384

controlment1533

crimination1534

condemning1591

attainder1597

censuring1598

reprobation1611

censurea1616

perstringing1676

epitimesis1678

perstriction1681

perstringement1891

fatwa1989

1989 Guardian 21 Dec. 19/3 When the Catholic archbishop came out against Noriega, and fatwahs against him were read out in church, the church services in the middle class suburbs turned into political demonstrations against the regime.

1992 Times 4 Mar. 12/7 I have never read a statement which so happily combines absurdity, complacency, impudence, incoherence and incongruity as that 12-line fatwa issued on your behalf by the Catholic press and information office last week.

1998 K. Sampson Extra Time 3 Ray Clemence is there as is, contrary to local rumour of a Smithy-inspired fatwa, Emlyn Hughes.

2007 Amer. Scholar Autumn 118/1 The always amusing Neil Young, from his mountain hideaway south of San Francisco, was issuing fatwas against rock-'n'-roll commercialization.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	fatwa
释义	fatwan. Brit. /ˈfatwɑː/, /ˈfatwə/, U.S. /ˈfətwə/, /ˈfɑtˌwɑ/ Inflections: Plural fatwas, (rare) unchanged, fatawa. Forms: α. 1600s fatfa, 1600s–1800s fetfa. β. 1700s– fetva, 1700s– fetwa, 1800s fethva, 1800s– fethwa, 1800s– fetwah. γ. 1700s–1800s futwa, 1800s– fatva, 1800s– fatvah, 1800s– fatwa, 1800s– fatwah, 1800s– futwah. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Italian. Partly a borrowing from Turkish. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: Italian fetfà; Ottoman Turkish fetvā; Arabic fatwā. Etymology: Partly (in α. and β. forms) < (i) Italian †fetfà (1608 in the passage translated in quot. 1625), and its etymon (ii) Ottoman Turkish fetvā (Turkish fetva , fetvâ ; < Arabic fatwā ), and partly (in γ. forms) directly (iii) < Arabic fatwā formal legal decision < aftā to give a decision on a point of law (compare mufti n.¹). Compare French fatwa (1851 or earlier; 1665 or earlier as †fetua, 1680 or earlier as †fetfa).The rare plural form fatawa reflects the Arabic plural form fatāwā . N.E.D. (1895 ) uses the headword fetwa and consequently gives the pronunciation as (fe·twă) /ˈfɛtwə/. The following quotation has been interpreted as an example of sense 1b, but it appears more likely that only warrant is intended to gloss the Turkish word:1834 J. von Hammer tr. Evliya Çelebi Narr. Trav. I. i. 150 Many thousands..proceeded armed to the At-maidán, where they received a fetvá, or warrant for the execution of Ibráhím Abdu-r-rahmán Efendí. 1. a. Islam. A formal, authoritative ruling on a point of Islamic law; a scholarly opinion given (typically in writing) by a mufti or other Muslim juridical authority in response to a question posed by an individual or a court of law. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > [noun] > judgement or decision of court judgement?a1300 rulinga1382 deliverance1385 sentencec1386 laudc1465 judiciala1500 arrest1509 interlocutor1533 finding1581 fatwa1625 decreea1642 arrêtc1650 1625 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Grand Signors Seraglio xii, in S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1608 Fetfa's that is, Declarations, or Iudgements of the Muftee [It. Si chiamano fetfà, che vuol dire caso]. 1668 P. Rycaut Present State Ottoman Empire (new ed.) ii. xix. 148 A certain Mufti..delivered his sentence or Fetfa, to the question demanded of him. 1704 J. Trapp Abra-Mule v. i. 2000 In less than half an hour, The black deposing Fetfa will be sign'd. 1795 Freemasons' Mag. May 329 Now, learned Hadgi, I entreat your fetwa. 1803 F. W. Blagdon Paris as it Was II. lxviii. 334 A fetfa or diploma of the Grand Signior. 1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iv. 134 The Na′ib..desires the plaintiff to procure a fet′wa (or judicial decision) from the Moof′tee. 1882 Times 5 Apr. 9/4 The fetwa from the great Mahomedan Academy will be awaited with curiosity. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 3 Sept. 3/2 No political act of the Sultan has any validity without the fetwa of the Sheikh-ul-Islam. 1949 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism vi. 105 His reply was embodied in a fatwā or statement of the legal issues. 1991 Jrnl. Islamic Stud. 2 213 This concern emerges clearly..not only in general religious writings but in his tafsır and fatāwā also. 2004 New Yorker 5 Jan. 51/1 King Khalid obtained a fatwa from the clergy that allowed government troops to retake the mosque. b. irregular. A declaration or decree by a Muslim authority calling for a person to be put to death, typically as a punishment for blasphemy or apostasy; a death sentence.Modern use in this sense appears to be influenced by the frequent (though inaccurate) glossing of fatwa as ‘death sentence’ in media reports of a fatwa issued by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989, which called for the killing of Salman Rushdie, whose 1988 novel The Satanic Verses was considered by some to be blasphemous and insulting to Islam. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > [noun] > sentence > death-sentence death sentence1655 fatwa1861 1861 G. Finlay Hist. Greek Revol. I. ii. iv. 229 He was hung from the lintel of the gate of the patriarchate, with a fetwa, or sentence of condemnation, pinned to his breast. 1989 Independent 15 Feb. 10/2 Khomeini's sentence of death is only theologically relevant to a minority of Muslims. An exiled Iranian Ayatollah..yesterday condemned the book but urged Shia Muslims to ignore Khomeini's fatwa. 1990 Independent 29 Sept. 8/7 The British government made no demand that Iran lift the fatwa, or death sentence, imposed on Mr Rushdie. 2002 Sunday Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 28 Apr. (Agenda section) 10 She seems safe, but she is still under a fatwa, a Taliban sentence of death. 2013 D. Tolfree Acts of Retribution 51 Al-Qaeda had Curly marked out as a prime target with a fatwa on his head. 2. An edict or statement issued by a religious authority belonging to a faith other than Islam. Also occasionally in colloquial or trivial use: a forcefully expressed opinion, judgement, or condemnation; a decree. ΘΚΠ society > law > [noun] > edict, decree, ordinance, or institute doomc825 i-setnessec900 setnessc950 edict1297 statutec1300 purveyancea1325 assize1330 ordinancec1330 decreetc1374 constitutionc1380 decree?a1400 sizea1400 stablementc1400 edictionc1470 stablishment1473 ordinationc1499 estatutea1514 placarda1530 prescript1532 golden bull1537 rescript1545 institute1546 institution1551 constitutec1561 sanction1570 decretal1588 ordain1596 decretum1602 invention1639 scite1656 dispositive1677 bull1696 ordonnance1702 subnotation1839 senatus consultum1875 fatwa1989 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > dispraise or discommendation > [noun] > censure or condemnation condemnationc1384 controlment1533 crimination1534 condemning1591 attainder1597 censuring1598 reprobation1611 censurea1616 perstringing1676 epitimesis1678 perstriction1681 perstringement1891 fatwa1989 1989 Guardian 21 Dec. 19/3 When the Catholic archbishop came out against Noriega, and fatwahs against him were read out in church, the church services in the middle class suburbs turned into political demonstrations against the regime. 1992 Times 4 Mar. 12/7 I have never read a statement which so happily combines absurdity, complacency, impudence, incoherence and incongruity as that 12-line fatwa issued on your behalf by the Catholic press and information office last week. 1998 K. Sampson Extra Time 3 Ray Clemence is there as is, contrary to local rumour of a Smithy-inspired fatwa, Emlyn Hughes. 2007 Amer. Scholar Autumn 118/1 The always amusing Neil Young, from his mountain hideaway south of San Francisco, was issuing fatwas against rock-'n'-roll commercialization. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1625
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