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单词 fatwa
释义

fatwan.

Brit. /ˈfatwɑː/, /ˈfatwə/, U.S. /ˈfətwə/, /ˈfɑtˌwɑ/
Inflections: Plural fatwas, (rare) unchanged, fatawa.
Forms:

α. 1600s fatfa, 1600s–1800s fetfa.

β. 1700s– fetva, 1700s– fetwa, 1800s fethva, 1800s– fethwa, 1800s– fetwah.

γ. 1700s–1800s futwa, 1800s– fatva, 1800s– fatvah, 1800s– fatwa, 1800s– fatwah, 1800s– futwah.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Italian. Partly a borrowing from Turkish. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: Italian fetfà; Ottoman Turkish fetvā; Arabic fatwā.
Etymology: Partly (in α. and β. forms) < (i) Italian †fetfà (1608 in the passage translated in quot. 1625), and its etymon (ii) Ottoman Turkish fetvā (Turkish fetva , fetvâ ; < Arabic fatwā ), and partly (in γ. forms) directly (iii) < Arabic fatwā formal legal decision < aftā to give a decision on a point of law (compare mufti n.1). Compare French fatwa (1851 or earlier; 1665 or earlier as †fetua, 1680 or earlier as †fetfa).The rare plural form fatawa reflects the Arabic plural form fatāwā . N.E.D. (1895 ) uses the headword fetwa and consequently gives the pronunciation as (fe·twă) /ˈfɛtwə/. The following quotation has been interpreted as an example of sense 1b, but it appears more likely that only warrant is intended to gloss the Turkish word:1834 J. von Hammer tr. Evliya Çelebi Narr. Trav. I. i. 150 Many thousands..proceeded armed to the At-maidán, where they received a fetvá, or warrant for the execution of Ibráhím Abdu-r-rahmán Efendí.
1.
a. Islam. A formal, authoritative ruling on a point of Islamic law; a scholarly opinion given (typically in writing) by a mufti or other Muslim juridical authority in response to a question posed by an individual or a court of law.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > [noun] > judgement or decision of court
judgement?a1300
rulinga1382
deliverance1385
sentencec1386
laudc1465
judiciala1500
arrest1509
interlocutor1533
finding1581
fatwa1625
decreea1642
arrêtc1650
1625 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Grand Signors Seraglio xii, in S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1608 Fetfa's that is, Declarations, or Iudgements of the Muftee [It. Si chiamano fetfà, che vuol dire caso].
1668 P. Rycaut Present State Ottoman Empire (new ed.) ii. xix. 148 A certain Mufti..delivered his sentence or Fetfa, to the question demanded of him.
1704 J. Trapp Abra-Mule v. i. 2000 In less than half an hour, The black deposing Fetfa will be sign'd.
1795 Freemasons' Mag. May 329 Now, learned Hadgi, I entreat your fetwa.
1803 F. W. Blagdon Paris as it Was II. lxviii. 334 A fetfa or diploma of the Grand Signior.
1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iv. 134 The Na′ib..desires the plaintiff to procure a fet′wa (or judicial decision) from the Moof′tee.
1882 Times 5 Apr. 9/4 The fetwa from the great Mahomedan Academy will be awaited with curiosity.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 3 Sept. 3/2 No political act of the Sultan has any validity without the fetwa of the Sheikh-ul-Islam.
1949 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism vi. 105 His reply was embodied in a fatwā or statement of the legal issues.
1991 Jrnl. Islamic Stud. 2 213 This concern emerges clearly..not only in general religious writings but in his tafsır and fatāwā also.
2004 New Yorker 5 Jan. 51/1 King Khalid obtained a fatwa from the clergy that allowed government troops to retake the mosque.
b. irregular. A declaration or decree by a Muslim authority calling for a person to be put to death, typically as a punishment for blasphemy or apostasy; a death sentence.Modern use in this sense appears to be influenced by the frequent (though inaccurate) glossing of fatwa as ‘death sentence’ in media reports of a fatwa issued by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989, which called for the killing of Salman Rushdie, whose 1988 novel The Satanic Verses was considered by some to be blasphemous and insulting to Islam.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > [noun] > sentence > death-sentence
death sentence1655
fatwa1861
1861 G. Finlay Hist. Greek Revol. I. ii. iv. 229 He was hung from the lintel of the gate of the patriarchate, with a fetwa, or sentence of condemnation, pinned to his breast.
1989 Independent 15 Feb. 10/2 Khomeini's sentence of death is only theologically relevant to a minority of Muslims. An exiled Iranian Ayatollah..yesterday condemned the book but urged Shia Muslims to ignore Khomeini's fatwa.
1990 Independent 29 Sept. 8/7 The British government made no demand that Iran lift the fatwa, or death sentence, imposed on Mr Rushdie.
2002 Sunday Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 28 Apr. (Agenda section) 10 She seems safe, but she is still under a fatwa, a Taliban sentence of death.
2013 D. Tolfree Acts of Retribution 51 Al-Qaeda had Curly marked out as a prime target with a fatwa on his head.
2. An edict or statement issued by a religious authority belonging to a faith other than Islam. Also occasionally in colloquial or trivial use: a forcefully expressed opinion, judgement, or condemnation; a decree.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > [noun] > edict, decree, ordinance, or institute
doomc825
i-setnessec900
setnessc950
edict1297
statutec1300
purveyancea1325
assize1330
ordinancec1330
decreetc1374
constitutionc1380
decree?a1400
sizea1400
stablementc1400
edictionc1470
stablishment1473
ordinationc1499
estatutea1514
placarda1530
prescript1532
golden bull1537
rescript1545
institute1546
institution1551
constitutec1561
sanction1570
decretal1588
ordain1596
decretum1602
invention1639
scite1656
dispositive1677
bull1696
ordonnance1702
subnotation1839
senatus consultum1875
fatwa1989
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > dispraise or discommendation > [noun] > censure or condemnation
condemnationc1384
controlment1533
crimination1534
condemning1591
attainder1597
censuring1598
reprobation1611
censurea1616
perstringing1676
epitimesis1678
perstriction1681
perstringement1891
fatwa1989
1989 Guardian 21 Dec. 19/3 When the Catholic archbishop came out against Noriega, and fatwahs against him were read out in church, the church services in the middle class suburbs turned into political demonstrations against the regime.
1992 Times 4 Mar. 12/7 I have never read a statement which so happily combines absurdity, complacency, impudence, incoherence and incongruity as that 12-line fatwa issued on your behalf by the Catholic press and information office last week.
1998 K. Sampson Extra Time 3 Ray Clemence is there as is, contrary to local rumour of a Smithy-inspired fatwa, Emlyn Hughes.
2007 Amer. Scholar Autumn 118/1 The always amusing Neil Young, from his mountain hideaway south of San Francisco, was issuing fatwas against rock-'n'-roll commercialization.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1625
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