extinctionn.

/ɛkˈstɪŋkʃən/

Forms: Also Middle English extinccion.

Etymology: < Latin ex(s)tinctiōn-em, noun of action < ex(s)tinguĕre : see extinguish v. Compare French extinction.

The action of extinguishing; the fact or state of being extinguished.

a. The quenching, putting out (of fire, light, anything burning or shining; figurative hopes, passions, life, etc.); the fact of being quenched; the process of becoming, or the condition of being, extinct.In Optics occasionally used for the stoppage of light by absorption, interference, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] > extinguishing light

extinguishment1509

extinctiona1513

extinct1606

extincture1609

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > extinguishing fire > [noun]

bleschingc1440

sleckingc1440

slockeningc1440

quenchoura1475

extinguishment1509

extinctiona1513

extincture1609

quench?1611

fire-extinguishing1840

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. clxxxii^v He ordeyned at Westminster to brenne perpetuelly w^tout extinccion .iiii. Tapers of waxe.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iii. 68 Red hot needles or wires extinguished in quicksilver, do yet acquire a verticity according to the Laws of position in extinction .

1669 R. Boyle Contin. New Exper. Physico-mech. (1682) i. Notes 191 Several Ignitions and Extinctions.

1672 G. Harvey Morbus Anglicus (ed. 2) v. 14 The parts are consumed through extinction of their native heat.

1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. iii. 104 The sudden extinction of those hopes which she had so long..cherished.

1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 424/1 The birth..and extinction of volcanoes are phenomena seen in separate parts of the earth's surface.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxvii. 204 The alternate appearance and extinction of the light.

a1871 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) II. 275 A bright lamp flickering out into extinction.

b. The slaking (of lime); †‘the quenching of red-hot minerals in some liquor, to abate their sharpness, or to impart their virtue to the liquor’ (Phillips 1706); †concrete a tincture made by this process. extinction of mercury: (see quot. 1842).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > pharmacy > [noun] > processes in pharmacy

levigation1471

frixion1617

nutrition1617

extinction1646

confectioning1650

demersion1692

pill-rolling1838

succussion1848

pearl-coating1883

cryoprecipitation1955

microencapsulation1961

microencapsulating1970

the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > liquid or volatile principle > specific

extinction1646

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with other materials > [noun] > hydrating lime

slakingc1400

slockeningc1440

slacking1707

extinction1848

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. v. §3. 85 Gold inwardly taken..either in substance, infusion, decoction or extinction .

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. v. §3. 86 [Alloyed gold] is actually dequantitated by fire, and possibly by frequent extinction .

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xxii. 165 For speedier operation we make extinctions, infusions, and the like.

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Extinction of Mercury, trituration of mercury with lard or other substance, until the metallic globules disappear.

1848 J. Craig New Universal Dict. Extinction of lime.

c. Physics. Reduction in the intensity of radiation.

(a) Reduction in the intensity of a beam of light as a result of absorption and scattering as it passes through a medium.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > reduction in

extinction1794

Purkinje phenomenon1893

Purkinje effect1907

Purkinje shift1924

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. II. xxi. 453 Reflexion, refraction, and extinction, are affections of light by transparent bodies.

a1830 J. F. W. Herschel Light in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) IV. 431 The extinction of a beam of homogeneous light in passing through a homogeneous medium.

1957 H. C. van de Hulst Light Scattering by Small Particles xviii. 388 Extinction can be measured by observing the intensity..of a light source as seen through a container with scattering particles.

1963 J. M. Stone Radiation & Optics xiv. 335 Extinction is accounted for partly as scattering and partly as absorption. Extinction may..consist entirely of absorption (for example, in an opaque screen of negligible reflectance) or almost entirely of scattering (for example, from..a very thick cloud in the sky).

(b) The state or condition of darkness in a crystal placed in polarized light between crossed nicols. Hence angle of extinction, the angle formed, on rotation, between the position of extinction of a ray of light and a principal crystallographic direction. Also attributive.

ΚΠ

1873 J. Tyndall Six Lect. on Light iv. 133 This brings us at once to the part played by the analyzer, the sole function of which is to recompound the two vibrations emergent from the gypsum. It reduces them to a single plane, where, if one of them be retarded by the proper amount, extinction will occur.

1912 R. W. Clark tr. E. Weinschenk Petrogr. Methods 67 Maximum brightness is obtained when the vibration directions of the crystal are at 45° to those of the nicols. It diminishes upon further rotation and passes gradually over into complete darkness when these directions are respectively parallel. This latter position is also called the position of extinction, and the vibration directions in the crystal, the extinction directions.

1912 R. W. Clark tr. E. Weinschenk Petrogr. Methods 70 Extinction Curve for Diopside.

1912 R. W. Clark tr. E. Weinschenk Petrogr. Methods 70 In triclinic minerals the determination of the extinction angles is of value only when the orientation of the face upon which they are observed is accurately known.

1921 A. Holmes Petrogr. Methods 126 When a transparent mineral fragment is rotated between crossed nicols various phenomena may be observed... If the object remains dark, and is therefore isotropic, the total extinction indicates an amorphous or cubic (isometric) mineral in an unstrained condition, or a basal section of a uniaxial mineral (tetragonal, hexagonal, or trigonal).

1937 Discovery Sept. 283/2 A complete record of the colour variation and the angles of extinction can be permanently obtained.

(c) A reduction in the intensity of X-rays diffracted by a crystal owing to interference between the incident beam and beams multiply diffracted by the lattice planes ( primary extinction) and to the progressive weakening of the incident beam in its passage through the crystal as energy is diverted into the diffracted beams ( secondary extinction).

ΚΠ

1914 C. G. Darwin in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 27 681 The extinction is complete long before the [X-]rays going in a slightly different direction are appreciably absorbed. This fact is important in explaining the reflexion from an ordinary imperfect crystal.

1922 C. G. Darwin in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 43 804 The extinction itself..exerts two effects, which may be called primary and secondary.

1934 W. P. Davey Study Crystal Struct. x. 308 The cleavage faces of all actual single crystals are perfect enough to show a little primary extinction and are imperfect enough to show a great deal of secondary extinction.

1948 K. Lonsdale Crystals & X-rays vi. 140 The effect of this primary extinction..is an enormous apparent increase in absorption, over a very restricted range of angle.

1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 83 Crystal imperfections will prevent double diffraction and hence prevent extinction, leading to an increased diffracted intensity in regions of lattice strain.

2. Suppression, abolition (of an institution, etc.); the complete wiping out (of a debt).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > [noun]

revoking1395

revocationc1400

cassationc1425

annulling1449

reclamationa1475

annulmenta1492

retractation1531

disannulling1533

abrogation1535

cancellation1535

retraction1536

extinguishment1537

undoing1540

abrenunciation1557

revocating1570

reversement1572

revokement1573

annihilation1579

revocatory1579

annullity1586

retroversion1587

rescission1594

recall1597

recision1606

disannulment1611

repeal1612

rasurea1616

cancelment1621

retractinga1624

cancelling1631

extinction1651

circumduction1726

cassing1844

recallment1845

cancel1884

society > trade and finance > payment > payment of debt > [noun]

satisfaction1398

acquittance?a1400

amortizement1439

financec1460

discharge1534

clearing1579

settlement1729

discharging1735

settling1761

liquidation1786

extinguishment1796

amortization1810

service1817

amortizing1840

extinction1845

clearance1858

pay-off1864

admortization1903

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxix. 168 The Extinction of their Democracy.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiv. 282 The extinction of their religion, and the slaughter of their ancestors.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 145. ⁋1 The public would suffer..inconvenience..from the extinction of any common trade.

1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. 469 After the extinction of the national independence.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation iii. iii. 449 The plan for the gradual extinction of the national debt.

a. The action of blotting (a living being, a soul) out of existence; destruction, annihilation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > utter destruction or annihilation

anientizement1429

deletiona1513

extincting1513

annihilment1526

exterminion1528

nulling1538

annihilation1541

exterminationc1550

nullity1555

annihilating1577

massacre1595

extinguishment1599

extinct1606

expunction1615

extinction1615

discreationa1628

nullificationa1631

nullifying1640

decreation1647

defacedness1668

extinguishinga1676

erasurea1794

exterminating1796

blotting out1808

naughting1913

wipeout1968

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 333 We therefore define an abortment to be Either the issuing of an imperfect Infant or his extinction and death in the wombe.

1646 Bp. J. Hall Balme of Gilead 188 The utter extinction of those we loved.

1676 J. Glanvill Ess. v. 19 Doctrines, such as..utter extinction, and annihilation of the Wicked after the Day of Judgment.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 135 Which destruction they call the second death, and describe it as a perfect extinction.

1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 32 I..declare the soul's eclipse Not the soul's extinction.

†b. Effacement, utter disgrace or ruin (of a person). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > disgrace or dishonour > [noun] > complete or utter disgrace

extinction1542

ruin1621

1542 N. Udall in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Lit. Men (1843) 5 To recover a man from present extinction.

4. With reference to a race, family, species, etc.: the fact or process of becoming extinct; a coming to an end or dying out; the condition of being extinct.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > non-existence > [noun] > ceasing to exist > of a family, race, species, etc.

extinguishment1539

extinction1602

extinct1606

1602 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law ii. 63 If a man deuise to his daughter his lands..vntill she marie..it onely signifieth an extinction of the legacie when the mariage is accomplished.

1659 C. Noble Moderate Answer 15 By..extinction of the male blood it received an alteration.

a1729 J. Rogers 19 Serm. (1735) 135 The Extinction of Nations, and the Desolation of Kingdoms.

1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 552 Any number of lives, the extinction of which could be proved without difficulty.

1864 J. Bryce Holy Rom. Empire vii. 147 The extinction of the male line of Hapsburg in the person of Charles VI.

1880 A. R. Wallace Island Life 61 The most effective agent in the extinction of species is the pressure of other species.

Compounds

extinction coefficient n. any coefficient that gives a measure of the total degree of extinction of radiation by a medium.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 237/1 After traversing thickness x the intensity I is reduced to I′ = Ie^—ax where e is the number 2·71828..and a is known as the extinction-coefficient.

1912 P. G. Nutting Outl. Appl. Optics 12 In theoretical work the most useful specification of absorption is the absorption per wave length called the extinction coefficient or absorptive index.

1959 H. Barnes Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 162 The clarity of the water, that is, its ability to transmit light (as measured by the so-called extinction coefficient), depends upon the wavelength of the light.

extinction frequency n. (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1953 S. W. Amos & D. C. Birkinshaw Television Engin. I. 277 The frequency..at which zero output occurs is known as the first critical or extinction frequency.

extinction meter n. a photographic exposure meter which gives readings in terms of visual comparisons.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > meters

photographometer1848

heliograph1851

actinometer1866

sensitometer1880

light meter1889

exposure meter1891

iconometer1894

extinction meter1931

1931 J. H. Reyner Cine-photogr. for Amateurs v. 58 These meters are often known as extinction meters, because the light coming through them is gradually reduced to or worked up from an extinction point.

1951 G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-making (ed. 2) ii. 19 An early type [of exposure meter] used for cinematography was the extinction meter, in which the subject was observed through a small telescope in which was a density wedge that was used in assessing the correct exposure for the subject.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

单词	extinction
释义	extinctionn. /ɛkˈstɪŋkʃən/ Forms: Also Middle English extinccion. Etymology: < Latin ex(s)tinctiōn-em, noun of action < ex(s)tinguĕre : see extinguish v. Compare French extinction. The action of extinguishing; the fact or state of being extinguished. 1. a. The quenching, putting out (of fire, light, anything burning or shining; figurative hopes, passions, life, etc.); the fact of being quenched; the process of becoming, or the condition of being, extinct.In Optics occasionally used for the stoppage of light by absorption, interference, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] > extinguishing light extinguishment1509 extinctiona1513 extinct1606 extincture1609 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > extinguishing fire > [noun] bleschingc1440 sleckingc1440 slockeningc1440 quenchoura1475 extinguishment1509 extinctiona1513 extincture1609 quench?1611 fire-extinguishing1840 a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. clxxxii^v He ordeyned at Westminster to brenne perpetuelly w^tout extinccion .iiii. Tapers of waxe. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iii. 68 Red hot needles or wires extinguished in quicksilver, do yet acquire a verticity according to the Laws of position in extinction . View more context for this quotation 1669 R. Boyle Contin. New Exper. Physico-mech. (1682) i. Notes 191 Several Ignitions and Extinctions. 1672 G. Harvey Morbus Anglicus (ed. 2) v. 14 The parts are consumed through extinction of their native heat. 1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. iii. 104 The sudden extinction of those hopes which she had so long..cherished. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 424/1 The birth..and extinction of volcanoes are phenomena seen in separate parts of the earth's surface. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxvii. 204 The alternate appearance and extinction of the light. a1871 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) II. 275 A bright lamp flickering out into extinction. b. The slaking (of lime); †‘the quenching of red-hot minerals in some liquor, to abate their sharpness, or to impart their virtue to the liquor’ (Phillips 1706); †concrete a tincture made by this process. extinction of mercury: (see quot. 1842). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > pharmacy > [noun] > processes in pharmacy levigation1471 frixion1617 nutrition1617 extinction1646 confectioning1650 demersion1692 pill-rolling1838 succussion1848 pearl-coating1883 cryoprecipitation1955 microencapsulation1961 microencapsulating1970 the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > liquid or volatile principle > specific extinction1646 society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with other materials > [noun] > hydrating lime slakingc1400 slockeningc1440 slacking1707 extinction1848 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. v. §3. 85 Gold inwardly taken..either in substance, infusion, decoction or extinction . View more context for this quotation 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. v. §3. 86 [Alloyed gold] is actually dequantitated by fire, and possibly by frequent extinction . View more context for this quotation 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xxii. 165 For speedier operation we make extinctions, infusions, and the like. View more context for this quotation 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Extinction of Mercury, trituration of mercury with lard or other substance, until the metallic globules disappear. 1848 J. Craig New Universal Dict. Extinction of lime. c. Physics. Reduction in the intensity of radiation. (a) Reduction in the intensity of a beam of light as a result of absorption and scattering as it passes through a medium. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > reduction in extinction1794 Purkinje phenomenon1893 Purkinje effect1907 Purkinje shift1924 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. II. xxi. 453 Reflexion, refraction, and extinction, are affections of light by transparent bodies. a1830 J. F. W. Herschel Light in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) IV. 431 The extinction of a beam of homogeneous light in passing through a homogeneous medium. 1957 H. C. van de Hulst Light Scattering by Small Particles xviii. 388 Extinction can be measured by observing the intensity..of a light source as seen through a container with scattering particles. 1963 J. M. Stone Radiation & Optics xiv. 335 Extinction is accounted for partly as scattering and partly as absorption. Extinction may..consist entirely of absorption (for example, in an opaque screen of negligible reflectance) or almost entirely of scattering (for example, from..a very thick cloud in the sky). (b) The state or condition of darkness in a crystal placed in polarized light between crossed nicols. Hence angle of extinction, the angle formed, on rotation, between the position of extinction of a ray of light and a principal crystallographic direction. Also attributive. ΚΠ 1873 J. Tyndall Six Lect. on Light iv. 133 This brings us at once to the part played by the analyzer, the sole function of which is to recompound the two vibrations emergent from the gypsum. It reduces them to a single plane, where, if one of them be retarded by the proper amount, extinction will occur. 1912 R. W. Clark tr. E. Weinschenk Petrogr. Methods 67 Maximum brightness is obtained when the vibration directions of the crystal are at 45° to those of the nicols. It diminishes upon further rotation and passes gradually over into complete darkness when these directions are respectively parallel. This latter position is also called the position of extinction, and the vibration directions in the crystal, the extinction directions. 1912 R. W. Clark tr. E. Weinschenk Petrogr. Methods 70 Extinction Curve for Diopside. 1912 R. W. Clark tr. E. Weinschenk Petrogr. Methods 70 In triclinic minerals the determination of the extinction angles is of value only when the orientation of the face upon which they are observed is accurately known. 1921 A. Holmes Petrogr. Methods 126 When a transparent mineral fragment is rotated between crossed nicols various phenomena may be observed... If the object remains dark, and is therefore isotropic, the total extinction indicates an amorphous or cubic (isometric) mineral in an unstrained condition, or a basal section of a uniaxial mineral (tetragonal, hexagonal, or trigonal). 1937 Discovery Sept. 283/2 A complete record of the colour variation and the angles of extinction can be permanently obtained. (c) A reduction in the intensity of X-rays diffracted by a crystal owing to interference between the incident beam and beams multiply diffracted by the lattice planes ( primary extinction) and to the progressive weakening of the incident beam in its passage through the crystal as energy is diverted into the diffracted beams ( secondary extinction). ΚΠ 1914 C. G. Darwin in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 27 681 The extinction is complete long before the [X-]rays going in a slightly different direction are appreciably absorbed. This fact is important in explaining the reflexion from an ordinary imperfect crystal. 1922 C. G. Darwin in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 43 804 The extinction itself..exerts two effects, which may be called primary and secondary. 1934 W. P. Davey Study Crystal Struct. x. 308 The cleavage faces of all actual single crystals are perfect enough to show a little primary extinction and are imperfect enough to show a great deal of secondary extinction. 1948 K. Lonsdale Crystals & X-rays vi. 140 The effect of this primary extinction..is an enormous apparent increase in absorption, over a very restricted range of angle. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 83 Crystal imperfections will prevent double diffraction and hence prevent extinction, leading to an increased diffracted intensity in regions of lattice strain. 2. Suppression, abolition (of an institution, etc.); the complete wiping out (of a debt). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > [noun] revoking1395 revocationc1400 cassationc1425 annulling1449 reclamationa1475 annulmenta1492 retractation1531 disannulling1533 abrogation1535 cancellation1535 retraction1536 extinguishment1537 undoing1540 abrenunciation1557 revocating1570 reversement1572 revokement1573 annihilation1579 revocatory1579 annullity1586 retroversion1587 rescission1594 recall1597 recision1606 disannulment1611 repeal1612 rasurea1616 cancelment1621 retractinga1624 cancelling1631 extinction1651 circumduction1726 cassing1844 recallment1845 cancel1884 society > trade and finance > payment > payment of debt > [noun] satisfaction1398 acquittance?a1400 amortizement1439 financec1460 discharge1534 clearing1579 settlement1729 discharging1735 settling1761 liquidation1786 extinguishment1796 amortization1810 service1817 amortizing1840 extinction1845 clearance1858 pay-off1864 admortization1903 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxix. 168 The Extinction of their Democracy. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiv. 282 The extinction of their religion, and the slaughter of their ancestors. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 145. ⁋1 The public would suffer..inconvenience..from the extinction of any common trade. 1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. 469 After the extinction of the national independence. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation iii. iii. 449 The plan for the gradual extinction of the national debt. 3. a. The action of blotting (a living being, a soul) out of existence; destruction, annihilation. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > utter destruction or annihilation anientizement1429 deletiona1513 extincting1513 annihilment1526 exterminion1528 nulling1538 annihilation1541 exterminationc1550 nullity1555 annihilating1577 massacre1595 extinguishment1599 extinct1606 expunction1615 extinction1615 discreationa1628 nullificationa1631 nullifying1640 decreation1647 defacedness1668 extinguishinga1676 erasurea1794 exterminating1796 blotting out1808 naughting1913 wipeout1968 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 333 We therefore define an abortment to be Either the issuing of an imperfect Infant or his extinction and death in the wombe. 1646 Bp. J. Hall Balme of Gilead 188 The utter extinction of those we loved. 1676 J. Glanvill Ess. v. 19 Doctrines, such as..utter extinction, and annihilation of the Wicked after the Day of Judgment. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 135 Which destruction they call the second death, and describe it as a perfect extinction. 1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 32 I..declare the soul's eclipse Not the soul's extinction. †b. Effacement, utter disgrace or ruin (of a person). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > disgrace or dishonour > [noun] > complete or utter disgrace extinction1542 ruin1621 1542 N. Udall in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Lit. Men (1843) 5 To recover a man from present extinction. 4. With reference to a race, family, species, etc.: the fact or process of becoming extinct; a coming to an end or dying out; the condition of being extinct. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > non-existence > [noun] > ceasing to exist > of a family, race, species, etc. extinguishment1539 extinction1602 extinct1606 1602 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law ii. 63 If a man deuise to his daughter his lands..vntill she marie..it onely signifieth an extinction of the legacie when the mariage is accomplished. 1659 C. Noble Moderate Answer 15 By..extinction of the male blood it received an alteration. a1729 J. Rogers 19 Serm. (1735) 135 The Extinction of Nations, and the Desolation of Kingdoms. 1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 552 Any number of lives, the extinction of which could be proved without difficulty. 1864 J. Bryce Holy Rom. Empire vii. 147 The extinction of the male line of Hapsburg in the person of Charles VI. 1880 A. R. Wallace Island Life 61 The most effective agent in the extinction of species is the pressure of other species. Compounds extinction coefficient n. any coefficient that gives a measure of the total degree of extinction of radiation by a medium. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 237/1 After traversing thickness x the intensity I is reduced to I′ = Ie^—ax where e is the number 2·71828..and a is known as the extinction-coefficient. 1912 P. G. Nutting Outl. Appl. Optics 12 In theoretical work the most useful specification of absorption is the absorption per wave length called the extinction coefficient or absorptive index. 1959 H. Barnes Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 162 The clarity of the water, that is, its ability to transmit light (as measured by the so-called extinction coefficient), depends upon the wavelength of the light. extinction frequency n. (see quot.). ΚΠ 1953 S. W. Amos & D. C. Birkinshaw Television Engin. I. 277 The frequency..at which zero output occurs is known as the first critical or extinction frequency. extinction meter n. a photographic exposure meter which gives readings in terms of visual comparisons. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > meters photographometer1848 heliograph1851 actinometer1866 sensitometer1880 light meter1889 exposure meter1891 iconometer1894 extinction meter1931 1931 J. H. Reyner Cine-photogr. for Amateurs v. 58 These meters are often known as extinction meters, because the light coming through them is gradually reduced to or worked up from an extinction point. 1951 G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-making (ed. 2) ii. 19 An early type [of exposure meter] used for cinematography was the extinction meter, in which the subject was observed through a small telescope in which was a density wedge that was used in assessing the correct exposure for the subject. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.a1513
随便看	production line production manager production number production order production planning production platform production process production reactor production relations production rule production run production staff production studio production team production testing production value production well production-sharing production-test production-tested productional productionism productionist productionize productionized