cravenadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈkreɪv(ə)n/, U.S.

/ˈkreɪvən/

Forms: Middle English, 1600s cravant ( crau-), Middle English crauaunde, 1500s cravine, cravyne, 1600s cravand, 1500s– craven.

Etymology: In early Middle English crauant (rare), etymology obscure. Mr. Henry Nicol ( Proc. Phil. Soc., Dec. 1879) suggested its identification with Old French cravanté , crevanté , crushed, overcome: see cravent v. But the total absence of the final é from the word, at a date when English still retained final e , makes a difficulty. Others have considered it a variant, in some way of creant adj.¹ (Old French creant , craant ), which is a much more frequent word in the same sense in Middle English The difficulty here is to account for the v (u ), for which popular association with crave v. and its northern past participle craved has been conjectured.

A. adj.

†1.

a. Vanquished, defeated; or, perhaps, confessing himself vanquished. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > [adjective]

cravena1225

matec1225

to yield oneself creanta1250

confounded1362

checkmate?c1370

convictc1430

superatec1460

beaten1550

frustrate1588

convicteda1616

skinned1897

a1225 St. Marher. 11 Ich am kempe ant he is crauant þet me wende to ouercumen.

a1225 Leg. Kath. 133 Al ha icneowen ham crauant & ourcumen, & cweðen hire þe meistrie & te menske al up.

b. to cry craven: to acknowledge oneself vanquished, to give up the contest, surrender. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defeat > be defeated [verb (intransitive)] > surrender

to cry (or say) creanta1250

to yield oneself creanta1250

to do (also put) oneself in (also to) a person's mercya1325

yieldc1330

recray1340

summisec1450

render1523

amain1540

surrender1560

to throw down one's arms (also weapons, etc.)1593

articulate1595

to yield (also bow oneself) to (also upon) mercy1595

to give grass1597

capitulate1601

to cry cravena1634

to lower or strike one's flag1644

bail1840

hands-up1879

kamerad1914

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > be defeated or overthrown [verb (intransitive)] > confess oneself beaten

to cry creak?1562

to give, lay down, yield the bucklers1592

to cry cravena1634

holler1845

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > be irresolute or vacillate [verb (intransitive)] > give way or give in

benda1400

sink?a1513

to give over1530

to cry creak?1562

yield1576

to hold up1596

succumb1604

to give in1616

to hoist, lower, strike the topsaila1629

to cry cravena1634

to give up or cross the cudgels1654

incumb1656

to fall in1667

to knock under1670

to knock under board, under (the) table1692

to strike underc1730

knuckle down1735

to throw (also chuck) up the sponge1860

chuck up (the sponge)1864

to throw in one's hand1893

to sky the wipe (or towel)1907

to drop one's bundle1915

to throw (chuck, or toss) in the towel1915

to buckle up1927

a1634 E. Coke Inst. Lawes Eng. (1648) iii. 221 If he become recreant, that is, a crying Coward or Craven he shall for his perjury lose liberam legem.

1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iv. xi. 186 He had been visited with a desperate sicknesse, insomuch that all art cried craven, as unable to help him.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 340 Or victory is obtained, if either champion proves recreant, that is, yields, and pronounces the horrible word of craven.

1805 R. Southey Madoc i. xv. 154 I..will make That wretched man cry craven in the dust.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xv. 448 Neither King nor Duke was a man likely to cry craven.

a. That owns himself beaten or afraid of his opponent; cowardly, weak-hearted, abjectly pusillanimous.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [adjective] > abjectly cowardly

recrayedc1330

recreantc1330

craven?a1400

poor1425

currishc1460

fazart1508

soulless1568

dastardly1576

beastly1584

dastard1595

low-spirited1598

peaking1611

white meata1625

cur-like1627

snivelling1647

cravenly1653

base-mettled1681

niding1755

poltroonish1801

niddering1819

turn-tail1861

turpid1867

cold-footed1944

Charley1954

?a1400 Morte Arth. 133 Haa! crauaunde knyghte! a cowarde þe semez!

1597 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. f. 19 When beggers-brats..Alie the kingdome to theyr crauand brood.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iv. iv. 9 + 31 Some crauen scruple Of thinking too precisely on th' euent.

1656 J. Trapp Comm. 1 Cor. xv. 55 Death is here out-braved, called craven to his face.

1808 W. Scott Marmion v. xii. 259 The poor craven bridegroom said never a word.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 592 All other feelings had given place to a craven fear for his life.

†b. Applied to a cock: see B. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Phasianidae (pheasants, etc.) > hen or cock > [adjective] > of or relating to or like a cock > that does not fight

craven1578

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 38^v Though he be a Cocke of the game, yet Euphues is content to bee crauen and crye creeke.

1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answer Catholike English-man 164 This Crauen Cocke, after a bout or two..crowing a Conquest, being ready presently to Cry Creake.

a1640 F. Beaumont et al. Loves Cure ii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rrrrr2/1 Oh craven-chicken of a Cock o' th' game.

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V xlix, in Poems (1878) IV. 113 Red Craven Cocks come in.

B. n.

1. A confessed or acknowledged coward.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [noun] > coward(s) > base or acknowledged coward

nithingOE

crathona1400

cradden1513

dastarda1529

poltroona1529

sneaksby1580

craven1581

niddering1596

fazart1597

cur1600

niding1605

white-liver1614

nidderling1664

snool1718

dastardling1800

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 349 Monckes and Friers, and that whole generation of Cowled Cravines.

1610 S. Rid Martin Mark-all 53 In regard of manhood a meere crauant.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. vii. 130 Hee is a Crauen and a Villaine else.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc x. 458 Fly, cravens! leave your aged chief.

1860 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) VI. 73 He climbed to the highest round of the political ladder, to fall and perish like a craven.

2. A cock that ‘is not game’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Phasianidae (pheasants, etc.) > hen or cock > [noun] > cock > fighting cock > that will not fight

craven1611

coward1684

fugie1777

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. iv. 436/1 Whereto the Pope, (no Crauant to bee dared on his owne dunghill) as stoutly answered.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) ii. i. 225 No Cocke of mine, you crow too like a crauen .

1826 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 157/1 It is certainly a hard case that a fighting-cock should kill an unoffending craven.

Compounds

craven-hearted adj.

ΚΠ

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 245 All creatures whose Testicles are hidde within should be faynt and crauen-hearted.

craven-like adj. and adv.

ΚΠ

1705 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft 48 Not as Gentlemen and Scholars, but (Craven-like) calling upon the Jaylors, the Sumners, [etc.].

1836 J. G. Whittier Song of Free i Shrink we all craven-like, When the storm gathers?

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

cravenv.

Etymology: < craven adj.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈcraven.

To make craven or cowardly, to render spiritless through fear.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of being intimidating > intimidate or bully [verb (transitive)] > daunt (a person's) courage

cowardc1300

anarrowc1400

accowardize1480

accoward1481

daunton1535

quail1548

daunt1569

quay1590

disheart1603

dishearten1606

cravena1616

break1619

unsoula1634

unnerve1638

cowardize1648

daff1673

to put (a person) off his (also her) mettle1745

becoward1831

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. iv. 78 Against Selfe-slaughter, There is a prohibition so Diuine, That crauens my weake hand.

1826 A. E. Bray De Foix III. i. 10 There are circumstances which can craven a spirit that never shook before the sword.

Derivatives

ˈcravened adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > dismay > [adjective]

fordrevedc1175

astoniedc1386

comfortless1387

bashedc1440

bluea1450

matedc1450

quailing?a1475

dismayeda1535

bashful1552

daunted1587

excordiate1594

appalled1609

craveneda1644

astonisheda1649

consternated1667

disheartened1720

intimidated1727

coweda1745

consterned1839

unhopeful1850

a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) v. 81 This enslaves Our craven'd Spirits so.

1683 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise iv. i. 44 Aw'd and craven'd as he had been spell'd.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2019).

单词	craven
释义	cravenadj.n. Brit. /ˈkreɪv(ə)n/, U.S. /ˈkreɪvən/ Forms: Middle English, 1600s cravant ( crau-), Middle English crauaunde, 1500s cravine, cravyne, 1600s cravand, 1500s– craven. Etymology: In early Middle English crauant (rare), etymology obscure. Mr. Henry Nicol ( Proc. Phil. Soc., Dec. 1879) suggested its identification with Old French cravanté , crevanté , crushed, overcome: see cravent v. But the total absence of the final é from the word, at a date when English still retained final e , makes a difficulty. Others have considered it a variant, in some way of creant adj.¹ (Old French creant , craant ), which is a much more frequent word in the same sense in Middle English The difficulty here is to account for the v (u ), for which popular association with crave v. and its northern past participle craved has been conjectured. A. adj. †1. a. Vanquished, defeated; or, perhaps, confessing himself vanquished. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > [adjective] cravena1225 matec1225 to yield oneself creanta1250 confounded1362 checkmate?c1370 convictc1430 superatec1460 beaten1550 frustrate1588 convicteda1616 skinned1897 a1225 St. Marher. 11 Ich am kempe ant he is crauant þet me wende to ouercumen. a1225 Leg. Kath. 133 Al ha icneowen ham crauant & ourcumen, & cweðen hire þe meistrie & te menske al up. b. to cry craven: to acknowledge oneself vanquished, to give up the contest, surrender. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defeat > be defeated [verb (intransitive)] > surrender to cry (or say) creanta1250 to yield oneself creanta1250 to do (also put) oneself in (also to) a person's mercya1325 yieldc1330 recray1340 summisec1450 render1523 amain1540 surrender1560 to throw down one's arms (also weapons, etc.)1593 articulate1595 to yield (also bow oneself) to (also upon) mercy1595 to give grass1597 capitulate1601 to cry cravena1634 to lower or strike one's flag1644 bail1840 hands-up1879 kamerad1914 the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > be defeated or overthrown [verb (intransitive)] > confess oneself beaten to cry creak?1562 to give, lay down, yield the bucklers1592 to cry cravena1634 holler1845 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > be irresolute or vacillate [verb (intransitive)] > give way or give in benda1400 sink?a1513 to give over1530 to cry creak?1562 yield1576 to hold up1596 succumb1604 to give in1616 to hoist, lower, strike the topsaila1629 to cry cravena1634 to give up or cross the cudgels1654 incumb1656 to fall in1667 to knock under1670 to knock under board, under (the) table1692 to strike underc1730 knuckle down1735 to throw (also chuck) up the sponge1860 chuck up (the sponge)1864 to throw in one's hand1893 to sky the wipe (or towel)1907 to drop one's bundle1915 to throw (chuck, or toss) in the towel1915 to buckle up1927 a1634 E. Coke Inst. Lawes Eng. (1648) iii. 221 If he become recreant, that is, a crying Coward or Craven he shall for his perjury lose liberam legem. 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iv. xi. 186 He had been visited with a desperate sicknesse, insomuch that all art cried craven, as unable to help him. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 340 Or victory is obtained, if either champion proves recreant, that is, yields, and pronounces the horrible word of craven. 1805 R. Southey Madoc i. xv. 154 I..will make That wretched man cry craven in the dust. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xv. 448 Neither King nor Duke was a man likely to cry craven. 2. a. That owns himself beaten or afraid of his opponent; cowardly, weak-hearted, abjectly pusillanimous. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [adjective] > abjectly cowardly recrayedc1330 recreantc1330 craven?a1400 poor1425 currishc1460 fazart1508 soulless1568 dastardly1576 beastly1584 dastard1595 low-spirited1598 peaking1611 white meata1625 cur-like1627 snivelling1647 cravenly1653 base-mettled1681 niding1755 poltroonish1801 niddering1819 turn-tail1861 turpid1867 cold-footed1944 Charley1954 ?a1400 Morte Arth. 133 Haa! crauaunde knyghte! a cowarde þe semez! 1597 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. f. 19 When beggers-brats..Alie the kingdome to theyr crauand brood. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iv. iv. 9 + 31 Some crauen scruple Of thinking too precisely on th' euent. 1656 J. Trapp Comm. 1 Cor. xv. 55 Death is here out-braved, called craven to his face. 1808 W. Scott Marmion v. xii. 259 The poor craven bridegroom said never a word. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 592 All other feelings had given place to a craven fear for his life. †b. Applied to a cock: see B. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Phasianidae (pheasants, etc.) > hen or cock > [adjective] > of or relating to or like a cock > that does not fight craven1578 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 38^v Though he be a Cocke of the game, yet Euphues is content to bee crauen and crye creeke. 1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answer Catholike English-man 164 This Crauen Cocke, after a bout or two..crowing a Conquest, being ready presently to Cry Creake. a1640 F. Beaumont et al. Loves Cure ii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rrrrr2/1 Oh craven-chicken of a Cock o' th' game. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V xlix, in Poems (1878) IV. 113 Red Craven Cocks come in. B. n. 1. A confessed or acknowledged coward. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [noun] > coward(s) > base or acknowledged coward nithingOE crathona1400 cradden1513 dastarda1529 poltroona1529 sneaksby1580 craven1581 niddering1596 fazart1597 cur1600 niding1605 white-liver1614 nidderling1664 snool1718 dastardling1800 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 349 Monckes and Friers, and that whole generation of Cowled Cravines. 1610 S. Rid Martin Mark-all 53 In regard of manhood a meere crauant. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. vii. 130 Hee is a Crauen and a Villaine else. View more context for this quotation 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc x. 458 Fly, cravens! leave your aged chief. 1860 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) VI. 73 He climbed to the highest round of the political ladder, to fall and perish like a craven. 2. A cock that ‘is not game’. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Phasianidae (pheasants, etc.) > hen or cock > [noun] > cock > fighting cock > that will not fight craven1611 coward1684 fugie1777 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. iv. 436/1 Whereto the Pope, (no Crauant to bee dared on his owne dunghill) as stoutly answered. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) ii. i. 225 No Cocke of mine, you crow too like a crauen . View more context for this quotation 1826 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 157/1 It is certainly a hard case that a fighting-cock should kill an unoffending craven. Compounds craven-hearted adj. ΚΠ 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 245 All creatures whose Testicles are hidde within should be faynt and crauen-hearted. craven-like adj. and adv. ΚΠ 1705 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft 48 Not as Gentlemen and Scholars, but (Craven-like) calling upon the Jaylors, the Sumners, [etc.]. 1836 J. G. Whittier Song of Free i Shrink we all craven-like, When the storm gathers? This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022). cravenv. Etymology: < craven adj.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈcraven. To make craven or cowardly, to render spiritless through fear. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of being intimidating > intimidate or bully [verb (transitive)] > daunt (a person's) courage cowardc1300 anarrowc1400 accowardize1480 accoward1481 daunton1535 quail1548 daunt1569 quay1590 disheart1603 dishearten1606 cravena1616 break1619 unsoula1634 unnerve1638 cowardize1648 daff1673 to put (a person) off his (also her) mettle1745 becoward1831 a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. iv. 78 Against Selfe-slaughter, There is a prohibition so Diuine, That crauens my weake hand. View more context for this quotation 1826 A. E. Bray De Foix III. i. 10 There are circumstances which can craven a spirit that never shook before the sword. Derivatives ˈcravened adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > dismay > [adjective] fordrevedc1175 astoniedc1386 comfortless1387 bashedc1440 bluea1450 matedc1450 quailing?a1475 dismayeda1535 bashful1552 daunted1587 excordiate1594 appalled1609 craveneda1644 astonisheda1649 consternated1667 disheartened1720 intimidated1727 coweda1745 consterned1839 unhopeful1850 a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) v. 81 This enslaves Our craven'd Spirits so. 1683 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise iv. i. 44 Aw'd and craven'd as he had been spell'd. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2019). < adj.n.a1225v.a1616
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