communaladj.

Brit.

/ˈkɒmjᵿnl/,

/kəˈmjuːnl/, U.S.

/kəˈmjun(ə)l/,

/ˈkɑmjən(ə)l/

Forms: late Middle English comunal, 1700s– communal.

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Probably also partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French comunal ; Latin commūnālis ; commune n.¹, -al suffix¹.

Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman and Middle French comunal, communal, etc. (French communal ) common, unanimous (c1100 in Old French), general (c1170), belonging to the community or body of citizens (1208) and its etymon classical Latin commūnālis (of property) common, in post-classical Latin also belonging to the community or body of citizens (from 12th cent. in British and continental sources) < commūne (see commune n.¹) + -ālis -al suffix¹. In later use probably partly also < commune n.¹ + -al suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan comunal (14th cent.; c1300 as cumenal), Catalan comunal (1272), Spanish comunal (a1250), Portuguese comunal (13th cent.), Italian comunale (a1243).The stress appears to have been variable at least since the mid 19th century, but 19th- and 20th-century British and U.S. dictionaries vary as to which they give as the main or sole pronunciation.

†1. Common, unanimous. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > agreement, concurrence, or unanimity > [adjective]

anmodOE

accordantc1350

concordable1393

ogrant?a1400

whole1413

agreeing1440

communala1470

concordant1477

agreeablea1525

greeinga1547

one-hearted?1584

consenting1589

well-tuned1592

consentient1622

concording1627

unanimousa1631

unanimate1633

homodox1656

concurrent1660

concerted1673

of one lip1677

homodoxian1716

harmonious1724

concurring1732

assenting1752

one-voiced1821

solidary1841

solidaire1845

solid1855

ditto-saying1892

assented1907

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 175 [They] by their comunal assent promysed to sir Marhaute never to be fooys unto kynge Arthure.

a. Of, relating to, or belonging to a commune (commune n.¹).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [adjective] > relating to divisions in France

presidial1576

departmental1791

communal1796

cantonal1842

1796 Coll. State Papers War against France III. ii. p. xxxiii The citizens cannot exercise their political rights but in the primary or communal assemblies.

1822 Ann. Reg. 1820 (Otridge ed.) ii. App. to Chron. 718/1 In forming these quotas, neither the facultative departmental centimes, nor the communal centimes shall be taken into account.

1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 412/2 He [sc. the Mayor]..is assisted by a communal council, the members of which are chosen by the communal electors.

1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens i. i In every part of Aragon, the cities had their..communal laws.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 18 Oct. 8/2 The communal administration of Ixelles, near Brussels, has decided to lease the right of piano organ-grinding in the streets.

1938 Polit. Sci. Q. 53 262 A basic reform of communal finances removed the local octroi.

2001 J. Loughlin & D. Seller in J. Loughlin Subnational Democracy in European Union iii. viii. 194 68.6 per cent of deputies hold a position at communal level.

b. spec. Of or relating to the Paris Commune of 1871. See commune n.¹ 1b(b). Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [adjective] > non-Marxist or Leninist communism > involving socialistic communities > Paris Commune and adherents

communistical1852

communistic1870

communal1871

1871 Graphic 3 310/1 When the history of the Communal insurrection in Paris comes to be written.

1881 Daily News 20 Jan. 3/4 The elections, resulting in a crushing Communal defeat.

1930 E. Mason Paris Commune 16 The Communal revolution is often taken as a movement toward decentralization and federalism in France.

1960 French Hist. Stud. 1 398 This declaration went on to envision a Communal government.

1996 G. L. Gullickson Unruly Women of Paris 18 On Palm Sunday, April 2, a scant five days after the elected Communal Council was sworn in, the Versailles troops attacked the suburb of Courbevoie.

3. Participated in or shared by the whole community or by members of a group; owned in common; collective.communal marriage: see marriage n. 1f.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > [adjective]

generalc1300

civila1398

public1539

civic1655

communital1840

communal1843

communitive1843

communitary1850

the mind > possession > owning > [adjective]

dominial1728

communal1883

the mind > possession > owning > [adjective] > owned by the community

commonc1325

republican1691

communal1883

1843 J. G. Barmby in New Age & Concordium Gaz. 1 Sept. 86 So also do I declare that Baptism should become, as a religious rite, permanent, communal, and diurnal.

1870 J. Lubbock Origin of Civilisation (ed. 2) iii. 69 There is strong evidence that the lowest races of men live, or did live, in a state of what may perhaps be called ‘Communal Marriage’.

1883 Times 28 Aug. 2/5 Throughout North America the tenure of landed property among the American Indians is communal.

1917 Times 5 Apr. 8/6 Three communal kitchens were opened in East London yesterday.

1936 Archit. Rev. 80 192 If you are ‘crowd’, you go to one of the big communal dressing rooms.

1942 A. Lewis Last Inspection xiii. 139 We live a communal life here; all our clothes and equipment are public property; nobody makes any profits.

1963 A. Baraka Blues People x. 158 So the jam sessions of the late twenties and thirties became the musicians' collective communal expression.

1977 M. Torres in R. P. Rettig et al. Manny iii. 86/1 In the joint the only shower facilities commonly available are communal.

2007 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 26 Oct. e33 They were working with other American artists in a communal studio in Paris.

4. Of or relating to a particular community; spec. (chiefly South Asian) characterized by or resulting from communalism (communalism n. 3); used esp. of conflict between communities.

ΚΠ

1851 G. S. Faber Many Mansions iii. iii. 182 In the next World, they will have no national or communal existence.

1888 A. Levy Reuben Sachs x. 131 It consolidates one's position..to stand well with the [Jewish] Community... But..you will find a good many meetings of all sorts, which are not communal.

1908 Times 30 Oct. 6/5 The principle of communal representation of Mahomedans.

1918 Times 10 Aug. 8/7 I hope, as do the majority of educated Indians, that communal grouping will not be a permanent feature of Indian society.

1941 K. Chandra Trag. of Jinnah xv. 220 Many schemes of partition of India on a communal basis were put forward by a few fanatics, off and on.

1971 D. F. Downs Culture in Crisis Introd. p. viii Fifty percent of the thousands of communal disturbances, riots, and burnings, have arisen over what Hindus interpreted as cruelty.

2006 Foreign Affairs Sept.–Oct. 89 Many..citizens fiercely retain a communal identity alongside their American one.

†5. Of or relating to the commonalty or ordinary citizens of a city. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > [adjective]

landish1489

popil1531

popular1533

secular1589

plebeial1590

plebeian1602

vulgar1605

plebal1606

multitudinousa1616

gregarian1632

gregary1640

populous1657

roturière1791

demotic1831

vulgarian1833

demic1834

commonal1865

communal1878

folkish1938

plebby1962

pleb1972

1878 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xxi. 570 The communal or popular faction was not however crushed... Thus ended..one phase of the communal quarrel.

Compounds

communal land n. (also communal lands) land held by a community.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land held by community

commonty1450

commonty land1537

communal land1876

1876 Macmillan's Mag. May 99/1 The Commune is legally and actually the absolute proprietor of the Communal land.

1899 Daily News 15 Apr. 8/2 Our Government is, as fast as it can, abolishing the dole and the communal lands systems.

1931 B. Pares Russ. Mem iii. 64 One of my own principal interests throughout was the peasant community and the communal land tenure.

2007 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 30 Dec. History is rife with accounts of the ruling class of a community subdividing communal lands.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	communal
释义	communaladj. Brit. /ˈkɒmjᵿnl/, /kəˈmjuːnl/, U.S. /kəˈmjun(ə)l/, /ˈkɑmjən(ə)l/ Forms: late Middle English comunal, 1700s– communal. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Probably also partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French comunal ; Latin commūnālis ; commune n.¹, -al suffix¹. Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman and Middle French comunal, communal, etc. (French communal ) common, unanimous (c1100 in Old French), general (c1170), belonging to the community or body of citizens (1208) and its etymon classical Latin commūnālis (of property) common, in post-classical Latin also belonging to the community or body of citizens (from 12th cent. in British and continental sources) < commūne (see commune n.¹) + -ālis -al suffix¹. In later use probably partly also < commune n.¹ + -al suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan comunal (14th cent.; c1300 as cumenal), Catalan comunal (1272), Spanish comunal (a1250), Portuguese comunal (13th cent.), Italian comunale (a1243).The stress appears to have been variable at least since the mid 19th century, but 19th- and 20th-century British and U.S. dictionaries vary as to which they give as the main or sole pronunciation. †1. Common, unanimous. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > agreement, concurrence, or unanimity > [adjective] anmodOE accordantc1350 concordable1393 ogrant?a1400 whole1413 agreeing1440 communala1470 concordant1477 agreeablea1525 greeinga1547 one-hearted?1584 consenting1589 well-tuned1592 consentient1622 concording1627 unanimousa1631 unanimate1633 homodox1656 concurrent1660 concerted1673 of one lip1677 homodoxian1716 harmonious1724 concurring1732 assenting1752 one-voiced1821 solidary1841 solidaire1845 solid1855 ditto-saying1892 assented1907 a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 175 [They] by their comunal assent promysed to sir Marhaute never to be fooys unto kynge Arthure. 2. a. Of, relating to, or belonging to a commune (commune n.¹). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [adjective] > relating to divisions in France presidial1576 departmental1791 communal1796 cantonal1842 1796 Coll. State Papers War against France III. ii. p. xxxiii The citizens cannot exercise their political rights but in the primary or communal assemblies. 1822 Ann. Reg. 1820 (Otridge ed.) ii. App. to Chron. 718/1 In forming these quotas, neither the facultative departmental centimes, nor the communal centimes shall be taken into account. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 412/2 He [sc. the Mayor]..is assisted by a communal council, the members of which are chosen by the communal electors. 1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens i. i In every part of Aragon, the cities had their..communal laws. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 18 Oct. 8/2 The communal administration of Ixelles, near Brussels, has decided to lease the right of piano organ-grinding in the streets. 1938 Polit. Sci. Q. 53 262 A basic reform of communal finances removed the local octroi. 2001 J. Loughlin & D. Seller in J. Loughlin Subnational Democracy in European Union iii. viii. 194 68.6 per cent of deputies hold a position at communal level. b. spec. Of or relating to the Paris Commune of 1871. See commune n.¹ 1b(b). Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [adjective] > non-Marxist or Leninist communism > involving socialistic communities > Paris Commune and adherents communistical1852 communistic1870 communal1871 1871 Graphic 3 310/1 When the history of the Communal insurrection in Paris comes to be written. 1881 Daily News 20 Jan. 3/4 The elections, resulting in a crushing Communal defeat. 1930 E. Mason Paris Commune 16 The Communal revolution is often taken as a movement toward decentralization and federalism in France. 1960 French Hist. Stud. 1 398 This declaration went on to envision a Communal government. 1996 G. L. Gullickson Unruly Women of Paris 18 On Palm Sunday, April 2, a scant five days after the elected Communal Council was sworn in, the Versailles troops attacked the suburb of Courbevoie. 3. Participated in or shared by the whole community or by members of a group; owned in common; collective.communal marriage: see marriage n. 1f. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > [adjective] generalc1300 civila1398 public1539 civic1655 communital1840 communal1843 communitive1843 communitary1850 the mind > possession > owning > [adjective] dominial1728 communal1883 the mind > possession > owning > [adjective] > owned by the community commonc1325 republican1691 communal1883 1843 J. G. Barmby in New Age & Concordium Gaz. 1 Sept. 86 So also do I declare that Baptism should become, as a religious rite, permanent, communal, and diurnal. 1870 J. Lubbock Origin of Civilisation (ed. 2) iii. 69 There is strong evidence that the lowest races of men live, or did live, in a state of what may perhaps be called ‘Communal Marriage’. 1883 Times 28 Aug. 2/5 Throughout North America the tenure of landed property among the American Indians is communal. 1917 Times 5 Apr. 8/6 Three communal kitchens were opened in East London yesterday. 1936 Archit. Rev. 80 192 If you are ‘crowd’, you go to one of the big communal dressing rooms. 1942 A. Lewis Last Inspection xiii. 139 We live a communal life here; all our clothes and equipment are public property; nobody makes any profits. 1963 A. Baraka Blues People x. 158 So the jam sessions of the late twenties and thirties became the musicians' collective communal expression. 1977 M. Torres in R. P. Rettig et al. Manny iii. 86/1 In the joint the only shower facilities commonly available are communal. 2007 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 26 Oct. e33 They were working with other American artists in a communal studio in Paris. 4. Of or relating to a particular community; spec. (chiefly South Asian) characterized by or resulting from communalism (communalism n. 3); used esp. of conflict between communities. ΚΠ 1851 G. S. Faber Many Mansions iii. iii. 182 In the next World, they will have no national or communal existence. 1888 A. Levy Reuben Sachs x. 131 It consolidates one's position..to stand well with the [Jewish] Community... But..you will find a good many meetings of all sorts, which are not communal. 1908 Times 30 Oct. 6/5 The principle of communal representation of Mahomedans. 1918 Times 10 Aug. 8/7 I hope, as do the majority of educated Indians, that communal grouping will not be a permanent feature of Indian society. 1941 K. Chandra Trag. of Jinnah xv. 220 Many schemes of partition of India on a communal basis were put forward by a few fanatics, off and on. 1971 D. F. Downs Culture in Crisis Introd. p. viii Fifty percent of the thousands of communal disturbances, riots, and burnings, have arisen over what Hindus interpreted as cruelty. 2006 Foreign Affairs Sept.–Oct. 89 Many..citizens fiercely retain a communal identity alongside their American one. †5. Of or relating to the commonalty or ordinary citizens of a city. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > [adjective] landish1489 popil1531 popular1533 secular1589 plebeial1590 plebeian1602 vulgar1605 plebal1606 multitudinousa1616 gregarian1632 gregary1640 populous1657 roturière1791 demotic1831 vulgarian1833 demic1834 commonal1865 communal1878 folkish1938 plebby1962 pleb1972 1878 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xxi. 570 The communal or popular faction was not however crushed... Thus ended..one phase of the communal quarrel. Compounds communal land n. (also communal lands) land held by a community. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land held by community commonty1450 commonty land1537 communal land1876 1876 Macmillan's Mag. May 99/1 The Commune is legally and actually the absolute proprietor of the Communal land. 1899 Daily News 15 Apr. 8/2 Our Government is, as fast as it can, abolishing the dole and the communal lands systems. 1931 B. Pares Russ. Mem iii. 64 One of my own principal interests throughout was the peasant community and the communal land tenure. 2007 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 30 Dec. History is rife with accounts of the ruling class of a community subdividing communal lands. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.a1470
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