| 释义 |
▪ I. rye, n.1|raɪ|
Forms: 1 ryᵹi, ryᵹe, 4 ruȝe, reye, 4–6 ry, 5–8 rie, 5– rye (7 rey, rhie).
[OE. ryᵹe, = ON. rug-r (Fær. rug-ur, Norw. rug; MSw. rugh, rogh, rygh, Sw. råg; MDa. rugh, roug, roff, Da. rug):—original *rugiz. (The long vowel of mod.Icel. rúgur, Norw. dial. ruug, is of later origin.) Forms corresponding to *rugiz are found in the Balto-Slavic languages, as OPruss. rugis, Lith. rugỹs (a single grain; pl. rugieĩ rye), Lett. rudsis (pl. rudsi), Russ. rozhĭ; also Esthonian rukis, ru'is, Finnish ru'is (gen. rukiin); it is probable that the original home of the word was in eastern Europe. Outside of OE. and ON., the Teutonic languages exhibit derivative forms which represent an earlier *ruggn- (with normal doubling of g before n), as OS. roggo (MLG. rogge, MDu. rogge, rugge, etc.; LG., Du., WFris. rogge, NFris. rog, răg, ruag, etc.), OHG. roggo (MHG. rogge, G. roggen) and rocco, rocko (MHG. rocke, G. rocken, now rare).]
1. A food-grain obtained from the plant Secale cereale, extensively used in northern Europe.
c725Corpus Gloss. S 339 Sicalia, ryᵹe [Epinal ryᵹi]. a1327Pol. Songs (Camden) 152 Ruls [sic] ys oure ruȝe ant roted in the stre. a1352Minot Poems (ed. Hall) i. 20 Þai sent þaire schippes on ilka side With flesch and wine and whete & rye. 1430–1Rolls of Parlt. IV. 369/1 Whete and Rye, and Floure. a1470Brut ccli. (1908) 507 Stephen Brown,..Mair of London,..brought to London certeyn shippes laden with Rye. 1540Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 For euerye last of wheat and rie, xxvi.s. viii. 1577Harrison England ii. vi. (1877) i. 153 Wheate and rie will be no graine for poore men to feed on. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia ii. 26 The seed is not much vnlike to Rie, though much smaller. 1676Phil. Trans. XI. 761 The Company gave order to make bread both of this Rey alone, and of the same Rey mingled in different proportions with good Rey. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 125 They sow it..in the driest time they can, according to the old Saying of Sowing, Rye in the Dust, and Wheat in the Dirt. 1767A. Young Farmer's Lett. to People 266, I have generally, at Michaelmas, sown a few acres of rye for feed in the following spring. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 149 The power..would grind one boll of good rye in one hour. 1864Longfellow Wayside Inn 214 A scant handful..of wheat, Or rye, or barley, or some other grain.
2. a. The plant Secale cereale, which has some resemblance to wheat, but flourishes in poorer soils; the principal cereal of northern Europe, but in Great Britain now chiefly cultivated as a forage crop. Also collect., a number of growing plants of this kind (in a field).
c1440tr. Pallad. on Husb. i. 165 Thy whete..In lond to faat wol turne into other corn, And rie of whete ysowen wul vp growe. 1500–20Dunbar Poems liii. 17 Lyk a stirk stack⁓arand in the ry. 1562Child-Marriages 107 [He] was ware also of John Leigh ronnynge further into the Ry, belike to hide hym-self. 1610Shakes. Temp. iv. i. 61 Thy rich Leas Of Wheate, Rye, Barley, Fetches, Oates and Pease. 1676Phil. Trans. XI. 758 A strange sort of Rey, growing sometimes in certain parts of France. 1762Mills Syst. Pract. Husb. I. 373 Both wheat and rye may be cut somewhat before they are thoroughly ripe. 1785Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xiii. (1794) 143 In Rie, the exterior valve or chaff of the corolla ends in a long beard or awn. 1833Tennyson Lady of Shalott i. 2 Long fields of barley and of rye. 1872Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 276 The spikelets in Rye..are arranged singly upon the rachis, as in Wheat.
b. pl. Rye-crops.
1795Scots Mag. LVII. 273/1 The Ryes are in general healthy and vigorous.
c. wild rye: (see quots.).
c1475Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 787 Hec silago, wyld rye. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 325 Rye, Wild, Hordeum. 1796Withering Brit. Pl. (ed. 3) II. 171 Hordeum murinum. Wall Barley, Way Bennet, Wild Rye. 1846–50A. Wood Class-Bk. Bot. 620 Elymus Virginicus. Lime Grass. Wild Rye.
3. ellipt.
a. Rye-whisky. U.S. and Canad. colloq.
1835J. H. Ingraham South-West II. 56 The painful effects of ‘old rye’ in the abstract upon the body. 1860Grumbler (Toronto) 19 May 3/3 And, tho' the crowd may smile at me, I'll take some neat ‘old rye’. 1873G. W. Perrie Buckskin Mose xvii. 248 But for the quantity of rye we had all of us been swallowing, the others must have seen through this impudent operation as I had done. 1894Outing XXIV. 60/1, I knew better than to put straight rye on top of it [cider]. 1913J. London Valley of Moon 392 Some drink rain and some champagne..; But I will try a little rye. 1930D. Runyon in Collier's 1 Feb. 12/3 Wilbur is a great hand for drinking Scotch, or rye. 1945P. Cheyney I'll say she Does! iii. 66, I..finish off my rye an' pour myself another four fingers. 1974E. McGirr Murderous Journey 31 He slopped along..towards the living-room bar. I took a straight rye.
b. Comb. in the names of drinks, as rye-and-dry (see dry n. 2 c), rye-and-ginger, rye-and-orange, rye-and-soda, rye-on-the-rocks.
1909G. Ade Let. 24 Mar. (1973) 45, I have just had a rye & soda. 1942Tee Emm (Air Ministry) II. 127 Say? What's mine? A Rye and dry. 1956‘N. Shute’ Beyond Black Stump 5 ‘What's it to be?’ ‘Orange juice,’ said the young man. Mr Johnson ordered it, with rye on the rocks for himself. 1963R. I. McDavid Mencken's Amer. Lang. 168 Canadian topers have an array of combinations..as rye and orange (Canadian whiskey and orange pop). 1964Time (Canada ed.) 31 Jan. 7/1 Accepting a rye and ginger, Mike Pearson then went back to writing out a personal report.
4. ellipt. Rye-bread.
1941[see pastrami]. 1969[see mayo]. 1971‘O. Bleeck’ Procane Chron. xiv. 123 A Danish sardine sandwich..between two thick slices of German rye. 1976H. MacInnes Agent in Place v. 48 A ham on rye with a gallon of coffee.
5. attrib.
a. In sense ‘made, prepared, or derived from rye’, as rye-beer, rye-cake, rye-dough, rye-loaf, rye-mush, rye-paste, rye-whisky.
1861Bentley Man. Bot. 699 Quass or *Rye Beer is a favourite drink in Russia.
1549Compl. of Scot. vi. 43 Thai hed na breyd bot *ry caikis. 1875Encycl. Brit. III. 250/2 In the country part of Sweden no bread is made but rye-cakes.
1600Breton Pasquils Fooles-cappe Wks. (Grosart) I. 20/2 As though she were an Image of *Rie Dowe.
c1440Jacob's Well 192 Þe aungelys seyden to him, ‘Perys, make þis *rye-loof heuyere in almes-dede, ellys þe feendys schal haue þis soule’. a1652Brome Eng. Moor iv. iv, He keeps this Rie-loaf for his own white tooth. 1897E. L. Voynich Gadfly (1904) 91/1 Cutting off a chunk from the rye-loaf on the table.
1872Schele de Vere Americanisms 41 In some parts of the West, another mush is frequently used, but as it is made of rye after the manner of a Hasty Pudding, it is called *Rye Mush.
1615Markham Eng. Housew. ii. ii. (1668) 74 *Rye-paste would be kneaded only with hot water, and a little butter.
1897Flandrau Harvard Episodes 328, I think I should like a little, a very little, *rye whiskey and water.
b. Miscellaneous, as ryebloom, rye-crop, rye-ear, rye-field, rye-grain, rye-ground, rye-grower, rye-harvest, rye-hay, rye-seed, rye-seedtime, rye-sheaf, rye-stalk, rye-stubble; ryehigh adj.
1922Joyce Ulysses 261 The bag of Goulding, Collis, Ward led Bloom by *ryebloom flowered tables.
1764Museum Rust. IV. 223 We depend much on our *rye-crops, which are very valuable.
1855Househ. Words XI. 129/1 Ophthalmoxystic as a name for a little *rye-ear brush used to smooth the eyebrows.
1762Mills Syst. Pract. Husb. I. 373 It certainly is extremely wrong ever to turn cattle of any kind into a *rye-field, to feed there. c1841Longfellow Frithiof's Saga Poems (1855) 223 Man-high was waving the rye-field.
1881Watts Dict. Chem. 3rd Suppl. II. 1768 A. Muntz..has found in unripe *rye-grain a peculiar substance called synanthrose.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §18 To set out the shepefolde..vppon the *rye-grounde, if he haue any. 1764Museum Rust. IV. 348, I own the rye-ground more advantageous to the farmer.
Ibid. 350 Any balance..would fall considerably on the side of the *rye-growers.
1577Googe Heresbach's Husb. 41 *Rye and Wheate haruest.
1801Farmer's Mag. Aug. 312 The whole to be laid off in *rye hay, (not rye grass hay, but hay made from rye cut green).
1922Joyce Ulysses 282 O'er *ryehigh blue. Bloom stood up.
1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 878 The grey-coloured substance..was separated into..gluten, starch, and the coats of the *rye-seeds.
1611Cotgr., Semailles de seigles, *rye-seed-time.
1587L. Mascall Govt. Cattle, Horses 188 Some giue a *Rie-sheafe.
1859A. Cary Country Life (1876) 127 She leaped fences and divided hedges and underbrush as lightly as *rye-stalks.
1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 135 'Tis good to plow the Wheat or *Rye-stubble up in November.
6. Special combs., as rye and Indian (also Injun) (bread) U.S., bread made from a mixture of rye and (Indian) cornmeal; rye-asthma (see quot.); rye brome (grass), a variety of brome, Bromus secalinus, with rye-like seeds, occurring as a weed in wheat-fields; rye coffee U.S., a drink resembling coffee, made from roasted rye; rye-crake Sc., the corn-crake; rye-land, land, usually of a light or inferior quality, suitable for the cultivation of rye; rye-moth (see quot.); rye waltz N. Amer. (see quot.); rye-worm (see quot. 1856).
1840Knickerbocker XVI. 18 There were eggs and fried ham,..*rye-and-Indian bread. 1887A. W. Tourgée Button's Inn 224 She passed around a hot plateful of toasted slices of ‘rye and Indian’. 1932L. I. Wilder Little House in Big Woods iv. 45 She baked salt-rising bread and rye 'n' Injun bread and Swedish crackers.
1875tr. von Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. II. 540 In England it is called Hay Fever, or Hay Asthma. It is also called June cold, *Rye asthma.
1812W. Withering Jr. Withering's Brit. Plants (ed. 5) II. 210 Smooth *Rye Brome-grass... In corn-fields. 1844H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 942 Smooth rye-brome grass, Bromus secalinus. 1954C. E. Hubbard Grasses 67 ‘Rye Brome’ was no doubt introduced into the British Isles long ago with the seeds of cereals.
1769Boston Gaz. 16 Oct. 1/3 And as true Daughters of Liberty, they made their Breakfast upon *Rye Coffee, and their Dinner was partly made of that sort of Venison called Bear. 1877H. Ruede Jrnl. 13 June in Sod-House Days (1937) 99 Most people out here don't drink real coffee, because it is too expensive... So rye coffee is used a great deal—parched brown or black according to whether the users like a strong or mild drink. 1951L. Craig Singing Hills iv. 31 Every one had coffee... When I tasted mine I thought, for a moment, that poison had been put in it; it certainly was not like anything I had ever tasted before, for never before had I drunk rye coffee.
1807–10Tannahill Poems (1846) 128 The *rye-craik rispt his clamorous throat.
1676Phil. Trans. II. 797 The..Improvement of the greatest part of Worcester, Gloucester,..Stafford and Shropshire, in all their *Ryelands. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 125 A little sprinkling of Dung or Mud upon Rye-Land will mightily advance a Crop. 1764Museum Rust. IV. 349 Rye-land is lighter..than wheat-land.
1856Morton Cycl. Agric. II. 779/2 The caterpillars..of the *rye-moth (Pyralis Secalis) live within the spathe.
1941W. C. Handy Father of Blues ii. 16 The waltz was popular, as was also the *rye waltz, a combination of three-four and two-four tempos.
1856Morton Cycl. Agric. II. 779/2 The *rye-worms..are the larvæ of little flies called Oscinis pumilionis. 1891Pall Mall G. 7 Oct. 5/2 The appearance of the rye-worm is notified over several hundreds of acres.
▪ II. † rye, n.2 Obs.
Also 5 ree, rey, ry, 7 rie.
[prob. of AF. origin.]
A disease in hawks.
c1450in Reliq. Antiq. I. 295 The Ree cometh in faute of hote mete, of colde, other of smoke, other els of grete fervent hete in the neste. a1450Treat. Fishing w. Angle (1883) 3 Þen schall sche haue the frounce, þe Rey [1496 Rye], þe Cray, and mony oþer seknes. 1485Bk. S. Albans a iiij, For defawte of hoote meete this sekenese the Ry commyth. c1575Bk. Sparhawkes (1886) 27 Rye is a Stuffinge or Swellinge of the head growinge by colde or euell dyet. 1618Latham Falconry (1633) 129 Of all the diseases that belongs to these Hawkes, there bee onely three that they bee most subiect vnto, which is the Rye, the Crampe, and the Craye. 1725Family Dict. s.v. Rye, The Cold or Rye in her Head, being apt, in time, to fall into her Eyes.
transf.1759Brown Compl. Farmer 78 [It] will preserve them [hens] from the rye and other diseases in the head.
▪ III. rye, n.3 slang.|raɪ|
[ad. Romany rai gentleman; cf. Skr. rāj to rule.]
A man, gentleman. Also Comb., as rye mort, a lady (in quot., attrib.); rye mush, a gentleman. See also Romany rye s.v. Romany3 3 b.
1851Borrow Lavengro II. xxvi. 242, I had always..been a great favourite with Mrs. Petulengro, who had frequently been loud in her commendation of the young rye, as she called me. 1857― Romany Rye I. vi. 74 Gentility will carry the day, madam, even with the young rye. He will ask words of the black lass, but beg the words of the fair. 1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid 55 He did not feel choosey; why, he could be a rye mush himself for one night. Ibid. 232 Anyone taking a quick look at her might think she was on the up-and-up. She would give that impression too, to anyone who heard her talk and saw her act. Though..she would have to give up that rye mort touch. 1939― What Immortal Hand xiv. 151 If she's gone and got herself tangled up with a lot of rye mushes she don't want to have nothing to do with a gaol-bird like me.
▪ IV. † rye, v. Obs.—1
[Of obscure origin.]
intr. To fish in some special manner.
1496Treat. Fishing w. Angle (1883) 11 Lynes for the dubbyd hoke to fysshe for the trought and graylynge: and..smalle lynes for to rye for the roche and the darse.
▪ V. rye
see ree v. and rie. |