| 释义 |
villeinage Now Hist.|ˈvɪlənɪdʒ, -leɪn-|
Forms: α. 4–9 villenage (6 vyllenage, vyllynage, vellenage), 5 vilenage. β. 6–9 villanage, 7 villon-, villianage, 7–9 villainage. γ. 7– villeinage (9 vileinage).
[a. AF. vilenage, villenage, OF. vilenage, villenage, vila(i)nage, = Pr. vilanatge, Sp. villanage, Pg. villanagem), or ad. med.L. villenagium, vil(l)anagium, vileinagium, from the same source: see villein and -age.]
1. The tenure by which a feudal villein held or occupied his land; tenure of lands by bond-service rendered to the lord or superior. Also called tenure in villeinage.
αa1325[see villein 1 α]. c1450Godstow Reg. (1905) 207, iiij. acres and an half acre and half a Rode of arable lond,..the whiche he holdith in vilenage or bondage. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. 12 All these tenauntes maye holde their landes by dyuers tenures..: as by..burgage tenures and tenure in vyllenage. 1544tr. Littleton's Tenures xi. 40 Tenure in vyllenage is most properly whan a vylleyne holdeth of his lorde to whom he is vyllayne certayne landes & tenementes after the custome and maner or els at the wyl of his lorde, and to do his vyllayne seruyce. 1598Marston Sco. Villanie i. ii. 176 Once Albion liu'd in such a cruell age Than men did hold by seruile villenage. 1602W. Fulbecke 1st Pt. Parall. 211 Villenage, is where a man holdeth of his Lord, either by doing vnto him some particular base seruice, and such a one is called a tenant by villenage, or by doing generally whatsoeuer base seruice his Lord will commaund and impose vpon him, and such a tenaunt is termed in our Law a villaine. 1607Cowell Interpr. s.v., For euery one that houldeth in villenage, is not a villein, or a bond man. 1612Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1787) 204 There was but one freeholder made in a whole country, which was the lord himself, all the rest were but tenants at will, or rather tenants in villenage. 1672Manley Cowell's Interpr. s.v., Copy-holders is but a new Name, for anciently they were called Tenants in villenage, or, of base Tenure. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. 92 With regard to the folk-land, or estates held in villenage. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 308 Copyholds being derived from the tenure in villenage, they were not originally within the jurisdiction of the king's courts at Westminster. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages iii. viii. (1819) III. 259 The tenements in villenage, whether by law or usage, were never separated from the lordship. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. xvi. (1896) II. 475 So villenage grew to be a base tenure, differing in degree rather than in kind from socage, and privileged as well as burdened.
attrib.1679Blount Anc. Tenures 21 This was an usual restraint of old in Villenage Tenure.
β1565Cooper Thesaurus, Colonarii,..rusticall people, tenantes in villanages. 1607Norden Surv. Dial. ii. 77 A matter almost out of vse, a tenure called Villanage: that is, where the Tenants of a Mannor were Bondmen and Bond⁓women. a1618Raleigh Rem. (1644) 59 The bondmen..were grievously prest by their Lords in their tenure of Villanage. 1681H. Nevile Plato Rediv. 133 Not only all Villanage is long since abollished, but the other Tenures are so altered and qualified, that they signifie nothing towards making the Yeomandry depend upon the Lords. 1776Adam Smith W.N. iii. ii. I. 473 Tenure in villanage gradually wore out. 1812G. Chalmers Dom. Econ. Gt. Brit. 23 It is extremely difficult to ascertain the time, when villainage ceased in England, or even to trace its decline. 1872O. W. Holmes Poet Breakf.-t. vi, We return to the state of villanage, holding our tenement-houses..of the State.
fig.a1653G. Daniel Idyll v. 132 The Earth runs in one Tenure, and we but Prevent Repeals; Villainage is the Lott.
γ1641Termes de la Ley 262 To hold in pure Villeinage, is to do all that the Lord will him command. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 225 The abolition of the punishment of death, of the lesser tithes, and of villeinage were especially insisted on. 1845Williams Real Property iii. 265 Villeinage is to hold part of the demesnes of any lord..by villein services.
†b. Land held by this tenure. Obs.
c1450Godstow Reg. (1906) 576 The tythes of the villenagis of medys and litell medis of the same towne. c1460Oseney Reg. (1913) 26 In cleydon, ij. hides of villenage, þe which my modur ȝafe to þe same church.
2. The state or condition of a feudal villein; complete subjection to a feudal lord or superior; bondage, serfdom, servitude.
α1531Star Chamber Cases (Selden) II. 196 Ony maner of Entree into the seid Courte Rolles..Concernyng ony vyllenage agenst the seid defendauntes. 1551in J. S. Leadam Sel. Cases Crt. Requests (Selden) 58 To dyscharge the vyllynage and bondage of the bloudde of the said complaynants. 1600Holland Livy xli. viii. 1101 They that were to leave such yssue at home, gave their children as it were in villenage to some Romane citizen or other whom they liked of. 1643Milton Soveraigne Salve 26 Reduced to the terms of the Peasants of France, of villenage and slavery. 1699Temple Hist. Eng. 59 The Children that were born of these miserable People, belonged to the Lord of the Soil,..and thus began Villenage in England. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) II. 57 The villenage of the peasantry in some parts of Catalonia was very severe. 1852H. Rogers Ecl. Faith 418 Mr. Newman says that it was Christians, not men, that the Church sought to enfranchise; it little matters; she sought to abolish all villenage. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. iv. 70, I do not doubt that the social state of villenage existed.
fig.1590Spenser F.Q. ii. xi. 1 No wretchednesse is like to sinfull vellenage. 1604Hieron Wks. I. 481 The continuall gamster is, as it were, in the state of villenage to his humor. 1644Milton Divorce ii. iii. 36, I spake ev'n now, as if sin were condemn'd in a perpetual villenage never to be free by law, never to be manumitted.
β1589Warner Albion's England v. xxiii. 101 Thus Englands hope with Englands heire in one same Bark did saile: When desprat from their villanage was English bloud of baile. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 449 For those [ichneumons] that are ouercome in combates one with another, are branded with a warlicke marke of Villanage, or subiection to their Conquerors. 1700Dryden Wife of Bath's T. 443 Their Glories shine; But Infamy and Villanage are thine. 1761[see serf 2 b]. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 245 Joseph II rendered an essential service to humanity, in abolishing the servitude or villanage of the peasants of Bohemia. 1841Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 287 The original population..had..been conquered and reduced to a sort of villanage by certain Afghan tribes. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. xxiv. V. 480 While the churl sank to the state of villainage, the slave rose to it.
γ1641Termes de la Ley 262 b, The division of Villeinage, is villeine of blood, and of tenure. 1832H. Martineau Demevara ii. 22 Then came the bondage and villeinage of the Gothic nations. 1873Spencer Stud. Sociol. v. 103 When villeinage had passed away and serfs were no longer maintained by their owners. 1889Jessopp Coming of Friars ii. 66 A man or woman born in villeinage could never shake it off.
3. The body of villeins; villeins collectively.
1864Burton Scot Abr. I. i. 31 The French peasantry or villainage of the period. |