| 释义 |
▪ I. harrow, n.1|ˈhærəʊ|
Forms: 4 haru, harou, harewe, 4–5 harwe, 5–6 harow(e, 7 harrowe, 5– harrow.
[ME. harwe, answering to an OE. *hearwe or *hearᵹe: app. related to MLG. (MDu.) harke, Du. hark rake, also ON. herfi, hervi (Sw. harf, härf, Da. harv) harrow; but the form-relations are obscure, and the ulterior origin uncertain.]
1. A heavy frame of timber (or iron) set with iron teeth or tines, which is dragged over ploughed land to break clods, pulverize and stir the soil, root up weeds, or cover in the seed. Sometimes made in two halves, and then locally called the harrows.
a1300Cursor M. 12388 For plogh and haru [v.rr. harwe, harou] cuth he dight. a1350Childh. Jesus 1365 (Mätz.) Ouȝht..þat scholde to harewe oþur to plouȝ, He couþe it wurchen. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xix. 268 Þise foure..harwed in an handwhile al holy scripture, Wyth two harwes þat þei hadde..Id est, vetus testamentum & nouum. [1393 C. xxii. 272 eythes.] a1400–50Alexander 1063 A harrow foreheld ouer with tyndez. c1440Promp. Parv. 228/2 Harowe [v.r. harwe], erpica. 1573Tusser Husb. xvii. (1878) 37 A barlie rake toothed, with yron and steele, like paier of harrowes. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 23 b, The Harrowe, is an instrument crosse lettused, to breake the Cloddes withall, and to cover the seedes. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 626 The harrow is employed after the plough..to produce a more complete pulverization of the soil. 1897N. & Q. 8th Ser. XI. 432/2 She was an adept at the management of cart and harrows.
fig.1824–46Landor Imag. Conv. Wks. II. 382 Under the harrow of affliction.
b. With various defining words, as Berwickshire harrow, † back harrow; revolving harrow, a harrow of which the teeth are fixed on radiating arms, so as to revolve horizontally. Also brake (or break) harrow (brake n.3 4), bush harrow, chain-harrow (chain n. 19), etc.
1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 541 Breake the clods..and then with your back-harrowes runne ouer them againe. 1805Forsyth Beauties Scotl. (1808) V. 420 Break⁓harrows and rollers are almost as yet confined to a few proprietors. 1826Loudon Encycl. Agric. (1831) 414 The Berwickshire harrow is the most perfect implement of the kind in general use.
c. Phrases and locutions.
c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 280 Cristene men may seye, as þe poete seiþ in prouerbe—þe frogge seide to þe harwe, cursid be so many lordis. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §15 It is an olde sayinge, The oxe is neuer wo, tyll he to the harowe goo. 1802–12Bentham Rationale of Evidence (1827) I. 385 note, Kept like toads under a harrow. 1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) xii. vii, Placed, and held, under the harrow. 1818Scott Rob Roy xxvii, ‘Ower mony maisters, as the paddock said to the harrow, when every tooth gae her a tig.’ 1825Jamieson s.v., To rin awa' with the harrows, applied to those who do not reason fairly; especially, when they go on..disregarding any thing that has already been said in reply. 1827Scott Jrnl. (1890) II. 94 If I die in the harrows, as is very likely, I shall die with honour. 1889Spectator 12 Oct., The Armenians and Cretans are already under the harrow.
2. transf. A similar contrivance used for other purposes: see quots., and cf. hearse.
1548Hall Chron., Hen. V, 48 b, They have imagined caltrappes, harowes and other new trickes to defende the force of the horsmen. 1611Bible 1 Chron. xx. 3 Hee brought out the people..and cut them with sawes, and with harrowes of yron, and with axes. 1660Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit ii. ii. (R.), That David made the people of the Ammonites to pass under saws and harrows of iron is not safely imitable by Christian souldiers.
†b. A kind of sledge: also harrow-sled. Obs.
15..Tourn. Tottenham 203 in Hazl. Ritson's Songs (1877) 81 Sum broght gret harows Ther husbandes for to hom fech. 1552Huloet, Harrowe sled, traha.
c. In Fortification: see quot.
1788Chambers's Cycl., Harrow, in Fortification, is a Gate made of timber, whose dimensions are commonly six by four inches, and six inches distant from each other, well fastened to three or four cross bars, and secured with iron.
d. In Gold-mining: see quots.
1869R. B. Smyth Goldf. Victoria Gloss. 613 Harrows are fixed to the pole of a puddling machine, and being dragged round, divide and mix the auriferous clays with water. 1888F. Hume Mad. Midas i. v, The wash dirt being put into these, there was an iron ring held up by chains, having blunt spikes to it, which was called a harrow.
3. A diagonal arrangement of soldiers; also of migratory fowl in the air.
1876Holland Sevenoaks xii. 158 The wild geese flying over..had called to Jim..and he had looked up at the huge harrow scraping the sky. 1891Cornh. Mag. Dec. 643 (temp. Edw. III) Let your men form a harrow on either side of the ridge. Ibid. 647 The four-deep harrow formation which gave strength to their array, and yet permitted every man to draw his arrow freely without harm to those in front.
4. [From the verb.] The act of harrowing.
1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 13 Scarcely the wave foamed white to the reckless harrow of oarsmen.
5. attrib. and Comb., as harrow-beam, harrow-maker, harrow-man, harrow-pin, harrow-tooth; harrow-shaped adj.; harrow-bull [see bull n.5], one of the pieces of wood which form the frame of the harrow; harrow-cultivator, a modification of the harrow supported on wheels; harrow-spindle, one of the ‘slots’ or crosspieces which are mortised through the ‘bulls’; harrow-tine († -tind) = harrow-tooth.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. § 15 An oxe-harowe, the whiche is made of sixe smal peces of timbre, called *harowe-bulles..in euery bull are syxe sharpe peces of yren, called harowe tyndes. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 662 Harrow⁓buls, Harrow-teeth.
1483Cath. Angl. 176/2 An Harow or a *harow maker, erpicarius.
1826Loudon Encycl. Agric. (1831) 528 The *harrow-man's attention..should be constantly directed to [etc.].
1530Palsgr. 229/2 *Harowe pynne, cheuille de herse.
1860Pusey Min. Proph. 67 *Harrow-shaped planks, set with sharp stones.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees), The smallest sort of them for *harrowe-spindles.
1483Cath. Angl. 176/2 An *Harow toothe, paxillus. 1828Scott F.M. Perth ii, Plough-graith and harrow-teeth!
▪ II. harrow, n.2 dial.
= harre, hinge.
1528MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp. Canterb., Paid for..ye harrow of a gate. 1863Barnes Dorset Dial., Harrow of a gate, the backer upright timber of a gate by which it is hung to its post.
▪ III. harrow, v.1|ˈhærəʊ|
Forms: see harrow n.1
[f. harrow n.1: cf. mod.G. harken to rake, Sw. harfva, Da. harve to harrow.]
1. trans. To draw a harrow over; to break up, crush, or pulverize with a harrow. So harrow over. harrow in, to cover in (seed, etc.) by harrowing.
a1300Cursor M. 21303 Þe toiþer he saus efter þe sede, Þe thrid it harus efter wit spede. 1377[see harrow n.1 1]. c1440Promp. Parv. 228/2 Harwyn, erpico. 1530Palsgr. 579/2 He that soweth his seedes must harowe the grounde by and by, for els the byrdes wyll eate it awaye. 1611Bible Job xxxix. 10 Canst thou binde the Vnicorne with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleyes after thee? 1759tr. Duhamel's Husb. i. ix. (1762) 52 Harrow over your ground, with a heavy wide-tooth'd harrow. 1772T. Simpson Vermin-Killer 13 When the farmer sows his seed, before he harrows it in. 1834Low Agric. (1847) 412 In a fortnight or more after planting, the whole field is to be harrowed.
fig.1650W. Brough Sacr. Princ. (1659) 482 To plow up thy heart, and harrow thy whole man. 1654Trapp Comm. Ps. xv. 4 It is evill to sow reports and slanders but worse to harrow them in.
b. absol.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. vi. 19 Heggen oþer harwen oþer swyn oþer gees dryue. 1565–73Durham Depos. (Surtees) 104 Harrawinge and sawinge upon a Sondaye. 1882Ouida Maremma I. 3 They will..plough, and harrow, and sow.
c. intr. (for pass.). Of land: To suffer harrowing; to turn out under the harrow.
1841Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. II. ii. 183 It [soil] never failed..to harrow down as mellow as possible.
†d. back-harrow, bull-harrow: see quots. Obs.
1552Huloet, Harrow corne when it is in grase, called back harrowe, pectino, sarrio. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. II. 208 Bull harrow it, that is with harrows without teeth.
†2. transf. To cut through as a harrow; to ‘plough’ (the sea, etc.). Obs.
1583Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 33 His launce staffe thee dust top turuye doth harrow. Ibid. iii. 76 The sea by our mariners with the oars cleene canted is harrowd.
3. To tear, lacerate, wound (physically).
1633T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter i. 16 The thorns harrowing his sacred head. 1735Somerville Chase ii. 119 Th' impatient Rider..With galling Spurs harrows his mangled Sides. 1786tr. Beckford's Vathek (1834) 67 Harrowing his cheeks with a few scratches.
†b. To tear up. Obs.
1604A. Scoloker Daiphantus (1880) 36 Ile haue reuenge, or harrow vp my will.
4. To lacerate or wound the feelings of; to vex, pain, or distress greatly. (Rarely with up.)
1602Shakes. Ham. i. i. 44 It harrowes me with fear and wonder. Ibid. i. v. 16, I could a Tale vnfold, whose lightest word Would harrow vp thy soule. c1630Sanderson Serm. II. 305 Our thoughts are so pulled and harrowed this way and that way. 1634Milton Comus 565 Amaz'd I stood, harrow'd with grief and fear. 1735Somerville Chase iv. 485 Th' ambitious Wretch, whose discontented Soul Is harrow'd Day and Night. 1816Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 152 Dreadful stories, whereby the minds of good people..are harrowed up. 1865Merivale Rom. Emp. VIII. lxviii. 337 His gentle nature was harrowed by the misery around him.
†b. To vex, disturb. Obs.
1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxi. x. 177 He [Julian] harrowed the memoriall [memoriam vexavit] of Constantine, as one that had beene a deviser of innovation.
†5. To castrate. Obs.
1753Stewart's Trial 139 He wants to harrow him [a horse] this spring. Ibid. 179 At the harrowing.
Hence ˈharrowed ppl. a., ˈharrowing vbl. n.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §12 As moche plowynge and harow⁓ynge. 1552Huloet, Harrowed after the maner of backe harrowynge, pectitus. 1785G. Washington Writ. (1891) XII. 225 After three ploughings and three harrowings, sowed millet. 1788A. Falconbridge Afr. Slave Tr. 41 The harrowed parts of the back of the unoffending seaman. 1847Disraeli Tancred ii. xvi, ‘I cannot leave her’, thought the harrowed Tancred. 1888Athenæum 11 Aug. 189/3 The inevitable harrowing of the reader's feelings.
▪ IV. harrow, v.2|ˈhærəʊ|
Forms: 1 herᵹian, 3 herehen, herhen, 3–4 herȝen, 4 herwen, herewe, harwe, harrewe, haru, horu, 4–5 harewe, 4–6 harow(e, haro, 6 herow, 6– harrow.
[A by-form of harry v., OE. herᵹian, of which the pa. tense and pa. pple. herᵹode, herᵹod, and vbl. n. herᵹung regularly became in ME. herwede, herwed, herwyng, whence, by change of -er before cons. to -ar, and levelling, came ME. harwe, harowe, harrow.]
trans. To harry, rob, spoil. a. Used especially in the phrase to harrow hell, said of Christ.
c1000[see harrowing below]. a1225St. Marher, 10 Þu herehedest helle. a1300Cursor M. 26026 Of hell it harus þe hard prisun. 13..Sir Beues (MS. A.) 4469 Be him, þat herwede helle. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 326 By hym that harwed [v.rr. hariede, haried, harowed] helle. c1500How Plowman lerned Pater-Noster 39 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 211, I byleve in Jhesu Cryste, Whiche suffred dethe and harowed hell. 1589Hay any Work 39 Let him tell what our Sauiour Christ should do, if he did not harrow Hell. 1624Bp. R. Montagu Gagg 218 This was before Christ harrowed Hell. 1625Ussher Answ. Jesuit 374 Christ spoiled, or (as they were wont to speake) harrowed Hell. 1850Neale Med. Hymns (1867) 168 Christ hath harrowed hell.
b. In the general sense of harry v.
1606J. Clapman Hist. Gt. Brit. i. iii. xvi. 142 These Picts..did oft-times harrow the borders. 1643Prynne Sov. Power Parl. i. (ed. 2) 112 The County of Glocester, (which they have pitifully harrowed and spoiled). 1782Sir W. Jones Speech Reform. Parl. Wks. 1799 VI. 719 They racked and harrowed the people. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles v. xv, Long harrow'd by oppressor's hand.
Hence ˈharrowed ppl. a.; ˈharrowing (OE. herᵹung) vbl. n., spoiling (of hell), also in general sense, plundering, sacking (of a country).
c1000ælfric Hom. I. 228 Hell oncneow Crist, ðaða heo forlet hyre hæftlingas ut, þurh ðæs Hælendes herᵹunge. a1450Chester Pl. xvii. (Harl. MS. 2013) See that you doe well, In pagente sett out the harrowinge of helle. 1586Warner Alb. Eng. i. vi, And then in harrowed Hell (Pyrithous buried) he nor she, nor Theseus longer dwell. 1599Sandys Europæ Spec. (1632) 184 The harrowing and desolating of the Countrey. 1654Cokaine Dianea iii. 234 He came to the harrowing of our Island. 1859Wedgwood Dict. Eng. Etymol. s.v. Harry, The harrowing of hell was the triumphant expedition of Christ after his crucifixion, when he brought away the souls of the righteous who had..been held captive in hell since the beginning of the world.
▪ V. † harrow, haro, int. Obs.|ˈhærəʊ|
Forms: 4 harou, -ow, -awe, 4–6 harowe, harrowe, 4–7 harrow (5 a rowe), 5–7 harro, 6 harrok, haroll, 5– haro.
[a. OF. haro, harou, hareu, harol, harau, hero, of obscure origin. The popular notion, found already in 14th c., that the expression was ha Rou!, a call upon Rou, Raoul, or Rollo, duke of Normandy, is not consistent with the OF. forms of the word.]
1. A cry of distress or alarm; a call for succour. to cry harrow (on any one): to denounce (a person's) doings. Obs. since c 1600. (Modern instances are either after ME., or from mod.F.)
13..Seuyn Sag. (W.) 480 Sche..gradde ‘Harow!’ with gret rage. 1340Ayenb. 31 Hauanne þe man..nele arere þet heued to gode be zorȝe ne grede harou be ssrifte. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 100 Lat be Nicholas Or I wol crie, out, harrow, and allas. ― Reeve's T. 152 Iohn..gan to crie harrow and weylaway Oure hors is lorn. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. vii. (1859) 6 Lete us cryen a rowe and oute upon them all! c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 307 Oute, haro, out, out! harkyn to this horne. 1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 66, I crye out harowe on them that so falsely haue belyed me. 1513Douglas æneis xii. x. 126 Thai rent thar hair, with harrow, and allaik. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. clxxxviii. [clxxxiv.] 574 Out, harowe, what myschife is this. 1530Palsgr. 501/2 My mother was afrayde there had ben theves in her house, and she kryed out haroll alarome. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. viii. 46 Harrow and well away! After so wicked deede why liv'st thou lenger day? a1643W. Cartwright Ordinary iii. i. in Hazl. Dodsley XII. 253 Harrow, alas! I swelt here as I go. [1863Sala Capt. Dangerous II. iv. 133 You may cry Haro upon me for a Cynic. 1894F. S. Ellis Reynard 208 Harowe! I cry on that vile crew.]
‖2. In Law of Normandy and Channel Isles, in form haro!: see quots.
1682Warburton Hist. Guernsey §43 (1822) 100 Clameur de Haro, is thus practised. When any man finds another entering upon his possessions..crying out three times haro, he in the king's name discharges any workmen..from proceeding or any person from employing them or others..afterwards he commences his action in the court. If he neglect so to do, then the person against whom the haro was cried, may..bring his action against him who cried haro. 1862Ansted Channel Isl. iv. xxiii. (ed. 2) 539 Encroachments on property are sometimes met by a very peculiar exclamatory appeal, called ‘Ha! Ro!’ repeated thrice. It is considered to be the remains of an old appeal to Rollo, Duke of Normandy, and is followed by action.
3. as n. The calling of harrow!; outcry.
c1440York Myst. xxxi. 84 Þanne gete we some harrowe full hastely at hande. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 124 Thair wes no thing bot harrok, how and cry. |