| 释义 |
▪ I. growth1|grəʊθ|
Also 6 grothe, groweth, 6–7 grouth, (7 groath, grought).
[f. grow v. + -th1. ON. had gróðr (genit. gróðrar) and gróðe wk. masc.]
1. a. The action, process or manner of growing; both in material and immaterial senses; vegetative development; increase.
1587Golding De Mornay viii. 117 Should we rather graunt an euerlasting ignorance in man, than a kynd of youthfulnesse which hath learned things according to the growths thereof in ages? 1593Shakes. Lucr. 1062 This bastard graff shall never come to growth. 1599Hakluyt Voy. To Rdr. **1 b, The beginnings, antiquities, and growth of the classical and warrelike shipping of this Island. 1604Shakes. Oth. v. ii. 14 When I haue pluck'd thy Rose, I can⁓not giue it vitall growth againe, It needs must wither. 1615Chapman Odyss. x. 101 [My men] worse did beare Their growing labours; that they causd their grought [rime-wd. thought], By selfe-willd follies. 1653Holcroft Procopius i. 19 The saltness of the water hindring the grouth of any thing but salt. 1662Bk. Com. Prayer Pref., The growth of Anabaptism. 1667Pepys Diary 18 May, My wife whose growth in musique do begin to please me mightily. 1677Temple Ess. Gout Wks. 1720 I. 137 In preventing the growth of this Disease, where it is but new. a1682Sir T. Browne Tracts 7 Ivy being of no swift growth. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. iii, The growth of the trees and hedges. 1781Cowper Charity 578 Exuberant is the shadow it supplies, Its fruit on earth, its growth above the skies. 1848tr. Regnault's Elem. Treat. Crystallogr. 59 Sometimes the crystal assumes the form shewn... The growth of the crystal, perpendicularly to the horizontal faces, has been almost nothing. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 23 Plants obtain the chief materials of their growth from water and carbonic acid. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. ix. 269 The snow which falls upon the glacier proper can contribute nothing to its growth or permanence. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 93 Barley, oats, and rye may be measured in their daily growth. 1873Weale's Dict. Terms (ed. 4) Growth of water, in mining, the accumulation of water in the levels of a mine. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 276 Simultaneous with their [the faculties'] growth in man a growth of language must be supposed. 1891Speaker 2 May 534/1 The growth of education and the spread of scientific training. 1911Encycl. Brit. VII. 583/2 When crystals are aggregated together, and so interfere with each other's growth, special structures..often result. 1962F. C. Phillips Smith's Gemstones (ed. 13) ii. 39 Natural crystals frequently depart from..ideally symmetrical growth and show instead a variable degree of distortion.
b. of (such or such) growth: having a specified place of origin or production. Said primarily of vegetable products, hence transf. of immaterial things.
1657Burton's Diary (1828) I. 325 Resolved, that for every ton of wine, not of the growth of Spain, there be paid 6l. 1684Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 108 To ad to y⊇ same bill, not being of the natural groath of the province. 1700Dryden Fables Pref., *D 1 b, I had thought for the Honour of our Nation..that this Story was of English Growth, and Chaucer's own. 1781Cowper Truth 515 Is virtue then, unless of Christian growth, Mere fallacy, or foolishness, or both? 1822Lamb Elia Ser. i. Artif. Comedy, Affection's depth and wedded faith are not of the growth of that soil. 1879J. Grant in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 95/1 Specimens of plants, most of which were of foreign growth.
c. spec. in Economics. See also sense 5 (growth area, industry, etc.).
1952W. W. Rostow Process Econ. Growth (1953) iv. 81 Growth is defined as a relation between the rates of increase in capital and the working force,..and in population,..such that per capita output (not necessarily consumption) is rising. 1965H. Wilson in Oxf. Times 3 Dec. 16/2, I am now fighting a losing battle on another word I dislike—growth—which had a certain medical and agricultural connotation. ‘Economic growth involves more purposeful work than leaving it to nature.’
d. A crop or yield as used in a classification of (esp. the best) vineyards to indicate the quality of the wine produced there. Cf. cru.
1707[see claret n.2 (a.) 1 b]. 1715Lond. Gaz. No. 5378/4, 200 Hogsheads of Claret, the best Growths in France. 1851C. Redding Hist. Mod. Wines (ed. 3) vi. 170 The first growths of Medoc are scarcely ever sent to England in a perfect state. 1862, etc. [see cru]. 1920G. Saintsbury Notes on Cellar-bk. iv. 53 It was customary..to lay down..hogsheads of the best reputed first or second growths. 1964Harper's Bazaar Dec. 60/2 A claret of a bourgeois growth and a moderate price. 1965A. Sichel Penguin Bk. Wines 135 The sixty-two best red wines were classified in 1855 by an official committee into five ‘growths’ or ‘crus’, known collectively as the Classed Growths, or Crus Classés. 1970Times 18 Apr. p. vii/2 First it showed how exaggerated is the importance which some attach to the words ‘Great Classed Growth’.
2. Stage in the process of growing; size or stature attained by growing. Obs. exc. in full growth.
1557Tottel's Misc. 128 A graffe of so small grothe. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, i. ii. 180 A Wassell-Candle, my Lord; all Tallow: if I did say of wax, my growth would approue the truth. 1599H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner I v b, Swines Flesh. Nor olde, nor thinne; but of a full groweth. 1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 322 The Elephant is for growth and understanding chiefest, of unreasonable Animalls. 1662J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 147 Serpents..of so extraordinary a growth, that there are Serpents have swallowed children and sheep intire. 1672Petty Pol. Anat. (1691) 54 An Ox is come to its full growth at 6 years old. 1678Dryden All for Love iv. i, Men are but Children of a larger growth. a1732Gay Acis & Galatea ii. 13 Bring me a hundred Reeds of decent Growth, To make a Pipe for my capacious Mouth. 1781Cowper Truth 115 Pride has attained its most luxuriant growth, And poisoned every virtue in them both. 1841–71T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 453 Between the shell and the exterior of the body, where they remain until the embryo attains its full growth.
3. The process of causing or assisting to grow; production by cultivation. Chiefly qualified by possessive pronoun. Also, the process of growing crystals: see grow v. 14 f.
1663Butler Hud. i. ii. 130 Chiron, the four-legg'd Bard, hath both A Beard and Tayl of his own Growth. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. Ded. (ad fin.), The happy Old Coricyan..whose Fruits and Salads..were all of his own growth, and his own Plantation. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World (1757) 116 Every family has all the necessaries of life of its own growth and produce. 1890‘Rolf Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 214 A yeoman class..could use these great levels for the growth of certain semi-tropical crops. 1950Sci. News XV. 56 A typical example of its use is..for the growth of metal crystals. 1962Simpson & Richards Junction Transistors iii. 40 Crystal growth by zone melting. Ibid., Floating-zone crystal growth. The floating-zone refining process may also be used for the production of single crystals.
4. concr.
a. That which grows or has grown; produce, product; said both of material and immaterial things.
1580Lease in Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 236 Those their woods underwoods growths shawes. 1671Temple Ess. Const. & Interests Empire Wks. 1731 I. 89 The State of Holland, in point both of Riches and Strength, is the most prodigious Growth that has been seen in the World. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 126 Man seems the only growth that dwindles here. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 32 If any one part of the English system rather than another could be claimed as a modern growth, it is her foreign policy. 1873W. M. Thomson Land & Bk. xiv. 199 Some of our missionary band..have counted the growths (as we Western people call the annual concentric circles) for a few inches into the trunk of the oldest cedars. 1876E. Mellor Priesth. ii. 73 Sacerdotalism was a growth traceable to a concurrence of influences..some of which were wholly innocent. 1885U. S. Grant Mem. I. xx. 273 Marshy ground covered with a heavy growth of timber. 1890Daily News 14 Oct. 2/3 Hops contracted for some time previous to the picking of the growth.
b. Path. Often spec. a morbid formation.
1847Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 125/1 The property of infiltration has been ascribed to other Growths besides Cancer. 1899J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. X. 182 His head was covered with papillomatosis growths in various stages.
5. attrib. and Comb., as growth-condition, growth-control, growth-direction, growth-hormone, growth-measurer, growth-phase, growth-policy, growth-rate, growth-ratio, growth-regulation, growth-target; growth-controlling, growth-inducing, growth-influencing, growth-inhibiting, growth-making, growth-promoting, growth-regulating, growth-retarding, growth-seeking, growth-stimulating ppl. adjs.; growth area, an area designated for economic growth; growth company, a company (sense 7) that has expanded, or is likely to expand, more than the average; growth curve, a line drawn so as to represent growth diagrammatically by showing how some quantity like size, weight, or numbers varies with time; growth factor Biol., any substance required by an organism in minute amounts in order to maintain its growth; growth-form (see quot. 1960); growth-gradient Biol., a continuous variation in the rate of growth along an axis of an organism, limb, etc.; † growth-halfpenny (see quot.); growth industry, an industry which has been, or is in process of, developing at a faster rate than other industries; growth leader, an investment stock with much past and potential growth; growth-line Phys., a line indicating a stage of growth; growth-man, a person who advocates a policy of economic growth; hence growthmanship, such a policy; growth point, (a) = growth area; (b) = growing point; growth potential, (a) potentiality of growth in living matter; (b) potentiality of economic growth; growth regulator, an organic substance, such as a hormone, vitamin, or auxin, which regulates growth; growth ring, the layer of wood added to a tree during one growing season; cf. annual ring (s.v. annual a. and n. A. 1 c; ring n.1 7 c); growth stock (see quot. 1965); growth zone, (a) = growing-region; (b) = growth area; (c) = growing zone.
1963Daily Tel. 5 Dec. 14/2 The conception of ‘*growth areas’ is new. 1966Listener 2 June 788/2 The Humber estuary is already one of the most significant economic growth areas in the country.
1959T. E. & D. L. Babson Investing for Successful Future xii. 157 Listed..are a few outstanding *growth companies, with the length of their business lives. 1969Times 8 Jan. 23/2 It has been the growth company par excellence.
1890Daily News 12 Sept. 5/3 Grave men of science who are investigating..the *growth conditions of fish in Scottish waters.
1964New Statesman 20 Mar. 468/3 Calves..injected with *growth-control substances.
1922Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Apr. 279/1 A *growth-controlling principle which he named tethelin.
1916Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XXIV. 368 In the *growth curves the dots represent the actually determined weights. 1946Nature 5 Oct. 462/1 Fischer describes the sigmoid growth⁓curve of the culture, its limiting size, shape-regulation, and power of true reconstitutive regeneration.
1916Ibid. 1 June 290/2 The word ‘tropism’, first used to indicate the *growth-direction of plant-members under the influence of some stimulus.
1928Biochem. Jrnl. XXII. 790 There is, therefore, no justification for calling vitamin B2 a ‘*growth factor’ in contradistinction to vitamin B1. 1937Growth factor [see biotin]. 1964Wagner & Folkers Vitamins & Coenzymes i. 5 The antiberiberi factor, designated vitamin B, was later found to contain both a heat labile antiberiberi factor and a thermostable growth factor.
1887H. E. F. Garnsey tr. De Bary's Fungi i. 2 Both [forms] are *growth-forms (Wuchsformen) comparable with those growth-forms in the higher plants which are known as the tree, shrub and herb. 1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Oecol. Plants ii. 4 In 1884, Warming, having in view the North-European Spermophyta, gave a general survey of growth-forms which he arranged in fourteen chief groups with many sub-groups, based upon morphological and biological characters. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. iii. 92 The ‘life-form’ or ‘growth-form’ of a plant is the form which its vegetative body produces as a result of all the life-processes, including those that are affected by the environment within the plant's life-time and are not heritable.
1929Nature 15 June 910/1 (heading) *Growth-gradients and the axial relations of the body. 1932J. S. Huxley Probl. Rel. Growth iii. 80 It was found that there existed within the limb what we may call a growth-gradient. 1956C. H. Waddington Princ. Embryol. xiii. 292 It appears probable that there is a single continuous growth gradient with its high point towards the feet, falling off as one goes higher up the body.
1676Coles, *Growth half-peny, paid (in some places) for tythe of every fat beast, Ox and other unfruitfull cattel. So Phillips (ed. Kersey) 1706, and Bailey 1736–92.
1924T. B. Robertson Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xx. 579 Such catalyzers being distributed by the circulation and operating as *growth-hormones. 1953Growth hormone [see acromegaly]. 1969Times 25 Mar. 12/7 When growth hormone is injected into young rabbits the fleas are induced to copulate.
1961L. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 3) i. 5 Insulin itself, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, has also been shown to have some *growth-inducing effect.
1957Economist 7 Sept. 778/2 The pattern of growth in Britain's biggest *growth industry..is not a balanced one. 1961Times 30 May 13/6 Publishing is judged to be a ‘growth’ industry. 1966Listener 15 Sept. 397/3 Only one laird preferred to keep his moor for private use... The grouse shooting agent's view was rather different— his is a growth industry.
1918Nature 21 Feb. 484/2 The *growth-influencing substance ‘Tethelin’, which Prof. Robertson had isolated from the anterior lobe of the pituitary body.
1922Jrnl. Exper. Med. XXXV. 647 (heading) Heat and *growth-inhibiting action of serum. 1946Nature 10 Aug. 200/2 The antibiotic substances present in these extracts had a marked growth-inhibiting effect both on litter-decomposing and mycorrhiza-forming fungi. 1967N.Y. Times (Internat. Ed.) 11–12 Feb. 9/6 The *growth leaders with phenomenal rises are now well known stocks to all investors.
1857Gosse Creation 218 On each of the scutal valves in this individual I can count about 260 *growth-lines.
1922Chambers's Jrnl. Dec. 875/1 The natives..chew it from boyhood, and attach great importance to it as a *growth-making agent.
1961Britannica Bk. Year 537/2 From commerce and organization generally came *growthman, one favouring a policy of expansion, and growthmanship, the fixing of specific economic goals. 1964New Statesman 3 Apr. 539/1 Political growthmen. 1966Ibid. 18 Nov. 748/2 It is well-fed public opinion which presents the growthman with his chief problem.
1960Times 18 Aug. 9/2 Both parties advocate a higher rate of economic growth (though not long ago Mr. Nixon was deriding ‘*growthmanship’). 1961C. Clark (title) Growthmanship. 1967Economist 26 Aug. 733/1 ‘Growthmanship’..has dominated economic policy-making throughout Europe since the end of the second world war.
1924J. A. Thomson Science Old & New xxxvi. 206 *Growth-measures (auxanometers).
1915P. Geddes Cities in Evolution xvii. 361 Our synoptic vision of the city, for each and all of its *growth-phases, thus ranges through region to homes, and back again. 1932J. S. Huxley Prob. Rel. Growth i. 8 The weights of chela and rest-of-body..over the earlier and longer growth-phase.
1963Economist 11 May 520/2 Turning many more people to new houses at new or refreshed *growth points. 1968Listener 4 Jan. 8/3 His energy and intellectual passion place him at the growth-point of English study to-day.
1960Encounter Oct. 11/2 *Growth-policies in relatively young economies like China.
1932J. S. Huxley Probl. Rel. Growth i. 40 The distribution of *growth-potential in different regions. 1958Listener 13 Nov. 792/2 He regards any repression of demand below the growth potential as a development that would aggravate a rise in the cost of living [etc.]. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. B6 (Advt.), Growth potential is strong due to the enthusiastic management support this position enjoys.
1914Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XIX. 248 The *growth promoting substance was transferred from the butter fat to the olive oil by the procedure described. 1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. viii. 90 More growth-promoting proteins. 1966Economist 11 June 1206/1 Strategy for growth—specifically the question of growth-promoting industries—is treated by Perroux (France).
1927Biol. Abstr. I. 547/2 A quantitative analysis of the *growth-rate of the chick embryo. 1930R. A. Fisher Genet. Theory Nat. Selection 45 The vital statistics of an organism in relation to its environment provide a means of determining a measure of the relative growth-rate of the population. 1932J. S. Huxley Probl. Rel. Growth i. 3 The relative growth-rates of..various parts [of the body]. 1970P. R. & A. H. Ehrlich Population, Resources, Environment x. 243 The population of Europe is growing at considerably less than 1 percent per year... Only Albania, Rumania, and Iceland have growth rates that exceed 1·2 percent.
1924J. S. Huxley in Nature 20 Dec. 895 Constant differential *growth-ratios and their significance.
1929Biol. Bull. LVII. 176 *Growth regulating substances in echinoderm larvæ. 1948New Biol. V. 47 ‘Growth regulating substances’.. will inhibit, increase, or otherwise alter..the subsequent growth of the plants. 1956Nature 4 Feb. 201/1 Pigments, weed-killers, insecticides and plant growth-regulating substances.
1927Haldane & Huxley Animal Biol. viii. 165 Sometimes *growth-regulation breaks down, and the cells of some part of the body grow too quickly, causing a tumour. 1936G. S. Avery tr. Jensen's Growth Hormones in Plants i. 3 Plant-growth substances, i.e., Wuchsstoffe, have been referred to by various workers as growth hormones, *growth regulators, growth enzymes, phytohormones, and auxins.
1954Plant Physiol. XXIX. 307 The term growth regulator, as recommended here, includes the auxins, but it is broader, and it encompasses other regulators that may modify growth. 1969Salisbury & Ross Plant Physiol. xx. 444/2 Synthetic growth regulators often mimic the effects of naturally occurring growth regulators (including hormones) or interfere with their actions.
1930Biol. Abstr. IV. 351/1 It is concluded that a *growth-retarding substance has not been found. 1932J. S. Huxley Probl. Rel. Growth vi. 188 A much greater growth-retarding effect.
1907D. P. Penhallow Man. N. Amer. Gymnosperms ii. 24 In proceeding to a study of the transverse section the first feature to which attention is naturally directed is the *growth ring. 1937Discovery Apr. 98/1 The largest of the Sequoias of California, estimated by growth-rings to exceed 3,500 years of life. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. i. 13 Where cells of different sizes are produced at different seasons, annual ‘growth-rings’ are formed which may easily be seen in most timbers.
1966Times 28 Feb. (Canada Suppl.) p. iv/1 *Growth-seeking industries.
1914Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XIX. 246 (heading) *Growth-stimulating substance in butter fat.
1957Economist 9 Feb. 490/2 Undistributed income..has been transmuted into capital... Hence the investor's emphasis on ‘*growth’ stocks. 1965J. L. Hanson Dict. Econ. 209/1 ‘Growth’ stock, a stock or share which can be expected to appreciate in value in the future, the policy of the directors of the company being to plough back each year a considerable portion of the profits for the purposes of expansion. 1969Times 13 Jan. 11/3 This is a growth stock yielding only about 2 per cent, and no investment adviser would advocate putting that proportion of their total worth into that kind of investment.
1962Listener 8 Mar. 400/2 The question of labour costs cannot be excluded from any realistic discussion of a specific industrial *growth-target.
1927Haldane & Huxley Animal Biol. xii. 282 A *growth-zone near the hind-end. 1963Daily Tel. 15 Nov. 27/1 The three main centres of expansion in the growth zone. 1967P. A. Meglitsch Invert. Zool. xiv. 636/1 During metamorphosis, this part of the [annelid] larva grows very rapidly; it may be termed the growth zone.
Hence ˈgrowthful a., full of growth; capable of growing; ˈgrowthless a., having no growth, destitute of growth; † ˈgrowthsome a., productive, fertile.
1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey i. x. 32 The Tilthe..growes so growthsome that it yeeldes an after-math. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 186 You cannot dig many spades in mold or growthsom earth, before you come at a dead soyl. 1824in Harp of Renfrewsh. (1873) Ser. ii. 97 From its growthless tree I'd dangle like the bell. 1849J. Hamilton Mem. Lady Colquhoun ii. (1850) 58 We see how much more growthful is a lowly commencement, if genuine. 1879J. Todhunter Alcestis 108 A weak, sad, cowering, joyless, growthless shade. 1882Amer. Missioary Dec. 372 The church work..has been steady, growthful, and encouraging.
▪ II. † growth2 dial. Obs.
Also 6 grath, 8 grooth.
[a. ? ON. *gráð-r corresponding to OE. grǽd ‘ulva’.]
(See quot. 1507–8.)
1507–8in Boyle Hist. Hedon (1895) p. c, Inter le Halff ebbe mark in le Grath meter in Humbr'. [Ibid. Gloss. p. ccxvii, ‘Grath meter(e), growth meter. Growth is the name used in the Humber district for the foreshore lying between the river embankment and highwater mark, because covered by a growth of coarse grass. A ‘meter’ is a mark or boundary.] 1741MS. Court Roll, Burstwick (York), Pasture in Newforth and in the Grooth in Preston. 1773Preston Incl. Act 22 The salt end of a certain piece of ground..called the hay marsh, lying between the New Bank and the River Humber, together with the growths thereunto belonging. |