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sympathetic, a. (n.)|sɪmpəˈθɛtɪk|
[ad. mod.L. sympathēticus, a. Gr. συµπαθητικός, f. συµπαθεῖν, after παθητικός pathetic.]
A. adj.
1. a. Pertaining to, involving, depending on, acting or effected by ‘sympathy’, or a (real or supposed) affinity, correspondence, or occult influence; esp. in sympathetic powder = ‘powder of sympathy’: see sympathy 1. Now chiefly Hist.
1644Digby (title) Discourse concerning the Cure of Wounds, by the Sympathetic Powder. 1664Butler Hud. ii. iii. 296 He would..Cure Warts and Corns, with application Of Med'cines to th' Imagination... And fire a Mine in China, here, With Sympathetick Gunpowder. a1665Digby Receipts in Physick, etc. (1668) 45 A Sympathetick cure for the Tooth-ach.—With an Iron-nail raise and cut the Gum from about the Teeth, till it bleed, and that some of the blood stick upon the nail; then drive it into a woodden beam up to the head: After this is done, you never shall have the tooth-ach in all your life. 1665Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xxi. 134 To conferr at the distance of the Indies by Sympathetick conveyances, may be as usual to future times, as to us in a litterary correspondence. 1713Addison Guard. No. 119 ⁋5 The Friend..saw his own Sympathetick Needle moving of it self to every Letter which that of his Correspondent pointed at. 1768Tucker Lt. Nat. I. ii. xix. 32 Those sympathetic cures spoken of by Sir Kenelm Digby, who tells you that wounds have been healed by applying salves and plaisters to the instrument that made them. 1804Mrs. Barbauld Life Richardson I. 12 In those times talismans and wounds cured by sympathetic powder..were seriously credited. 1905Clodd Animism §13. 66 The numerous practices which come under the head of ‘sympathetic magic’, or the imitation of a cause to produce a desired effect.
b. sympathetic ink: a name for various colourless liquid compositions used as ink, the writing with which remains invisible until the colour is developed by the application of heat or some chemical reagent. Also fig.
1721Bailey, Sympathetick Inks, are such as can be made to appear or disappear, by the Application of something that seems to work by Sympathy. 1796Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 333 The phænomena which heat produces on the solution of cobalt in muriatic or nitro-muriatic acid, called sympathetic ink. 1822J. Imison Sci. & Art II. 309 Make a drawing representing a Winter scene in which the trees appear void of leaves, and..put the leaves on with this sympathetic ink. 1848Richter Levana xiii, Like sympathetic ink, it becomes as quickly invisible as visible. 1866Carlyle Remin. (1881) I. 158 All written in us already..in sympathetic ink. 1907Verney Mem. I. 297 He writes topsy-turvy in sympathetic ink, between the lines of a letter ostensibly full of public news.
c. Physiol. and Path. Produced by ‘sympathy’ (see sympathy 1 b): applied to a condition, action, or disorder induced in a person, or in an organ or part of the body, by a similar or corresponding one in another.
1728Chambers Cycl., Sympathetic, is particularly applied to all Diseases which have two Causes; the one remote, the other near. In which Sense, the Word is opposed to Idiopathetic. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1824) I. 211 He had only to gape, or yawn, and the professor instantly caught the sympathetic affection. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. i. 22 Perhaps these vessels undergo a kind of sympathetic enlargement. 1849Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 486 The action of Electricity on the muscles and nerves produces two distinct kinds of contractions; the first, which he [sc. Marianini] calls idiopathic, are the result of the immediate action of the current on the muscles; and the second, which he calls sympathetic, arise from the action of Electricity on the nerves which preside over the motions of the muscles. 1872T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (1884) I. 385 Sympathetic ophthalmia is..a peculiar form of inflammation..in one eye in consequence of morbid changes..in the other.
d. Anat. Designating one of the two great nerve-systems in vertebrates (the other being the cerebro-spinal), consisting of a double chain of ganglia, with connecting fibres, along the vertebral column, giving off branches and plexuses which supply the viscera and blood-vessels and maintain relations between their various activities; belonging to or forming part of this system. Also applied to a similar set of nerves supplying the viscera in some invertebrates.
1769Johnstone in Phil. Trans. LX. 35 The intercostal, or as they are otherwise called, the great sympathetic nerves. 1830R. Knox Béclard's Anat. 337 The particular action of the heart..is directly under the influence of the sympathetic nerve;..digestion, under the combined influence of the par vagum and sympathetic nerve. 1873Mivart Elem. Anat. ix. 403 The sympathetic system is made up of..small nerves and ganglia closely connected with the arteries and the viscera. 1880Bastian Brain 46 The ‘sympathetic’ or visceral ganglia of the Frog. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 149 The respiratory sympathetic system [in the Sphinx-larva].
transf.1878Kingzett Anim. Chem. 52 Sympathetic saliva is furnished on irritation of the sympathetic nerve.
e. Physics. Used in reference to sounds produced by responsive vibrations induced in one body by transmission of vibrations from another. Also spec. in Mus., sympathetic strings: (see quot. 1960).
1832Brewster Nat. Magic viii. 182 The subdivision of the string, and consequently the production of harmonic sounds, may be effected..by means of a sympathetic action conveyed by the air. 1836M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sci. Introd. (ed. 3) 2 Oscillations, which correspond in their periods with the cause producing them, like sympathetic notes in music. 1884F. Niecks Dict. Mus. Terms s.v. Viola d'amore, a bow stringed instrument a little longer than the viola, with seven (sometimes fewer) catgut strings about the fingerboard, and seven sympathetic wire strings below it. 1888Hipkins & Gibb Mus. Instruments 53 In the beautifully carved and inlaid instrument here drawn, a perfect viola d'amore in form.., the sympathetic strings are absent. 1898Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms s.v. Pianoforte, The player controls all this wealth of sympathetic vibration with the damper pedal. 1908L. J. de Bekker Stokes' Encycl. Mus. & Musicians 706/2 The sympathetic strings give a beautiful effect. 1928E. Blom Romance of Piano x. 178 In the treble, the sympathetic strings of the Blüthnor piano are tuned in unison with the ordinary strings. 1940C. Sachs Hist. Musical Instruments xvi. 365 Sympathetic strings had come to England from the Near East, apparently in the sixteenth century. Praetorius related that the English used sympathetic viol strings. 1960H. Hayward Antique Coll. 297/2 Viola d'amore, a musical instrument..notable for its system of ‘sympathetic’ strings... Although out of reach of the bow and fingers these strings vibrate freely in sympathy with the notes played and produce a peculiarly ethereal effect. 1966Melody Maker 7 May 10 The sympathetic strings [in a sitar] vibrate when the main strings are played, giving an answering drone. 1976Early Music July 303 This viol still bore twelve wrestpins in the end block which would have originally carried sympathetic strings added in the 18th century. Ibid. 305 A viola bastarde..with six sympathetic strings beneath the six bowed strings.
2. a. † Agreeing, harmonious, befitting, consonant, accordant (obs.); according with one's feelings or inclinations, congenial. (Now only as coloured by or transf. from 3.)
1673S. Parker Reproof Reh. Transp. 471 Thou thyself instead of coarse drugget shalt wear sympathetick silk. 1789Wordsw. Even. Walk 316 Now o'er the soothed accordant heart we feel A sympathetic twilight slowly steal. 1875H. James Transatlantic Sk. 291 My imagination..refused to project into the dark old town and upon the yellow hills that sympathetic glow which forms half the substance of our genial impressions. 1910Hirth in Encycl. Brit. VI. 191/2 That natural philosophy of the ‘male and female principles’, according to which all good things and qualities were held to be male, while their less sympathetic opposites were female.
b. Tending to elicit sympathy (senses 3 b, d) or to induce a feeling of rapport; also loosely, pleasant, likeable. Cf. sympathique a.
1900Beerbohm in Sat. Rev. 10 Mar. 295/2 The true Don Juan..is..not a ‘sympathetic’ part. 1926Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage 590/2 Macbeth..is not made sympathetic, however adequately his crime may be explained & palliated, by being the victim of a hallucination. 1965Listener 23 Dec. 1045/1 Being a lover of the south, I personally found it [sc. a novel] more sympathetic. 1976A. Eden Another World iv. 54 It was not a sympathetic house and the furnishing and pictures were ugly.
3. a. Feeling or susceptible of sympathy; sharing or affected by the feelings of another or others; having a fellow-feeling; sympathizing, compassionate. (With various shades of meaning: cf. sympathy 3 a–d.)
a1718Prior Epil. Lucius 29 Your Sympathetic Hearts She hopes to move. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 43 He, whose sympathetic mind Exults in all the good of all mankind. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. i. ii. v, Beyond the Atlantic..Democracy..is struggling for life and victory. A sympathetic France rejoices over the Rights of Man. 1856Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh ii. 185 Your quick-breathed hearts, So sympathetic to the personal pang. 1867Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 281 An unusually tender and sympathetic audience. 1875J. P. Hopps Princ. Relig. xvi. (1878) 50 You have faith in a friend..when you know he is unselfish, and truthful, and sympathetic.
b. Pertaining to, of the nature of, characterized by, arising from, or expressive of sympathy or fellow-feeling. (With various shades of meaning as in a.) sympathetic strike, a strike by workers in support of the action of strikers in another union, industry, etc.
a1684Roscommon Ess. Transl. Verse 97 United by this sympathetic bond, You grow familiar, intimate, and fond. 1754Gray Progr. Poesy 94 Thine too these golden keys,..This can unlock the gates of Joy;..that..ope the sacred source of sympathetic Tears. 1782F. Burney Cecilia v. i, A look of sympathetic concern from Cecilia. 1813Scott Rokeby v. xi, For cold reserve had lost its power In sorrow's sympathetic hour. 1853C. Brontë Villette xviii, The sympathetic faculty was not prominent in him; to feel, and to seize quickly another's feelings, are separate properties. 1853J. Martineau Stud. Christ. (1858) 230 Thought, conscience, admiration in the human mind were..the sympathetic response of our common intellect, standing in front of Nature, to the kindred life of the Divine intellect behind Nature. 1901Daily Chron. 7 Aug. 6/2 The head of the Coal Miners' Union is opposed to sympathetic strikes. 1906Lit. World 15 Nov. 520/1 Professor Dowden's article on Henrik Ibsen..is sympathetic, but critical as well. 1913in J. O'Connor Hist. Ireland 1798–1924 (1925) II. xvii. 192 They followed by a somewhat lame conclusion that the ‘sympathetic strike was being met with the sympathetic lock-out.’ 1958Times Rev. Industry Aug. 7/2 The merest murmur of the words ‘sympathetic strike’ will command the dockers' attention.
B. n.
1. Anat. Short for sympathetic nerve or system: see A. 1 d above.
1808Barclay Muscular Motions 254 These branches, proceeding from the trunks of the eighth pair, par vagum, or middle sympathetic, enter the thorax. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. xxxvii. 20 The ganglions of the great sympathetics. 1871Allbutt in Brit. & For. Med.-Chirurg. Rev. XLVIII. 51 We all know that a galvanized sympathetic causes contractions of blood-vessels. 1872Huxley Physiol. vi. 145 The combined blushing and sweating which takes place when the sympathetic in the neck is divided.
2. a. A person affected by ‘sympathy’ (sympathy 1 b); one who is susceptible or sensitive to hypnotic or similar influence. b. A sympathetic person, sympathizer. rare.
1888C. L. Norton in N. Amer. Rev. June 705 Favorable conditions may make any one hypnotic to some extent... Naturally enough a company of sympathetics may be similarly influenced. 1906Westm. Gaz. 22 Sept. 6/2 The unburdenings to a sympathetic of the griefs which he too has felt and can understand.
Hence sympaˈtheticism |-sɪz(ə)m|, sympathetic tendency, susceptibility to sympathy (used disparagingly); ˌsympatheˈticity |-ˈtɪsɪtɪ|, sympaˈtheticness, the quality of being sympathetic.
1884Howells Silas Lapham II. 289 Penelope..received her visitors with a piteous distraction, which could not fail of touching Bromfield Corey's Italianised sympatheticism. 1891Murray's Mag. Mar. 316 The deep vein of tenderness, of womanly sympatheticness. 1893Graphic 25 Mar. 318/1 A good cook cannot teach you how to make the pasty..by word of mouth. She may show you something, but the secret lies in your handling, in a sort of sympatheticity. |