| 释义 |
supra-, prefix|ˈs(j)uːprə|
repr. L. suprā- = suprā (related to super and ultimately to sub) adv. and prep., above, beyond, in addition (to), before in time, occurring in a few compounds in classical and late Latin; in med. and mod.L. it is mainly restricted to technical terms. Its meanings in English are for the most part parallel to, but in much less vogue than, those of super-; but it is more prevalent than the latter in certain uses, e.g. the scientific uses in 1 a and 1 b, in which it is most commonly employed as a living prefix.
The stressing is as in compounds of super-, q.v.
I. Over, above, higher than; (less commonly) on, upon: in a physical sense.
1. In prepositional relation to the n. implied in, or constituting, the second element: = super- 1; as in late L. suprācælestis supracelestial, mod.L. suprā-axillāris (axilla axil), suprāfoliāceus (folium leaf).
a. Miscellaneous adjs., chiefly scientific: = super- 1 a, c. ˌsupra-ˈaerial, situated above the air or atmosphere; ˌsupra-ˈaxillary, Bot., arising above an axil, as a branch or bud; supraˈcoralline, Geol., lying immediately above the Coralline Oolite; ˌsupracreˈtaceous, Geol., lying above the Cretaceous series, as the Tertiary and more recent formations; supraˈcrustal a. and n. Geol., (a stratum, formation, etc.) lying above the basement rocks of the crust; supraˈfacial a. Chem., (of a concerted reaction undergone by a molecule) involving the formation of two new bonds on the same face of the molecule; ˌsuprafoliˈaceous, supraˈfoliar, Bot., situated or arising above (or upon) a leaf; supraˈglacial, occurring upon the surface of ice, esp. of a glacier; supraˈlineal, written above the line; supraˈlittoral a. Ecol., applied to a biogeographic zone normally taken as extending from mean high tide to the limit of influential sea spray or land vegetation; also ellipt. as n.; ˌsupramaˈrine, situated or occurring above the sea; supraˈmedial, lying above the middle (e.g. of a series of rocks); supraˈtropical, next ‘above’, i.e. higher in latitude than, the tropical (see quot.).
1694Halley in Phil. Trans. XXXIII. 120 The Firmament, supposed by Moses to sustain a *Supra-aerial Sea.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. iii. xxi. (1765) 218 *Supra-axillary. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 256 Solanum,..flowers in the forks of the stem, or supra-axillary.
1885Etheridge Strat. Geol. xli. 453 The *Supra-Coralline Beds.
1832H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 221 The marine *supracretaceous rocks of the South of France. 1852Lyell Man. Elem. Geol. ix. (ed. 4) 103 Groups of Fossiliferous Strata..Tertiary, Supracretaceous, or Cainozoic.
1946Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLIV. 851 The *supracrustal formations are subjected to folding, plastic deformation, fractures and thrusts in which the blocks of the basement also take part. 1973Nature 21 Sept. 138/1 The Isua supracrustals may represent a shallow-water shelf facies.
1965Woodward & Hoffmann in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXXVII. 2512/1 In the first process, here designated *suprafacial, the hydrogen atom is associated at all times with the same face of the π-system. 1980E. N. Marvell Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions i. 5 Thus for a π bond a suprafacial process forms new connections on the same side of the nodal plane.
1777S. Robson Brit. Flora 21 *Supra⁓foliaceous, coming out above the leaves, as in Asperifoliæ.
1866Treas. Bot. 1111/1 *Suprafoliar, growing upon a leaf.
1894Geikie Gt. Ice Age (ed. 3) 207 The beds of these *supra⁓glacial rivers.
1874T. H. Key Language 61 The fact of its [sc. the aspirate's] having passed into a mere *supra-lineal mark in classical Greek suggests the question whether it had not even in those days become an unmeaning symbol.
1909Warming & Vahl Œcol. Plants iv. xli. 173 Thus arises a kind a *supra-littoral ‘region’. 1949T. A. & A. Stephenson in Jrnl. Ecol. XXXVII. 298 We therefore formally propose that the three main zones of the shore be called: Supralittoral Fringe, Midlittoral Zone, Infralittoral Fringe. 1967Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. V. 464 The plants and animals living in the supralittoral zone can either tolerate or need a permanent or almost permanent emersion, but with moistening by sprays and waves. 1974Nature 22 Feb. 520/2 The environmental significance of each of these..seems to reflect various aspects of turbulence, turbidity, and/or desiccation in the littoral or supralittoral.
1832Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 195 The effects..of subterranean action on *supramarine land. 1863― Antiq. Man xiii. (ed. 3) 232 Difficulty in distinguishing between the effects of the submarine and supramarine agency of ice.
1855J. Phillips Man. Geol. 157 Millstone grit (*supramedial group).
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. xlix. 485 Beginning at 84° N.L. he [sc. Latreille] has seven Arctic ones [sc. climates], which he names polar, subpolar, superior, intermediate, *supratropical, tropical, and equatorial.
b. Anat. and Zool. Extensively used to form adjectives (some of which are also used ellipt. as ns.) in the sense ‘Situated above, or on the dorsal side of (sometimes, upon the upper surface of) the part or organ denoted by the second element’: as in mod.L. suprācostālis (costa rib), suprārēnālis suprarenal. = super- 1 b.
Numerous compounds of this class appear in recent Dicts., general and technical; the following is a selection of the more important. The meaning can usually be inferred from that of the second element; where necessary, a brief explanation or reference is added in parentheses. (Cf. sub- 1 b.)
supra-abˈdominal, supra-aˈcromial, supra-ˈanal, supra-ˈangular (the angular bone of the lower jaw in some vertebrates: cf. angular 2 a, quot. 1855), supra-aryˈtenoid, supra-ˈauditory, supra-auˈricular, supraˈbranchial, supraˈbuccal, supraˈcæcal, supraˈcaudal, supraˈcondylar, supra-ˈcondyloid (= above a condyle or condyles of the humerus, femur, etc.), supraˈcostal, supraˈcoxal, supraˈcranial (= on the upper surface of the cranium), supraˈdorsal, supraˈdural (= above the dura mater), supra-ˈethmoid, supraˈglottic (above the glottis), supraheˈpatic (on the upper surface of the liver), supraˈhyoid, supra-ˈiliac (= on the upper surface of the ilium), supraˈmarginal (spec. above the upper edge of the Sylvian fissure), supraˈmastoid, supraˈnasal, supraˈnervian, supraˈneural (= above a neural axis), supraˈnuclear (nucleus), supra-ˈocular (= above the ocular region, spec. of the small scales in reptiles above the superciliaries; also n.), supra-œsoˈphageal (= on the dorsal side of the œsophagus, applied to a nervous ganglia in invertebrates), suprapaˈpillary (= above the biliary papilla), suprapaˈtellar, supraˈpedal (= above the ‘foot’ of a mollusc), supraphaˈryngeal (= supra-œsophageal), supraˈpubian, supra-ˈpubic (hence supraˈpubically adv., above the pubis), supraˈpygal (of plates of the carapace in tortoises; also n.), supraˈrimal (rima), supraˈseptal (septum), suprastaˈpedial, supraˈsternal, supraˈtrochlear (trochlea (a), (b)), supratymˈpanic, supraumbiˈlical, supravenˈtricular (ventricle 1 and 2); suprameatal |-miːˈeɪtəl| a., situated above the acoustic meatus; supraˈoptic a. situated above the optic chiasma; supraˈsellar a., situated or occurring above the sella turcica.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 114/1 Two *supra-abdominal nervous columns generally extend along the middle of the back.
1840G. V. Ellis Anat. 130 The transversalis humeri artery..ends by dividing into the *supra-acromial and supra-scapular arteries. 1893H. Morris Treat. Hum. Anat. 831 The supra-acromial branches cross the clavicular insertion of the trapezius and the acromion process.
1867Lankester in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Nov. 335 The *supra⁓anal organ is very small.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 277/1 The anterior extremities of the angular and *supra⁓angular pieces are wedged into corresponding grooves of the symphyseal element. 1896Newton Dict. Birds 872 The bones forming the right and left Mandibulæ..namely, the Dentals, Splenials, Supra-angulars, Angulars and Articulars.
1872Cohen Dis. Throat 48 The arytenoid and the *supra⁓arytenoid cartilages, with their connecting muscle.
1866Huxley Laing's Preh. Rem. Caithn. 87 The mastoid processes are large, the *supra-auditory ridges strong.
1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., *Supra-auricular diameter, parietal diameter, inferior. 1916Keith in Man XVI. 101 Skull of an aged man. Maximum length, 195 mm.; width, 140 mm.;..height (supra-auricular), 116 mm.
1889Dunman & Wingrave Gloss. Terms, *Supra-branchial, applied to the dorsal division of the pallial chamber in the Lamellibranchiata..above the gills, which separate it from the infra-branchial chamber.
1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 665/1 Large special ganglia (optic, stellate, and *supra-buccal) are developed in the higher forms (Siphonopoda).
1901P. C. Mitchell in Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. Oct. 188 In Spheniscus the portion between the supra-duodenal loop and the rectum..is expanded into a minor fold,..to which I give the name ‘*supra-cæcal kink’.
1890Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 180 The *supracaudal muscle is the direct continuation backwards of the spinalis dorsi.
1881Mivart Cat 91 An elongated opening..called the *supracondylar foramen which transmits the median nerve and brachial artery. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 659 Supracondylar fracture may readily implicate the nerve.
1866Quain's Elem. Nat. (ed. 7) II. 385 The occasional prominence called the *supracondyloid process. 1884T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 4) II. 634 Mr. W. Stokes, of Dublin, advocates..the supra-condyloid amputation of the thigh.
1855Ogilvie Suppl., *Supra-costal,..the supra-costal muscles, which raise the ribs. 1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., Supracostal groove, light furrow sometimes found along upper edge of the body of a rib, at its posterior extremity.
1872Humphry Myology 21 The *supra⁓coxal part of the pelvis.
1848Owen Homol. Vertebrate Skel. 48 The frontals and parietals, being ossified in *supra⁓cranial fibrous membrane.
1889Nature 20 June 172/1 The..details of the mouth-plates, the *supradorsal membrane,..and other..portions.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 232/2 *Supradural branch or ramus parietalis.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 96 In the Salmon this region [sc. the mesethmoidal cartilage]..is covered by a *supra⁓ethmoid bony plate.
1890Retrospect Med. CII. 302 The narrowing of the *supraglottic portion of the larynx.
1848Dunglison Med. Lex. s.v. Hepatic, Hepatic Veinsor *Supra⁓hepatic veins..open into the vena cava inferior. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Sept. 672 In suprahepatic abscess the pus occurs between the layers of the coronary ligament.
1882Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 9) I. 292 *Suprahyoid muscles.
1870Flower Osteol. Mammalia xvii. 285 The ilium is flattened and expanded, and has a greatly extended..*supra⁓iliac border.
1872H. A. Nicholson Palæont. 109 Ananchytidæ..anus..marginal, or *supramarginal. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 433 The left visual word-centre..is now..supposed to be situated in the angular and possibly in part of the supramarginal convolution.
1893H. Morris Treat. Hum. Anat. 37 A ridge of bone, the *supra-mastoid crest, runs immediately above the external auditory meatus.
1893W. Macewen Pyogenic Infective Dis. of Brain & Spinal Cord i. 9 The apex of this triangular depressed area points forward. The author proposes to name this area the *supra-meatal triangle. 1922Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 July 164/2 Later experience in using this suprameatal angle as a guide has been extensive. 1980Gray's Anat. (ed. 36) iii. 302/2 Immediately above and behind the meatus there is frequently a small depression with a bony spicule (suprameatal spine) in its anterior margin. This lies within the area of the suprameatal triangle.
1865Reader No. 145. 409/1 The *supranasal notch. 1903Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. II. 125 Nostril pierced in a single nasal; no supranasal. 1888*Supranervian [see subnervian s.v. sub- 1 b].
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 623 The *supra⁓nuclear connections of the nerve. 1977Lancet 12 Nov. 1029/2 One [patient] had periodic vertigo due to a supranuclear vestibular lesion. 1979Jrnl. Compar. Path. LXXXIX. 503 The supranuclear cytoplasm of the superficial epithelial cells.
1897Günther in Mary Kingsley W. Africa 696 Two large *supraoculars on each side.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 524/1 The..*supra⁓œsophageal ganglions are protected by a dense membrane. 1840Penny Cycl. XVI. 112/2 The brain, or supraœsophageal mass.
1921Tilney & Riley Form & Function Central Nerv. Syst. xxxi. 550 Situated above the optic chiasm and in communication with the chamber of the third ventricle is a small canal which projects outward over the optic nerve. This is the *supra-optic canal. 1980K. E. Moyer Neuroanatomy xxviii. 70/2 The supra⁓optic nucleus is located directly over the lateral portion of the optic chiasm.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 723 The duodenum is more extensively dilated [in infra-papillary carcinoma] than in *supra-papillary carcinoma.
1902D. J. Cunningham Text-bk. Anat. 293 The joint-cavity may communicate with bursæ situated in relation to the inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the tendon of the semi-membranosus muscle, besides the large *supra-patellar bursa already described. 1975L. M. Elson It's your Body v. 284 (caption) Supra⁓patellar bursa.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 110 A *supra-pedal gland appears to be present in all Pulmonata.
1878Bell tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 351 There is but one buccal ganglion in the Dibranchiata, and behind it there is a large *supra-pharyngeal ganglion.
1848Dunglison Med. Lex., *Supra-Pubian Nerve, is the internal ramus of the inguino-cutaneous branch of the first lumbar nerve.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 507/1 The shortest route by which the bladder can be reached at this early age is according to the method of the *suprapubic operation. 1847–9Ibid. IV. 280/1 In the turtles..the supra⁓pubic muscle divides into two fasciculi. 1887Brit. Med. Jrnl. I. 1098/2 A suprapubic abscess. Ibid. 1214/2 Supra⁓pubic lithotomy in a boy.
Ibid. 204/2, I..proceeded to open the bladder *suprapubically upon the point of an ordinary lithotomy-staff.
1889Nicholson & Lydekker Palæont. II. 1086 While..the nuchal is a cartilage bone, the pygal and *suprapygals are of purely dermal origin.
1893H. Morris Treat. Hum. Anat. 948 The cavity is naturally divided into two portions—*supra- and infra-rimal—divided by the glottis.
1934J. H. Globus Neuroanatomy (ed. 6) i. 15 The diamond shaped somewhat depressed space outlined at the base of the brain is called the interpeduncular space..; and because it overlies the sella turcica in the base of the skull, it is often termed the *suprasellar space. 1977Lancet 9 Apr. 780/1 Air encephalograms were performed on 7 of the 12 patients with prolactin levels between 15 and 30 µg/l and in all 7 suprasellar extension of the tumour was found.
1890Q. Jrnl. Micros. Sci. XXX. 137 The smaller division of the cœlom, the *supraseptal cavity, is continued into the tentacles.
1875W. K. Parker in Encycl. Brit. III. 710/2 The short, notched *supra-stapedial..the slender, combined infra-stapedial and stylo-hyal..are still cartilaginous.
1862H. W. Fuller Dis. Lungs 4 The *supra-sternal is the hollowed space which lies immediately above the notch of the sternum. 1876Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 8) I. 27 The occurrence of suprasternal bones in some animals. 1882Ibid. (ed. 9) I. 27 The upper end [of the sternum] is marked by the deep suprasternal notch.
1836–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. 280/1 It [sc. the frontal nerve]..ascends round the superciliary arch,..and is thenceforth called by some the external frontal nerve in contradistinction to a branch from itself, the *supra trochlear, or internal frontal.
1870Flower Osteol. Mammalia x. 157 The large *supratympanic or mastoid bulla [of Pedetes caffer].
1906Practitioner Dec. 781 Rolleston thinks that, for practical purposes, it is advisable to adopt Oppenheim's division of the reflex into a *supra-umbilical and infra-umbilical zone. 1978Acta Path. Japonica XXVIII. 288 Just after birth.., this female patient showed deep cyanosis and supraumbilical abdominal hernia.
1865Reader 11 Mar. 288 The *supra⁓ventricular masses of the hemispheres [of the brain]. 1974Ciba Symposium XX. 133 Localization of the infiltrate in the AV node blocks the supraventricular impulses when the atrial rate increases. 1979Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Dec. 1553/2 Disopyramide..has been used to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.
c. With n., denoting a part situated above that denoted by the second element, as mod.L. suprāclāvicula, supraclavicle.
d. Phonology. supraˈdental (also as n.), supraˈglottal (also as n.), supralaˈryngeal.
1926B. Karlgren Philology & Ancient China iv. 80 No pronouncement is here made about whether these sounds were hard, *supradental (‘cerebrals’), tṣ-, tṣ‘-, ṣ-, etc., somewhat resembling English heartshaped. 1969Language XLV. 125 To say that the supradentals are merely occurrence phenomena of [r] plus dental leads to undesirable results.
1935Amer. Speech X. 311/2 The quality of vowels depends not only on *supra-glottal resonances, but..on the complex and variable sound emmitted by the larynx. 1964Crystal & Quirk Prosodic & Paralinguistic Features in Eng. iii. 39 Supraglottals may be tense or lax. 1979Amer. Speech 1978 LIII. 290 The supraglottal articulatory motions and positions used in human language..are not used by other animals at all.
1964J. C. Catford in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 29 Phoneticians should be able to classify ‘voice qualities’ and other phonatory activities in as systematic a way as they classify *supralaryngeal articulation. 1978Amer. Speech LIII. 292 They carefully measured chimpanzee supralaryngeal cavities.
2. In adverbial relation to the second element: = super- 2. † supraˈnominated ppl. a., above-named. ˌsuprapoˈsition, the action of placing or state of being placed above or upon something; position above; in quot. 1788 = superposition 2. ˌsuprasoˈriferous a., Bot., bearing sori on the upper surface.
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 344/2 Take..of the *supra-nominatede poudre 3 qu. of an ownce. 1683E. Hooker Pref. Pordage's Mystic Div. 105 The Architypous Globe, or Original Beeing is the Basis..of all other Essences,..brought forth out of the Womb of pure Nature supra⁓nominated.
1788in E. H. Barker Parriana (1829) II. 64 Coincidence can only be proved by *supraposition. 1855T. R. Jones Aquarian Nat. 9 Their..steady supraposition upon each other should ensure..stability.
1857T. Moore Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3) 46 Crenato-lobate above, *suprasoriferous.
3. In adjectival relation to the n. constituting or implied in the second element: = super- 3.
a. Anat. and Zool. = Superior, upper; (a structure) situated above some other, or forming or belonging to the upper part of (that denoted by the second element): chiefly in mod.L. terms, as supramamma. Also supraˈcommissure, a commissure of nerve-fibres above and in front of the pineal body.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 132/1 The diatela..is..continuous with the supracommissure. 1901Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 2), Supramaxilla..Supra-obliquus..Supra⁓turbinal. 1902Amer. Anthropol. IV. 172/1 The significance of the ‘supramamma’ (a sort of rudimentary mamma).
b. Anat. and Zool. Prefixed to adjs., or forming derivative adjs. from ns. in a (sometimes used ellipt. as ns.): = Pertaining to or situated on the upper{ddd}or the upper part of (what is expressed by the second element), as supralabial (the upper lip), supramaxillary (the upper jaw).
1891Cent. Dict., *Supralabial. 1904Biol. Bulletin Nov. 293 A black spot, just above the sixth supralabial. Ibid., The supralabials are dusky yellow.
1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. 548/1 Its *supra-maxillary part is constituted by one or two large branches. 1872Humphry Myology 46 The supra-maxillary, or second division of the fifth [nerve].
II. Above (in various figurative senses): higher in quality, amount, or degree. (Cf. super- 4, 5, 6.)
4. a. Prefixed to adjectives: = super- 4 a, as supra-Christian, supra-conscious, supra-decent, supra-dialectal, supra-historical, supra-individual, supra-intellectual, supra-legal, supra-literal, supra-local, supra-logical, supra-mechanical, supra-moral, supra-normal (= supernormal), supra-ordinary, supra-racial, supra-rational, supra-regional, supra-sentential; ˌsupramoˈlecular, composed of many molecules; higher in organization than a molecule; ˌsuprareˈlational, of a postulated being or power that transcends or includes all that is relational; † supravulgar, that is above the common or ordinary. Also in derived ns., as supra-rationalism, and advs., as supra-locally.
1867Swinburne Blake (1868) 266 Thus prophesies Blake, in a fury of *supra-Christian dogmatism.
1891J. Orr Chr. View God & World ii. (1893) 70 Hartmann..speaks..of his Absolute..as *supra-conscious. 1902Contemp. Rev. Mar. 385 Experimental psychical research is throwing great light on..the importance of the subconscious and supraconscious, or the ‘Subliminal’ self. 1953J. Strachey tr. Freud's Interpret. of Dreams in Compl. Wks V. vii. 615 We must avoid, too, the distinction between ‘supraconscious’ and ‘subconscious’, which has become so popular in the more recent literature of the psychoneuroses, for such a distinction seems precisely calculated to stress the equivalence of what is psychical to what is conscious.
1908Hibbert Jrnl. Jan. 436 The intelligence..tries to apprehend the *supra-corporeal in terms of the corporeal.
1938S. Beckett Murphy v. 90 As different..as a voyeur's from a voyant's, though Wylie was no more the one in the indecent sense than Murphy was the other in the *supradecent sense.
1960P. Dorf tr. M. M. Guxman in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 768 Even in the formation process of the new written Bashkir national language, the problem of working out a unified, *supradialectal literary norm,..was in the twentieth century just as real as it was in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Germany or Italy.
1894N. Buchanan tr. Harnack's Hist. Dogma I. ii. 97 History and doctrine are surrounded by a bright cloud of the *suprahistorical.
1936Mind XLV. 293, I would fain hold..that the highest values are, not only *supra-individual, but supra-national.
1885Seth Scot. Philos. vi. 188 The hungering and thirsting of men's hearts after..some *supra-intellectual union..with the source of all.
1875Digby Real Prop. vi. (1876) 289 He would..be restrained..by the extra-legal, or, if the expression may be allowed, *supra-legal power of Chancellor.
1949Archivum Linguisticum I. 164 A mark of palatalization in the shape of a *supraliteral meniscus.
1852Bp. Forbes Nicene Creed viii. 146 Immensity..and *supralocal existence, are the qualities of the true God. Ibid. xiii. 227 The supra⁓local Presence of His Body in the Sacrament of the Altar.
1866Clerical Jrnl. 3 May 422/1 Jesus Christ..offers, and..is offered, on all earthly altars supernaturally and *supra⁓locally.
1896W. Caldwell Schopenhauer's System i. 42 This fondness of Schopenhauer for the *supra-logical character of intuition and genius has its dangerous side. 1936Essays & Studies XXI. 136 In the case of words like ‘spell’ and ‘Host’ the supra-logical connotation and accidental associations reinforce the literal meaning.
1740Cheyne Regimen 3 Impossible..that an Animal Body could have been..formed without a *Supra⁓mechanical Organisation.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Supramolecular 1961Nature 8 July 145/1 A supramolecular organization of the enzyme systems. 1976Sci. Amer. July 65/1 One of the major challenges in cell biology today is the mapping of supramolecular structures such as membranes and ribosomes.
a1894Romanes Thoughts Relig. i. ii. (1895) 81 Without being *supra-moral..He may be unmoral.
1897Lang in Contemp. Rev. Dec. 774 *Supranormal phenomena. 1902W. James Var. Relig. Exper. 484 Our supra-normal cognitions, if such there be, and if we are telepathic subjects. 1959B. Wootton Social Science & Social Pathology ii. 59 Exceptionally difficult problems, failure to cope adequately with which might well be a sign,..of their lack of the supra-normal qualities which the situation demands. 1977J. L. Harper Population Biol. of Plants x. 328 Partial closure of stomata..usually occurs when supra-normal concentrations of CO2 are applied to leaves.
a1623Swinburne Treat. Spousals (1686) 22 Yet doth their *supraordinary Understanding..supply that small defect of Age. 1651N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. xxx. (1739) 136 The Pope had now usurped a power supra-ordinary over all Appeals.
1922Joyce Ulysses 717 With what antagonistic sentiments were his subsequent reflections affected?.. Abnegation? In virtue of..extraracial attraction, intraracial inhibition, *supraracial prerogative.
1894N. Buchanan tr. Harnack's Hist. Dogma I. App. iii. 346 The Divine Original Essence is *supra⁓rational.
1882–3Schaff's Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 1995 Their..views were designated as supranaturalism, and not as *suprarationalism or irrationalism.
1973R. C. van Caenegem Birth of Eng. Common Law i. 14 The justices in eyre or itinerant royal judges..were called justitiarii totius Angliae, to indicate that their commission was *supraregional.
1910W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 497 Mr. Bradley tumbles to philosophy's call. Down he slides, to the dry valley of ‘absolute’ mare's nests and abstractions, the habitation of the fictitious *suprarelational being which his will prefers. 1936Mind XLV. 538 His initially hopeless attempt to make sense..of freedom and individuality in terms of his supra-relational whole.
1961Y. Olsson Syntax Eng. Verb ii. 34 This constitutes a new kind of intersectional concord, often exceeding the limits of the sentence (*supra-sentential concord).
1697Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. i. (1703) 81 To furnish himself with *supravulgar and noble qualities.
b. Prefixed to a n., forming an adj., as supra-clan, supra-class, supra-Elder, supra-language, supra-party, supra-state (cf. super- 4 b), supra-village.
1979Social Sci. & Med. XIII. d. 209/2 Within these dispersed people, there was no *supraclan political system to organize for mutual defense.
1952C. Bardsley Bishop's Move viii. 96 A *supra-class Church founded on Life and Love. 1977M. Walker National Front iv. 84 The NF's supra-class, supra-party appeal.
1958D. Tait Tribes without Rulers 193 There is no *supra-Elder authority to impose a solution on recalcitrants of a district.
1975Amer. Speech 1972 XLVII. 253 Such *supralanguage phenomena as rhyme and assonance in verse.
1914Contemp. Rev. Aug. 200 If there is an inter-State life there is also a *supra-State life.
1974tr. Wertheim's Evolution & Revolution iii. 245 The creation of *supra-village organizations.
5. Prefixed to a n. = super- 5; as supra-entity.
1647Herrick Noble Numb., Upon God, God is not onely said to be An Ens, but Supraentitie.
6. = Higher, superior (cf. super- 6 b), as supra-body, supra-burgher, supra-consciousness, supra-council, supra-language, supra-organism, supra-parliament, † supra-passion, supra-system, supra-world.
1967M. Ayub Khan Friends not Masters xi. 199 There was obviously no place for a *supra-body of religious experts exercising a power of veto over the Legislature and the Judiciary.
1905Joyce Let. 19 July (1966) II. 99 Also desirables are..a sizeable beefsteak.., and..an intelligent *supra-burgher like yourself to share the meal.
1911A. Mitchell tr. Bergson's Creative Evolution 275 It is consciousness, or rather *supra-consciousness, that is at the origin of life. 191419th Cent. July 121 This *supra-consciousness..is seen..to be independent of the material senses.
1974Physics Bull. Mar. 86/1 A formalized *supra-council of scientific institutions.
1980Encounter July 50/1 Finnegan's Wake..the project of a *supra-language distinct to the given text.
1949Koestler Insight & Outlook ii. xi. 167 We must expect the ultimate achievement of a proportionate superiority in the mature human *supra-organism.
1971*Supra-parliament [see multinational a. and n.].
1624F. White Repl. Fisher 538 The merits and *supra-passions of Saints.
1964Language XL. 274 Modern Greek has two independent and partial phonological *suprasystems.
1907E. E. Fournier d'Albe (title) Two New Worlds. I. The Infra-World. II. The *Supra-World.
7. Above in degree or amount, beyond, more than (what is expressed by the second element): with ns., as ˌsupra-centeˈnarian (so ˌsupracenteˈnarianism), or adjs., as supraˈmaximal, supra-ˈoptimal (also ellipt. as ns., sc. temperature); supraˈlethal a., exceeding what is lethal; so supraˈlethally adv.; supraˈmaximal a. Physiol., greater than what is required to produce the maximum response; hence supraˈmaximally adv.; ˌsupraquanˈtivalent a., more than equivalent, higher in ideal than real value; so supraquantivalence; supraˈthermal a. Physics, having greater energy than that associated with thermal excitations; supra-ˈthreshold a. Physiol., exceeding the threshold value required for the perception of a stimulus.
1870Scoffern Stray Leaves Sci. & Folk-lore 470, I do not find that women figure as *supra-centenarians in any way comparable to men.
1881W. D. Macray Index Registers Ducklington Pref., One case of *supra centenarianism is recorded; the ‘old widow Knapp’ was buried 10 March 1727, at the age of 105.
1957Jrnl. Exper. Zool. CXXXVII. 426 A total continuous dose of 24 kr, referred to as a *supralethal dose, was given to interphase cells at each exposure. 1979Nature 11 Oct. 490/2 Supralethal doses of chemoradiotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are being used to treat patients with acute leukaemia.
1955Jrnl. Exper. Zool. CXXX. 190 (heading) Survival and cell division in *supralethally x-irradiated giant amoebae following injection of nonirradiated protoplasm. 1975Nature 20 Nov. 233/2 (caption) Supralethally irradiated rats.
1905Science 23 June 948 Death at the *supramaximal or subminimal may be due to changes of a very definite nature. 1925Liddell & Sherrington in Proc. R. Soc. B. XCVII. 497 The reflex mode of employing the motor units is to subject them to an incitement which is ‘supra⁓maximal’ in the sense that it is in excess..of that which is necessary to evoke in them individually their ‘maximal’ response. 1977Lancet 30 Apr. 942/1 Desmedt and Borenstein have modified this test..by first applying a train of supramaximal stimuli at 3 Hz for 4 minutes.
1973Nature 26 Oct. 465/1 The sciatic nerve was stimulated *supramaximally at a rate of 6.4 Hz with square waves of 0.5 ms duration.
1904Science 2 Dec. 751 This reaction is repeated as long as an effective *supraoptimal or suboptimal temperature continues.
1903Alien. & Neurol. Feb. 50 (Cent. D., Suppl.) Occupation is very especially suited to produce a *supraquantivalence of certain ideas.
Ibid., We had previously considered as the basis of the *supraquantivalent idea the frequent repetition..of definite trains of thought.
1969New Yorker 12 Apr. 104/3 The three pots are the passive seismic experiment, the solar-wind experiment, and the *suprathermal-ion-detector. 1980Nature 29 May 285/1 Of perhaps even greater interest was an image of the suprathermal X-rays, or bremsstrahlung, derived from interactions of the hot electrons with ions from the exploding pusher.
1946Ibid. 27 July 131/2 The strength of the stimulating current was gradually increased to threshold and *supra-threshold values. 1980van Bommel & de Boer Road Lighting ii. 35 The supra⁓threshold level of visibility can be expressed in terms of the visibility level attainable.
8. Before in time; = super- 8; as in Supralapsarian; so † ˌSupra-creaˈtarian, one who believes that in the divine decrees the purpose of election and reprobation was antecedent to that of creation; also as adj.
1660Heylin Hist. Quinquart. iii. 61 According to the Supra-lapsarian, or Supra-creatarian way. Ibid. 64 The Supra-lapsarians..(or Supra-creatarians rather, as a late judicious Writer calls them).
III. In the highest or to a very high degree.
9. Very highly, extremely, = super- 9 a, b: as supra-censorious, supra-feminine, supra-fine (= superfine), supra-sensitive (= supersensitive), supra-subtle (= supersubtle), adjs.; supragravitate, supra-parasite (with it, to play the parasite to excess), supra-saturate (= supersaturate), vbs.; supraconˈducting ppl. a. [tr. Du. suprageleidend: see superconducting ppl. a.] = superconducting ppl. a.; so supra-conˈduction, -conductive a., ˌsupraconducˈtivity, supraconductor; all now rare.
1901Westm. Gaz. 31 Aug. 5/2 This *supra-censorious censorship of minor news.
1932Nature 10 Dec. 880/2 The application of mechanical stresses..raises the transition temperature of a *supraconducting metal. 1937M. & B. Ruhemann Low Temperature Physics iv. ii. 269 It is by no means clear whether at sufficiently low temperatures all metal become supraconducting.
1932Nature 10 Dec. 879 (heading) Electric *supra-conduction in metals.
Ibid., Currents of electricity started in a ring of metal in the *supra-conductive state will continue apparently undiminished in intensity. 1941Ibid. 13 Sept. 317/1 It..appears that, in sufficiently pure and homogeneous samples of tantalum, the changes of electrical resistance..and specific heat accompanying the establishment of the supra-conductive state occur at one and the same temperature.
1930Engineering 16 May 640/3 Some of the discoveries made by the late Professor Kamerlingh Onnes,..as, for instance, *supraconductivity. 1962P. J. & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xviii. 591 Graphite does not show supraconductivity. 1976Progress in Sci. Culture (E. Majorana Centre) Spring 90 The most important theoretical items were probably the nuclear analogy of supraconductivity..and the accounting of wave functions for deformed nuclei.
1933Nature 14 Oct. 602/1 The use of a *supra-conductor (therefore completely free from Joule heating) has been more than once suggested for the production of magnetic fields at low temperatures.
1883Fortn. Rev. July 117 A *supra-feminine love of softness and splendour.
1819Syd. Smith Game Laws Wks. 1859 I. 259/1 The *supra-fine country gentleman.
1672Flamsteed in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 139 The apogæon part of the system may contain more of matter..and consequently..may *supragravitate and incline the axis towards the synodical line.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. vi. 108 The slave Sancho doth *supra-parasite it.
1770Phil. Trans. LXI. 341 Till the fluids are (if I may use that expression) *supra-saturated with the acid.
1893W. H. Hudson Idle Days Patagonia xii. (1899) 194 *Suprasensitive retinae.
1894Athenæum 13 Jan. 47/2 The same *supra⁓subtle unraveller of mysteries.
IV.
10. Expressing addition; involving addition or repetition (cf. super- 13, 14, 15): as † supra-addition (= superaddition 2), supra-compound (= a compound of a compound, a compound of more than two elements); † ˌsuprabiˈpartient = superbipartient (see super- 14); ˌsupradeˈcompound, ˌsupradeˈcomposite adjs. Bot., additionally decompound; triply or more than triply compound.
a1706Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) II. 46 These..were the doctrines and *supra-additions of the Scribes and Pharisees.
1753Hogarth Anal. Beauty xi. 136 The length of the foot.., in respect to the breadth, makes a double *suprabipartient, a diapason, and a diatesseron.
1791Hamilton tr. Berthollet's Dyeing I. i. i. 22 At other times they unite with the salts and form *supracompounds. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 532 Acids, alkalies, [etc.]..may sometimes form supra-compounds with the cloth, and thereby change its colour.
1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Leaf, *Supradecomposite Leaf, one which has the common petiole divided more than twice.
Ibid. s.v. Leaf (Compound), The *supradecompound [leaf]. 1777S. Robson Brit. Flora 204 Hemloc Dropwort. Leaves supradecompound. 1874Garrod & Baxter Mat. Med. 225 The leaves are supra-decompound, the leaflets oblong and ovate.
Add:[I.] [1.] [b.] suprachiasˈmatic, situated above the optic chiasma; spec. of a nucleus located in the paraventricular region of the hypothalamus.
[1932Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LV. 25 Spiegel and Zweig ('15) designate the following nuclei in the hypothalamus: suprachiasmaticus, supraopticus, periventricularis (filiformis), tuberis.] 1938W. E. Le Gros Clark in W. E. Le Gros Clark et al. Hypothalamus 17 It has recently been reported by Pate..that the *suprachiasmatic nucleus undergoes mild atrophy following enucleation of the eye in cats. 1972Brain Res. XLII. 205 The suprachiasmatic region is essential to the maintenance of a normal adrenal corticosterone rhythm in the rat. 1987Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. x. 6/2 The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus..receives axons from the retina and therefore information of light:dark (photoperiod) changes. |