caltropcaltrapn.

/ˈkaltrɒp/

Forms: Old English (?) coltetræppe, calcatrippe, Middle English calketrap, Middle English calketrappe, Middle English calketreppe, kalketrappe; Middle English calletrappe, Middle English–1500s caltrappe, 1500s caltrope, caltroppe, calthroppe, calltrop, calteroope, 1600s calthrap, (1500s galtrope, galtroppe, 1600s galtrap, galtrop, galthrop(e, gall-trappe, -throp, 1600s–1700s gall-trap); 1600s–1800s calthrop, (Middle English, 1800s calthorp), Middle English– caltrap, 1500s– caltrop.

Etymology: Middle English calke- , kalketrappe , occurring in senses 1, 3; Old English coltetræppe (? colcetreppe ), calcatrippe , sense 3; corresponding to Old French kauketrape , cauchetrepe (caudetrepe ) Godefroy, in sense 3, later chauche-trape , chauces-trappes , chausse-trape Littré (senses 1 – 3), which point back to an original caulke- , caulce-trape , compare obsolete Italian calcatrippa , sense 3; these forms indicate a Latin type *calcatrap(p)a or *calcitrap(p)a (the latter is in modern botanical Latin), apparently < calc-em heel + trappa trap, gin, snare ( < Old High German trapo trap, gin, noose); but perhaps in calcatrappa there was an association with calcāre to trample, tread. All the earliest examples are in sense 3; but it seems much more likely that the name should have been first used literally, and then transferred to plants. The modern English and French sense ‘star-thistle’ is clearly transferred from 2. As a plant-name the word appeared (from medieval Latin) already in late Old English; sense 2 was probably adopted < French. Galltrap, frequent in 16–17th cent., is an evident popular etymology referring to the galling of horses' feet.

†1. A trap, gin, or snare, to catch the feet of beasts, of horses or men in war, and the like. Obsolete. (Still in French in sense ‘wolf-trap’.)Quots. c1300 and 1393 lead on to sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device to trip or obstruct people or horses > [noun]

caltropa1300

pitfalla1350

pitfold1575

trip1862

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > snare, trap, entanglement > [noun]

neteOE

angleOE

grinc1000

trapc1175

caltropa1300

lacec1330

girnc1375

espyc1380

webc1400

hook1430

settingc1430

lure1463

stall?a1500

stalea1529

toil1548

intrap1550

hose-net1554

gudgeon1577

mousetrap1577

trapfall1596

ensnarementa1617

decoy1655

cobweba1657

trepan1665

snap1844

deadfall1860

Judas1907

tanglefoot1908

catch-221963

trip-wire1971

a1300 Gloss. Neckam's Treat. in Wright Voc. 111 Pedicam sive descipulam, qua lupi capiantur, gloss. calketrap.

c1300 K. Alis. 6070 They haden..calketrappen maden ynowe, In weyes undur wode and bowe, Alisaundris men to aqwelle.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 131 Þise wordle þet ne is bote..a forest uol of þyeues an of calketreppen and of grines.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxi. 296 With crokes and with Kalketrappes a~cloye we hem echone.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 59 Caltrap of yryn, fote hurtynge, hamus.

1850 J. Leitch tr. K. O. Müller Ancient Art (new ed.) §391, (note) 9 Psyche maltreated by Eros, singed as a butterfly..caught in a caltrop.

a. Military. An iron ball armed with four sharp prongs or spikes, placed like the angles of a tetrahedron, so that when thrown on the ground it has always one spike projecting upwards: Used to obstruct the advance of cavalry, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > barricade > [noun] > anti-cavalry barrier

turnpikec1420

caltrop1519

harrow1548

chausse-trap1591

swine feather1639

swine's pike1639

crowfoot1678

cheval de frise1688

horse de frise1688

hersillon1704

herse1728

crow's foot1772

trou-de-loup1780

cheval-trap1787

frise1809

spear1823

punji stake (or stick)1849

night-cat1863

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device to trip or obstruct people or horses > [noun] > spec

caltrop1519

cheval de frise1688

ranjau1783

cheval-trap1787

punji1849

trip-wire1916

1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xxxi. f. 266^v They hydde pretely vnder the grounde caltroppys of yron to steke in horse or mennys fete.

1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Irelande i. 17/1 in Chron. I The Irishmen had strawed all alongst y^e shore a great number of Caltroppes of iron, with sharp prickes standing vp to wounde the Danes in the feete.

1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 164 They did cast from them their Caltropes, which pricked their horses in the feete so sore, that down came the Chariots, horsemen and all.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xiv. 620/2 The murtherers to preuent pursuit, strewed galthrops behinde them.

1622 F. Markham Five Decades Epist. of Warre iii. ix. 114 Foards are soon choakt up by Calthropes.

a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Loves Pilgrimage i. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Aaaaaaaa/1 I think they ha' strew'd the high-wayes with caltraps, I, No horse dares pass 'em.

1653 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. New Test. Notes 65/2 Sharp stakes, or other instruments to wound, or gall the passengers, which are known by the name of gall-trappes.

1816 W. Scott Antiquary I. iii. 54 Ancient calthrops..dispersed by..Bruce to lacerate the feet of the English chargers.

1858 O. W. Holmes Autocrat of Breakfast-table xii. 342 One of those small calthrops our grandfathers used to sow round in the grass when there were Indians about,—iron stars.

b. figurative.

ΚΠ

a1555 N. Ridley Wks. (1841) 368 The devil's galtropes that he casteth in our ways by some of his busyheaded younkers.

1607 T. Dekker Whore of Babylon sig. E2^v If euer I come backe Ile be a Calthrop To pricke my countries feet, that tread on me.

1876 J. Weiss Wit, Humor, & Shakespeare ii. 57 So he is a caltrop in men's path, with a spike always uppermost to impale the over-hasty feet.

†c. attributive, as in caltrop-thistle, caltrop-grass.

ΚΠ

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 59 With Calthrap-thistles rough and keen.

1633 T. Johnson Gerard's Herball (new ed.) i. 18 Wee may call it in English, Round headed Caltrope Grasse.

d. Heraldry. A representation of a military caltrop in a coat of arms. (Now always spelt caltrap.)

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > representations of weapons or armour > [noun] > caltrap

caltrop1680

1680 G. Mackenzie Sci. Herauldry 95 The Earl of Pearth..hath for his Compartment, a Galtrap used in Warr.

1716 S. Kent Gram. Heraldry at Trap of Gloucestershire The Field is Argent, three Cheval-Traps (or Caltrops) Sable.

1847 H. Gough Gloss. Terms Brit. Heraldry 76 Cheval-trap, sometimes called Caltrap, or Galtrap, and (chiefly by French heralds) Chausse-trap: an instrument thrown upon the ground to injure the feet of horses, and consisting of four iron spikes, one of which is ever uppermost.

1969 J. Franklyn & J. Tanner Encycl. Dict. Heraldry 340/1 Or, three caltraps gules. Bellwood.

3. Herbalism.

a. Now usually Caltrops: A name given to various plants that catch or entangle the feet, or suggest the instrument described in 2. Applied in Old English to brambles or buckthorn, and apparently to Eryngo or Sea-holly; by 16th cent. herbalists to Star-thistle ( Centaurea Calcitrapa) from its round head garnished with long radiant spines; also by translators to the spiny-seeded Tribulus terrestris ( land caltrops) of Southern Europe.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > weed > [noun] > caltrops

caltropc1000

the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > weed > [noun] > star-thistle

caltrop1578

starthistle1578

Barnaby-thistle1598

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > water-chestnut > seed of

caltrop1597

water caltrop1597

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > names applied to various plants > [noun]

heatha700

beeworteOE

leversc725

springworteOE

clotec1000

halswortc1000

sengreenc1000

bottle?a1200

bird's-tonguea1300

bloodworta1300

faverolea1300

vetchc1300

pimpernel1378

oniona1398

bird's nest?a1425

adder's grassc1450

cockheada1500

ambrosia1525

fleawort1548

son before the father1552

crow-toe1562

basil1578

bird's-foot1578

bloodroot1578

throatwort1578

phalangium1608

yew1653

chalcedon1664

dittany1676

bleeding heart1691

felon-wort1706

hedgehog1712

land caltrops1727

old man's beard1731

loosestrife1760

Solomon's seal1760

fireweed1764

desert rose1792

star of Bethlehem1793

hen and chickens1794

Aaron's beard1820

felon-grass1824

arrowroot1835

snake-root1856

firebush1858

tick-seed1860

bird's eye1863

burning bush1866

rat-tail1871

lamb's earsa1876

lamb's tongue plant1882

tar-weed1884

Tom Thumb1886

parrotbeak1890

stinkweed1932

c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 269 Ramnus, colte~træppe, þefanðorn.

a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 298 Heraclea, calca~trippe.

a1300 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 557/14 Tribulus marinus, i. calketrappe, seaþistel.

a1387 Sinon. Barthol. in Anecdota Oxoniensia I. 37 Saliunca, wilde popi (marg. calketrappe).

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Caltrap, herbe, saliunca.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. lix. 521 This herbe is now called in..English, Starre Thistel, or Caltrop.

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 676 Most do call the fruite of this Caltrops, Castaneæ aquatiles, or water Chesnuts.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Achantique Calthrop, or Star-thistle.

1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ iii. xxii. 437 Tribulus Τριβολος Caltrop, abates inflamations.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) (at cited word) Land Caltrop..the Seeds are inclosed in a Fruit that is furnish'd with several Prickles, and resembles the Cross of Malta.

1855 R. C. Singleton tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. I. 80 Succeeds a prickly wood, And burrs and caltrops.

b. water caltrops n. a name for Potamogeton densus and P. crispus, which tend to entangle swimmers; also from its resemblance to the instrument (sense 2) for the seed of Trapa natans of Southern Europe.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > water-chestnut

water nut1523

saligot1578

water chestnut1597

ling1860

Jesuits' nut1866

water caltrops1866

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. at Trapa The very singular four-horned fruits of the European species of Trapa (T. natans)..have been compared to the spiked iron instruments called caltrops..growing in water, it is commonly called the Water Caltrops.

4. In the nomenclature of the spicular elements of sponges, a tetraxial spicule with four equal arms radiating from a central point, so called from its resemblance to a caltrop (sense 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Parazoa > phylum Porifera > [noun] > member of > parts of > sponge spicule > having rays > having four rays

caltrop1887

tetractine1887

1887 W. J. Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/2 Tetraxon Quadriradiate Type (Calthrops).

1888 W. J. Sollas in Challenger Rep. XXV. p. lxxii The calthrops may have been derived from a triæne by shortening of the rhabdome, or from a microcalthrops by increased growth.

1940 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vi. 337 The typical spicule of the simpler tetractinellids is the calthrops, or tetraxon with four approximately equal rays.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	caltrop
释义	caltropcaltrapn. /ˈkaltrɒp/ Forms: Old English (?) coltetræppe, calcatrippe, Middle English calketrap, Middle English calketrappe, Middle English calketreppe, kalketrappe; Middle English calletrappe, Middle English–1500s caltrappe, 1500s caltrope, caltroppe, calthroppe, calltrop, calteroope, 1600s calthrap, (1500s galtrope, galtroppe, 1600s galtrap, galtrop, galthrop(e, gall-trappe, -throp, 1600s–1700s gall-trap); 1600s–1800s calthrop, (Middle English, 1800s calthorp), Middle English– caltrap, 1500s– caltrop. Etymology: Middle English calke- , kalketrappe , occurring in senses 1, 3; Old English coltetræppe (? colcetreppe ), calcatrippe , sense 3; corresponding to Old French kauketrape , cauchetrepe (caudetrepe ) Godefroy, in sense 3, later chauche-trape , chauces-trappes , chausse-trape Littré (senses 1 – 3), which point back to an original caulke- , caulce-trape , compare obsolete Italian calcatrippa , sense 3; these forms indicate a Latin type calcatrap(p)a or calcitrap(p)a (the latter is in modern botanical Latin), apparently < calc-em heel + trappa trap, gin, snare ( < Old High German trapo trap, gin, noose); but perhaps in calcatrappa there was an association with calcāre to trample, tread. All the earliest examples are in sense 3; but it seems much more likely that the name should have been first used literally, and then transferred to plants. The modern English and French sense ‘star-thistle’ is clearly transferred from 2. As a plant-name the word appeared (from medieval Latin) already in late Old English; sense 2 was probably adopted < French. Galltrap, frequent in 16–17th cent., is an evident popular etymology referring to the galling of horses' feet. †1. A trap, gin, or snare, to catch the feet of beasts, of horses or men in war, and the like. Obsolete. (Still in French in sense ‘wolf-trap’.)Quots. c1300 and 1393 lead on to sense 2. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device to trip or obstruct people or horses > [noun] caltropa1300 pitfalla1350 pitfold1575 trip1862 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > snare, trap, entanglement > [noun] neteOE angleOE grinc1000 trapc1175 caltropa1300 lacec1330 girnc1375 espyc1380 webc1400 hook1430 settingc1430 lure1463 stall?a1500 stalea1529 toil1548 intrap1550 hose-net1554 gudgeon1577 mousetrap1577 trapfall1596 ensnarementa1617 decoy1655 cobweba1657 trepan1665 snap1844 deadfall1860 Judas1907 tanglefoot1908 catch-221963 trip-wire1971 a1300 Gloss. Neckam's Treat. in Wright Voc. 111 Pedicam sive descipulam, qua lupi capiantur, gloss. calketrap. c1300 K. Alis. 6070 They haden..calketrappen maden ynowe, In weyes undur wode and bowe, Alisaundris men to aqwelle. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 131 Þise wordle þet ne is bote..a forest uol of þyeues an of calketreppen and of grines. 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxi. 296 With crokes and with Kalketrappes a~cloye we hem echone. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 59 Caltrap of yryn, fote hurtynge, hamus. 1850 J. Leitch tr. K. O. Müller Ancient Art (new ed.) §391, (note) 9 Psyche maltreated by Eros, singed as a butterfly..caught in a caltrop. 2. a. Military. An iron ball armed with four sharp prongs or spikes, placed like the angles of a tetrahedron, so that when thrown on the ground it has always one spike projecting upwards: Used to obstruct the advance of cavalry, etc. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > barricade > [noun] > anti-cavalry barrier turnpikec1420 caltrop1519 harrow1548 chausse-trap1591 swine feather1639 swine's pike1639 crowfoot1678 cheval de frise1688 horse de frise1688 hersillon1704 herse1728 crow's foot1772 trou-de-loup1780 cheval-trap1787 frise1809 spear1823 punji stake (or stick)1849 night-cat1863 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device to trip or obstruct people or horses > [noun] > spec caltrop1519 cheval de frise1688 ranjau1783 cheval-trap1787 punji1849 trip-wire1916 1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xxxi. f. 266^v They hydde pretely vnder the grounde caltroppys of yron to steke in horse or mennys fete. 1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Irelande i. 17/1 in Chron. I The Irishmen had strawed all alongst y^e shore a great number of Caltroppes of iron, with sharp prickes standing vp to wounde the Danes in the feete. 1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 164 They did cast from them their Caltropes, which pricked their horses in the feete so sore, that down came the Chariots, horsemen and all. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xiv. 620/2 The murtherers to preuent pursuit, strewed galthrops behinde them. 1622 F. Markham Five Decades Epist. of Warre iii. ix. 114 Foards are soon choakt up by Calthropes. a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Loves Pilgrimage i. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Aaaaaaaa/1 I think they ha' strew'd the high-wayes with caltraps, I, No horse dares pass 'em. 1653 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. New Test. Notes 65/2 Sharp stakes, or other instruments to wound, or gall the passengers, which are known by the name of gall-trappes. 1816 W. Scott Antiquary I. iii. 54 Ancient calthrops..dispersed by..Bruce to lacerate the feet of the English chargers. 1858 O. W. Holmes Autocrat of Breakfast-table xii. 342 One of those small calthrops our grandfathers used to sow round in the grass when there were Indians about,—iron stars. b. figurative. ΚΠ a1555 N. Ridley Wks. (1841) 368 The devil's galtropes that he casteth in our ways by some of his busyheaded younkers. 1607 T. Dekker Whore of Babylon sig. E2^v If euer I come backe Ile be a Calthrop To pricke my countries feet, that tread on me. 1876 J. Weiss Wit, Humor, & Shakespeare ii. 57 So he is a caltrop in men's path, with a spike always uppermost to impale the over-hasty feet. †c. attributive, as in caltrop-thistle, caltrop-grass. ΚΠ 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 59 With Calthrap-thistles rough and keen. 1633 T. Johnson Gerard's Herball (new ed.) i. 18 Wee may call it in English, Round headed Caltrope Grasse. d. Heraldry. A representation of a military caltrop in a coat of arms. (Now always spelt caltrap.) ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > representations of weapons or armour > [noun] > caltrap caltrop1680 1680 G. Mackenzie Sci. Herauldry 95 The Earl of Pearth..hath for his Compartment, a Galtrap used in Warr. 1716 S. Kent Gram. Heraldry at Trap of Gloucestershire The Field is Argent, three Cheval-Traps (or Caltrops) Sable. 1847 H. Gough Gloss. Terms Brit. Heraldry 76 Cheval-trap, sometimes called Caltrap, or Galtrap, and (chiefly by French heralds) Chausse-trap: an instrument thrown upon the ground to injure the feet of horses, and consisting of four iron spikes, one of which is ever uppermost. 1969 J. Franklyn & J. Tanner Encycl. Dict. Heraldry 340/1 Or, three caltraps gules. Bellwood. 3. Herbalism. a. Now usually Caltrops: A name given to various plants that catch or entangle the feet, or suggest the instrument described in 2. Applied in Old English to brambles or buckthorn, and apparently to Eryngo or Sea-holly; by 16th cent. herbalists to Star-thistle ( Centaurea Calcitrapa) from its round head garnished with long radiant spines; also by translators to the spiny-seeded Tribulus terrestris ( land caltrops) of Southern Europe. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > weed > [noun] > caltrops caltropc1000 the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > weed > [noun] > star-thistle caltrop1578 starthistle1578 Barnaby-thistle1598 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > water-chestnut > seed of caltrop1597 water caltrop1597 the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > names applied to various plants > [noun] heatha700 beeworteOE leversc725 springworteOE clotec1000 halswortc1000 sengreenc1000 bottle?a1200 bird's-tonguea1300 bloodworta1300 faverolea1300 vetchc1300 pimpernel1378 oniona1398 bird's nest?a1425 adder's grassc1450 cockheada1500 ambrosia1525 fleawort1548 son before the father1552 crow-toe1562 basil1578 bird's-foot1578 bloodroot1578 throatwort1578 phalangium1608 yew1653 chalcedon1664 dittany1676 bleeding heart1691 felon-wort1706 hedgehog1712 land caltrops1727 old man's beard1731 loosestrife1760 Solomon's seal1760 fireweed1764 desert rose1792 star of Bethlehem1793 hen and chickens1794 Aaron's beard1820 felon-grass1824 arrowroot1835 snake-root1856 firebush1858 tick-seed1860 bird's eye1863 burning bush1866 rat-tail1871 lamb's earsa1876 lamb's tongue plant1882 tar-weed1884 Tom Thumb1886 parrotbeak1890 stinkweed1932 c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 269 Ramnus, colte~træppe, þefanðorn. a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 298 Heraclea, calca~trippe. a1300 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 557/14 Tribulus marinus, i. calketrappe, seaþistel. a1387 Sinon. Barthol. in Anecdota Oxoniensia I. 37 Saliunca, wilde popi (marg. calketrappe). c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Caltrap, herbe, saliunca. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. lix. 521 This herbe is now called in..English, Starre Thistel, or Caltrop. 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 676 Most do call the fruite of this Caltrops, Castaneæ aquatiles, or water Chesnuts. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Achantique Calthrop, or Star-thistle. 1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ iii. xxii. 437 Tribulus Τριβολος Caltrop, abates inflamations. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) (at cited word) Land Caltrop..the Seeds are inclosed in a Fruit that is furnish'd with several Prickles, and resembles the Cross of Malta. 1855 R. C. Singleton tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. I. 80 Succeeds a prickly wood, And burrs and caltrops. b. water caltrops n. a name for Potamogeton densus and P. crispus, which tend to entangle swimmers; also from its resemblance to the instrument (sense 2) for the seed of Trapa natans of Southern Europe. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > water-chestnut water nut1523 saligot1578 water chestnut1597 ling1860 Jesuits' nut1866 water caltrops1866 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. at Trapa The very singular four-horned fruits of the European species of Trapa (T. natans)..have been compared to the spiked iron instruments called caltrops..growing in water, it is commonly called the Water Caltrops. 4. In the nomenclature of the spicular elements of sponges, a tetraxial spicule with four equal arms radiating from a central point, so called from its resemblance to a caltrop (sense 2). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Parazoa > phylum Porifera > [noun] > member of > parts of > sponge spicule > having rays > having four rays caltrop1887 tetractine1887 1887 W. J. Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/2 Tetraxon Quadriradiate Type (Calthrops). 1888 W. J. Sollas in Challenger Rep. XXV. p. lxxii The calthrops may have been derived from a triæne by shortening of the rhabdome, or from a microcalthrops by increased growth. 1940 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vi. 337 The typical spicule of the simpler tetractinellids is the calthrops, or tetraxon with four approximately equal rays. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † caltropv. Forms: In Middle English caltrappyn. Etymology: < caltrop n. Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. transitive. To catch or trap with a caltrop. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > hunt [verb (transitive)] > trap grina850 latchc1175 snarl1398 snarea1425 caltropc1440 trapa1500 attrap1524 gin1583 toil1592 springe1606 snickle1615 wire1749 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 59 Caltrappyn, hamo. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.c1000v.c1440
随便看	satcheldate satcheled satchelful satchelfuls satchelled satchelmouth satchelmouthed satchelpalm satchels sate sated satedly satedness sateen sateen-backed sateen-covered sateen-lined sateenbacked sateencovered sateenlined sateens sateless satelles satellitary satellite

caltropcaltrapn.

† caltropv.