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单词 year
释义

yearn.

Brit. /jɪə/, /jəː/, U.S. /jɪ(ə)r/
Forms: early Old English gaer, Old English gare (dative, perhaps transmission error), Old English geate (dative, transmission error), Old English gęr (rare), Old English gereres (genitive, transmission error), Old English gyr, Old English (rare)–early Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) ear (perhaps transmission error), Old English (rare)–early Middle English gær, Old English–early Middle English gear, Old English–early Middle English ger, late Old English geær (Kentish), early Middle English ȝær, early Middle English ȝeær (south-west midlands), early Middle English geor, early Middle English ȝeor (south-west midlands), early Middle English ȝiar, early Middle English hier (south-east midlands), Middle English eere, Middle English ȝaar (south-east midlands), Middle English ȝare (south-east midlands), Middle English ȝear, Middle English ȝeer, Middle English ȝeere, Middle English ȝeir, Middle English ȝeire, Middle English ȝerr, Middle English ȝeyr, Middle English ȝeyre, Middle English ȝher (northern and north midlands), Middle English ȝhere (northern and north midlands), Middle English ȝheyr (northern), Middle English gier (East Anglian and northern), Middle English ȝier, Middle English giere (northern), Middle English ȝyer, Middle English ȝyr (south-western), Middle English here (southern), Middle English heyre (west midlands), Middle English ier (chiefly northern), Middle English iere (northern), Middle English yeier (northern), Middle English yeor, Middle English yerr, Middle English yerre, Middle English yeyre, Middle English yȝer, Middle English yheer (northern), Middle English yheere (northern), Middle English yher (chiefly northern), Middle English yhere (northern), Middle English yier (northern), Middle English yiere (northern), Middle English zer, Middle English (chiefly northern) 1500s–1600s (2000s– (Irish English (northern))) yeir, Middle English–1500s eer, Middle English–1500s ere, Middle English–1500s ȝer, Middle English–1500s ȝere, Middle English–1500s yeire, Middle English–1600s yeare, Middle English–1600s yeer, Middle English–1600s yeere, Middle English–1600s yer, Middle English–1600s yere, Middle English– year, late Middle English ȝe (transmission error), late Middle English heire, late Middle English þere (transmission error), late Middle English–1500s er, 1500s eares (plural), 1500s eyre, 1500s yare, 1800s yearn (plural, in representations of English regional speech); English regional 1800s– 'ear, 1800s– 'eer, 1900s– yare (Norfolk), 1900s– yer (Lancashire); U.S. regional (chiefly southern and south Midland) 1700s yar, 1800s– yare, 1800s– yer, 1900s– ear, 1900s– yaar, 1900s– yeah, 1900s– yeer, 1900s– yur; Scottish pre-1700 ȝair, pre-1700 ȝear, pre-1700 ȝeare, pre-1700 ȝeer, pre-1700 ȝeere, pre-1700 ȝeire, pre-1700 ȝer, pre-1700 ȝere, pre-1700 ȝerr- (inflected form), pre-1700 ȝeyr, pre-1700 ȝeyre, pre-1700 ȝheir, pre-1700 ȝher, pre-1700 ȝhere, pre-1700 ȝhir, pre-1700 ȝier, pre-1700 ȝiere, pre-1700 ȝir, pre-1700 heir, pre-1700 iere, pre-1700 yar, pre-1700 yeare, pre-1700 yeer, pre-1700 yeire, pre-1700 yere, pre-1700 yeyr, pre-1700 yeyre, pre-1700 yheere, pre-1700 yheir, pre-1700 yheire, pre-1700 yher, pre-1700 yhere, pre-1700 yheyr, pre-1700 yier, pre-1700 yiere, pre-1700 yir, pre-1700 zear, pre-1700 zeare, pre-1700 zeir, pre-1700 zeire, pre-1700 1700s ȝeir, pre-1700 1700s– year, pre-1700 1700s– yeir, pre-1700 1800s yer, 1800s– 'ear, 1900s– ear, 1900s– eer, 1900s– 'eer, 2000s– eir.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian jēr, jār (North Frisian jûar, jôr, West Frisian jier), Old Dutch jār (Middle Dutch jaer, Dutch jaar), Old Saxon jār (Middle Low German jār), Old High German jār (Middle High German jār, German Jahr), Old Icelandic ár, Old Swedish ār (Swedish år), Old Danish ār (Danish år), Gothic jēr, all in sense ‘year’, apparently < the same Indo-European base as Avestan yār- year, ancient Greek ὧρος year, ὥρα time of year, season, year, time of day, Old Russian jara, Czech jaro, both in sense ‘spring’, Serbian and Croatian jar spring crops.In Old English usually a strong neuter (with unchanged nominative and accusative plural); however, a strong masculine is also occasionally attested (compare e.g. quot. OE at sense 11a). The s -plural became usual in the course of Middle English but the unchanged plural is often retained (now chiefly in colloquial and regional use) following a cardinal number, as is common with words denoting units of measurement (compare foot n. 6a, month n.1 3, pound n.1 1, etc.); for illustration of the history see sense 1b. With sense 2a compare e.g. post-classical Latin annus solaris (compare solar adj. 1b), annus lunaris (see lunar year n. at lunar adj. and n. Compounds 1). In great year n. at sense 2b after classical Latin magnus annus, itself after ancient Greek μέγας ἐνιαυτός.
I. An interval or division of time having its basis in the period of the earth's revolution round the sun, and derived senses.
1.
a. The time taken for the earth to make one revolution round the sun, forming a natural unit of time of about 365¼ days; (with reference to the stars; see note) the time occupied by the sun in making its apparent passage through the signs of the zodiac; (hence) an interval of time approximately equal to this in any conventional practical reckoning (considered with respect to its length, without reference to its start and end points: cf. sense 3); the interval between two successive occurrences of a particular date in the calendar.Defined in relation to the stars, the year is what is now called the sidereal year, and is more precisely defined as the time between two successive meridional transits of a star. Defined in relation to the seasons (cf. sense 4a), it is the interval between two successive passages of the sun though the same solstitial or equinoctial point. This is the tropical or solar year, and is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year. The distinction between these two forms of the year was recognized by Hipparchus, c130 b.c.all-year, gap year, half-year, light year, man-year, multi-year, person-year, woman-year, etc.: see the first element. Cf. also all (the) year round at round prep. 10a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun]
wintereOE
yeareOE
yearOE
yearOE
yearOE
twelvemonthc1275
a time and times and half a timec1384
foil1481
zodiacc1560
twelve moons1609
suns1743
outfit1791
snow1825
season1827
yr1880
OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) iv. 82 Ælc ðæra twelf tacna hylt his monað, & þonne seo sunne hi hæfð ealle underurnen, ðonne bið an gear agan.
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) xciii. 136 Eac hyt bynnan healfon geare ealne þone wætan ut atyhþ.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 53 Nu age we..leten alse fele dages alse hie diden geres,..þat we ne singeð þo blisfulle songes.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 110 Asscanius heold þis drihliche lond daiȝes & ȝeres.
c1300 Holy Cross (Laud) 33 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 2 (MED) Twelf Monþe it was þare-afterward and half ȝer and more.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. vii. l. 43 (MED) Þou schalt ȝelden hit a-ȝeyn at one ȝeeres ende.
1428 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 80 Competent saleri for an hole here.
a1470 in C. Innes & P. Chalmers Liber S. Thome de Aberbrothoc (1856) II. 108 Landis..quhilkis our predecessoris has iosyt..ii hundreth yeirys befor thir days.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) x. 271 ‘Goodys curse have he for it,’ sayd Charlemagne, ‘and an evyll yere.’
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 249 Gif evir my fortoun wes to be a freir, The dait thairof is past full mony a ȝeir.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. i. 162 He will last you, eight yeares.
1637 Decree Starre-Chamber conc. Printing x. sig. D2v No Haberdasher of small wares,..not hauing beene seuen yeeres apprentice to the trade.
1714 I. Newton Let. (1976) VI. 80 A copy of this book was sent to Mr Leibnitz by the Resident of the Elector of Hannover above a year ago.
1727 J. Swift Stella's Birth-day: 1718 in J. Swift et al. Misc.: Last Vol. iii. 148 Stella this Day is Thirty four, (We shan't dispute a Year or more).
1819 W. Scott Legend of Montrose vi, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. III. 266 A family of four hundred years standing.
1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes II. x. 301 A gentleman..within a year or two on either side of thirty.
1900 Harper's Weekly 24 Mar. 278/2 It has taken a little over a year to complete the formal Russification of Finland.
1958 C. Achebe Things fall Apart xviii. 142 It was in fact one of them who..brought the church into serious conflict with the clan a year later by killing the sacred python.
2007 Independent 17 Mar. (Mag.) 31/1 It is exactly a year to the day since he had had his last fix.
b. With unchanged plural. Now chiefly regional.
ΚΠ
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. xiv. 216 He þes Godes wer monig ger ærest in Scottum allum þæm Godes word bodode & lærde.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) ix. 20 An wif..þolode blodryne twelf gear.
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 143 (MED) Godd..wiðeld alle reines þrie hier and six moneþes.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1891 Ale þe twa ȝere.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 67 Þe yewes..þet he hedde yloked uourti year ine desert myd þe manne of heuene.
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 588 And thre yeer in this wise his lyf he ladde.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 56 Poul was slain bifore the tyme of this exile bi almost xxxti. ȝeer.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMviiiv A thyng done, parauenture a dosyn yere before.
1563 T. Becon Reliques of Rome (rev. ed.) f. 200 He had burned in Purgatorye a greate number of yeare.
1675 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Odysses iii. 32 Wine that aged was eleven year.
1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) Pref. p. lxxxv Sir Henry Spelman..used it LXXX Year since.
1701 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1909) 7 101 The Curé is now stone blinde, & has been this 4 year.
1786 R. Burns Poems 119 It's now some nine-an'-twenty-year, Sin' thou was my Guidfather's Meere.
1829 W. Scott Guy Mannering (new ed.) II. x. 132 At last they didna 'gree at a' for twa or three year.
1884 A. Doherty Nathan Barlow 6 We'n warked for moore nor thirty 'ear, my lass.
1939 B. Cheney Lightwood 5 It didn't last more'n seven aer eight year.
2010 J. O'Connor Ghost Light (2011) vii. 108 Two year we were courting—near enough to two year.
2.
a. With distinguishing words, denoting periods of about a year in length but differing in detail according to the manner in which they are calculated in some scientific or conventional reckoning.anomalistic, artificial, astronomical, bissextile, leap, lunar, lunisolar, natural, planetary, sidereal, Sothic, tropical year, etc.: see the first element. See also solar adj. 1b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun]
wintereOE
yeareOE
yearOE
yearOE
yearOE
twelvemonthc1275
a time and times and half a timec1384
foil1481
zodiacc1560
twelve moons1609
suns1743
outfit1791
snow1825
season1827
yr1880
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > reckoned in a specific way
yearOE
year1597
calendar year1689
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. iii. 104 Oft we habbað gehrepod ymbe þæs geares dagas þe getelwise witan nemniað on Lyden solaris annus and on Englisc þære sunnan gear. Lunaris annus byð ælce geare (þæt ys þæs monan ger).
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. iv. 520 The ȝere of þe mone [L. annus lunaris] is somtyme clepid þe space in þe which þe mone passiþ aboute fro on point of Zodiacus to þe same point aȝen; and þat space conteyneþ..seuene and twenty dayes and sixe houres.
1681 G. Wharton Disc. Years in Wks. (1683) 71 The Sydereal year is the space of time, in which the Sun returns to the same star from whence he departed.
1757 J. Ferguson Astron. Explained (ed. 2) xxi. §408. 238 The Solar or Tropical Year, which contains 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 57 seconds; and is the only proper or natural year, because it always keeps the same seasons to the same months.
1841 J. G. Wilkinson Manners & Customs Anc. Egyptians 2nd Ser. I. xi. 17 The sacred was the same as the solar or vague year.
1860 R. S. Poole in W. Smith Dict. Bible I. 505/2 There appear to have been at least three years in use with the Egyptians before the Roman domination, the Vague Year, the Tropical Year, and the Sothic Year.
1912 Pop. Sci. Monthly Mar. 283 The defective year was brought a little nearer to the actual year by adding an intercalary month every three.
1990 D. Carrasco Relig. Mesoamer. iv. 114 The Haab (Cycle of Rains) or Vague Year, which divided the observed solar year of 360 days built up into eighteen months of twenty days plus one month of five days.
b. great year n. now chiefly historical a cycle postulated by some ancient astronomers, in which the celestial objects go through all their possible movements and return to their original relative positions (= Platonic year n. at Platonic adj. and n. Compounds); (in later use also) any of various other lengthy chronological cycles (cf. cynic year at cynic adj. 3, vertent year n. at vertent adj., etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > cycle of time > [noun] > astronomical cycle > cycles of celestial bodies
great yeara1387
vertent year1635
Platonic year1639
saros1812
world year1845
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 231 Þat þey myȝte neuere lerne but ȝif þey lyuede sixe hondred ȝere at þe leste; for in so longe tyme is þe grete ȝere of sterres [L. magnus annus astrorum] fulfilled.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xxi. 501 Chaunginge of roundenesse and serclis of sterris... Þe chaunginge of hem falliþ in euerych sixe and þritty þousand ȝere, and þis is þe grete ȝere [L. annus magnus], þat is þe laste of alle þingis.
1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) 165 Well, the time which was, wil be (saith Plato) where he speaketh of his great yeare, and I my selfe hope for a yeare of Iubile.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xi. 123 b With the life of this bird [sc. the phœnix], the reuolution of the great yere is made, which diuers..say to consist, not in 540. yeres, but in 12950. yeres.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xxxvii. f. 168 It is called of some the yeare of the world, and of some the great yeare of Plato, which contayneth according to Alphonsus, 49/000. yeares..yet some affirme that the perfect yeare of the worlde containeth but 36000. yeares.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 583 On such day As Heav'ns great Year brings forth. View more context for this quotation
1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews i. iii, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 11 Unless they had lived six hundred years: for the Great Year is compleated in that interval.
1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 116 We shall first consider the conditions necessary for bringing about the extreme of cold, or what may be termed the winter of the ‘great year,’ or geological cycle.
1833 E. H. Burritt Geogr. Heavens viii. 121 This is called the Annus Magnus, or the Great Year, and by some the Platonic Year, because Plato taught that after this period the world would begin anew.
1893 T. H. Huxley Romanes Lect. 36 The suggestion that the power and the intelligence of man can ever arrest the procession of the great year.
1907 G. Massey Anc. Egypt II. ix. 600 No matter in what part of the world we discover this tradition of the seven founders and seven stations of the pole, it involves at least one bygone Great Year in the circle of precession independently of where the astronomical mythology originated.
1984 D. Parker & J. Parker New Compl. Astrologer 46/1 The Great Year theory deals with such lengthy periods of time that it is impossible to say precisely when one Great Month gives way to another.
2007 A. Grafton What was Hist.? iii. 137 ‘Holy characters’, which described not only the past, but also the future, through the course of the ‘great year’ of 36,000 solar years.
c. gen. Any of various units of time equating to a multiple number of conventional years, or to a fraction of one year, as used in mythology, theology, etc., or (in later use) in reckoning the lifespan of an animal. Usually with distinguishing word.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > cycle of time > [noun] > as a unit in chronology
cycle1387
year1548
period1613
1548 G. Joye tr. A. Osiander Coniectures Ende of Worlde iii. sig. Biijv One Angels year [L. Annus Angelicus] conteineth somany of our comon yeares, as we haue daies in our yeare, that is 354.
1695 J. Stevens tr. M. de Faria y Sousa Portugues Asia I. iv. i. 379 One Day of ours is a Year in Heaven, and one of our Years, Three hundred and sixty five there.
1786 Edinb. Mag. Dec. 410/2 The Bagavadum informs us, that 360 years of men amount to what they call a divine year.
1826 Oriental Herald Jan. 3 To live in happiness with her husband for so many heavenly years as she has hairs on her body, which are computed at three crores and a half, or thirty-five millions.
1871 H. Alabaster Wheel of Law 89 Five thousand angelic years, which are five hundred and eighty-six millions of the years of men.
1938 T. White Puerto Rico & its People xxiii. 285 Perrito Blanco was taken on board the cruiser, introduced to new quarters, and there for many a year as dog years count, he remained in naval service.
1982 M. Loewe Chinese Ideas of Life & Death v. 53 Twelve years marked the cycle of the heavenly year, as may be demonstrated in the orbit of Jupiter.
2012 I. Bello et al. Topics Contemp. Math. (ed. 10) i. 35/2 If a cat is 6 years old in human years, how old is it in cat years?
d. Astronomy. The period of the revolution of any of the other planets of the solar system around the sun (or, in the earlier geocentric model, around the earth), or of any planet around its star; a planetary year.
ΚΠ
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 826 The revolution or yeeere [sic, Fr. l'an] of Saturne comprehendeth thirtie common yeres: Of Jupiter twelve: of Mars two.
1687 W. D. tr. B. Le Bovier de Fontenelle Disc. Plurality of Worlds 61 The years of Iupiter are twelve of ours, and there ought to be in that Planet two opposite extremities, where the days & nights are of six years continuance.
1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. II. vi. §5. 841 The number will be about subduple in a Jovial Year.
1784 W. Herschel in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 260 Nor will the length of the martial year appear very different from that which we enjoy, when compared to the surprising duration of the years of Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus.
1835 C. F. Partington Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 297/2 As to Venus and Mercury, as their years, when judged of with regard to the earth, are almost equal to the solar year, they are more usually estimated from the sun, in which case the former is equal to 224 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes.
1870 E. F. Burr Ecce Cœlum iv. 104 According to the Neptunian calendar, it is only thirty-six years since the creation of Adam.
1958 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 9 237 He explains the different length of the different planetary years.
2004 Guardian 8 Jan. ii. 4/3 The red planet has a tediously long year (687 days).
2013 Irish Times (Nexis) 22 Aug. 10 If you've ever felt like the years are flying by, then you might identify with exoplanets that complete their ‘year’ in just a few hours.
3. Senses relating to calendars.
a.
(a) A unit of time corresponding to that identified in sense 1, and delimited in a particular calendar; (now) esp. (according to the Gregorian calendar) the cycle of twelve calendar months beginning on the 1st of January, consisting of 365 days in all (or 366 in a leap year).Calendrical methods of defining the year have their basis in observations of the positions of the moon or the sun, or a combination of the two. The Jewish and Muslim calendars are now two of the most familiar calendars that make use of lunar observations, while the Gregorian and Julian calendars are both entirely solar calendars.The Gregorian calendar, which is a 16th-cent. modification of the Julian calendar, is now in general use worldwide, often alongside other local or religious calendars. It was adopted as the standard calendar of England and Scotland in 1752, with Ireland following in 1788. By this point it was already in use throughout Catholic Europe. In the same year as the new calendar was introduced, the first day of the English legal year was changed to 1 January, having previously been 25 March (Scotland had adopted 1 January in 1600). For more information on the introduction of the Gregorian calendar see new style n.after-year, goodyear, happy New Year, leap year, old year, New Year, to-year, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun]
wintereOE
yeareOE
yearOE
yearOE
yearOE
twelvemonthc1275
a time and times and half a timec1384
foil1481
zodiacc1560
twelve moons1609
suns1743
outfit1791
snow1825
season1827
yr1880
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > reckoned in a specific way > civil year
yearOE
artificial year1705
OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) ii. 41 His magas ferdon ælce gere [L. per omnes annos] to Hierusalem on easterdæges freolstide.
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1132 Ðis gear com Henri king to þis land.
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 101 (MED) Þat oþer ȝer a faukun bredde.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3599 He [sc. Julius Caesar] makede þane kalender þe dihteð þane moneð & þe ȝer.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) 150 Two geuelengðhes timen her, And two solstices in ðe ger.
1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 52 (MED) It was ordeynd..for to haue a spekyng to-gedyr thre tymes in þe ȝer.
1442 in A. H. Thompson Visitations Relig. Houses Diocese Lincoln (1927) III. 230 Every nunne takes in the yere to thaire sustynaunce and habyte alle onely brede and ale and two marke of monye.
c1475 tr. Secreta Secret. (Tripolitanus abbrev.) (1977) 318 Take suche disportes but ij or iij in the yere.
1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute sig. B5v The seid ffabius first was consul of Rome in the yere that I was borne.
?1553 Respublica (1952) iv. ii. 34 Was not he drownde trowe last yeare?
1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 78 For the Romaines at the beginning had but tenne moneths in the yere: as some of the barbarous people make but three moneths for their yere.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia at Sextile March, which was the first moneth of the year with the Romans.
1693 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. (ed. 2) iv. xxv. 619 The Fruits of the Ground..which by the Law were Hypothecat for the Rents of the said year.
1758 Universal Mag. Oct. 194/1 Luther in a letter this year to Spalatinus, shews himself a zealous Augustinian and Anti-pelagian.
1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 15 Here beggar pride defrauds her daily cheer, To boast one splendid banquet once a year.
1788 W. Cowper in Yearly Bill Mortality Parish All-Saints (Northampton) 1787–8 (single sheet) Could I..as sure presage To whom the rising Year shall prove his last.
1816 J. Allen Mod. Judaism xx. 359 The divine command..referred only to ecclesiastical matters;..for all civil purposes the year was still considered as beginning with the month Tishri.
1864 H. Alford Queen's Eng. 93 I take the following..from a religious newspaper, of this present year.
1907 Marshfield (Wisconsin) Times 31 July William Wenzel makes sausages fit for a king, and his factory will make a name for itself in the coming year.
1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 275 In the meantime anti-inflationary measures..seemed by the end of the year to be bearing some fruit.
2011 Independent 14 Sept. 17/2 Next year, the same hall will host the Olympic tae kwon do and boxing contests.
(b) With distinguishing word or phrase specifying the calendar used. See also Gregorian adj. 2, Julian year at Julian adj. civil year n. the year according to the calendar legally and practically recognized for the purposes of ordinary life and social organization, typically as distinguished from other calendrical arrangements, such as the ecclesiastical year or the academic year (see senses 3b, 3c); cf. civil adj. 14b; formerly also referred to as the politic year (see politic adj. 1a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > of specific calendar > particular year in specific calendar
the year of Christc1392
yeara1500
year of (man's) salvation1560
working year1722
the Millennium1991
a1500 Tracts Eng. Weights & Meas. 16 in Camden Misc. (1929) XV Thys yere of Arabynes is made by the course of the mone, as when the mone hathe fulfilled xii full chaunges.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xlii. f. 169v The Egyptian yeare contayneth the iust number of 365. dayes.
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. iii. §6. 257 Diuers haue diuersly set downe the forme of the Hebrew yeare.
1645 L. Sarson Anal. I. Timoth. I. 15 184 I cannot assent to Lydyat, endeavouring to demonstrate the measure of the yeare used... I cannot see why I should believe, that the long-liv'd Patriarchs used the most exact form of civill years, rather then that they were complete in all arts and sciences.
1700 Moxon's Math. made Easie (ed. 3) 66 Gregorian Year, the New Account, or New Style, instituted upon the Reformation of the Calendar, by Pope Gregory the 13th..Anno Domini, 1582.
1708 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum (ed. 2) I. at Sexagesimal The Number of Days, whereby the Arabic Years of the Hegira begin later than our Account by the Years of our Lord.
1723 J. Darby tr. S. Ali Hist. Timur-Bec I. ii. i. 131 This great action happening in the year of the Dog, one of the twelve years of the Mogul calendar.
1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. ix. 66 The common civil year..of 365 days.
1861 J. T. Bannister Temples of Hebrews App. 389 The Year of the Hebrews is composed of twelve lunar months, of which the first has thirty days, and the second twenty-nine.
1908 Chinese Recorder & Missionary Jrnl. Feb. 99/1 The course begins with the Chinese New Year, 2nd February, 1908, and goes on to the end of the Chinese Year, 21st January, 1909.
1998 D. E. Duncan Calendar p. v Early Roman year: 304 days, amended in 700 bc to 355 days.
2000 Sunday Mercury (Birmingham) (Nexis) 25 June 56 The pyramid [sc. Chichen Itza] operates as a giant calendar with each terrace divided into 18 parts to represent the sections of the Mayan year and 365 steps for each day.
b. The cycle of twelve months as defined by the Christian Church for religious observance, incorporating special seasons and holy days, and now typically beginning on the first Sunday in Advent in the Western Church (though sometimes formerly reckoned from the Feast of the Annunciation, 25 March), and on 1 September in the Orthodox Church. Also more fully ecclesiastical year, liturgical year (see also church year n. at church n.1 and adj. Compounds 1a(b)).
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > liturgical year > [noun]
yearOE
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) Pref. 2 Ic ðohte þæt hit wære læsse æðryt to gehyrenne, gif man ða ane boc ræt on anes geares ymbryne, and ða oðre on ðam æftran geare.
OE Poenitentiale Theodori & Capitula d'Acheriana (Brussels) in F. J. Mone Quellen u. Forschungen zur Geschichte der teutschen Literatur u. Sprache (1830) 527 Ðreo æfestenne beoð on geare on Godes folce.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 32 Icc hafe sammnedd o þiss boc. Þa goddspelless neh alle, Þatt sinndenn o þe messe boc. Inn all þe ȝer att messe.
c1384 Table of Lessons in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (1850) 683 The lessouns, pistlis, and gospels, that ben rad in the chirche al the ȝeer.
a1450 tr. Aelred of Rievaulx De Institutione Inclusarum (Bodl.) (1984) 7 Amonge al the fastynge in the yere, the fastyng in Lente excelleth and passith al othir in dignite.
1538 Pystles & Gospels in Eng. (new ed.) (title page) Here begynneth the pystles and gospels: of euery Sonday, and holy daye in the yere.
1657 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (new ed.) 106 We begin..our Ecclesiastical year (as to some accounts, though not as to the order of our service) with the glorious Annunciation of his Birth by angelical message.
1692 tr. J. Abudacnus True Hist. Jacobites of Egypt x. 17 Baptism is solemnly celebrated twice in the Year, first on the Sunday of the Pentecost, and then on the Sunday of the Passion.
1785 A. Pirie Crit. & Pract. Observ. Scripture-texts 135 This festival was kept..precisely in the middle of the ecclesiastic or church year.
1827 J. Keble (title) The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holydays throughout the year.
1875 W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. I. 33/1 The first Sunday in Advent was not always the beginning of the liturgical year... The Antiphonarius of St. Gregory begins 1 Advent, and the Liber Responsalis with its Vigil. But the earlier practice was to begin the ecclesiastical year with the month of March, as being that in which our Lord was crucified (March 25).
1916 G. H. Gerould Saints' Legends vi. 185 For the regular festivals of the liturgical year, they give exempla, sometimes drawn from the lives of the saints and sometimes not.
2013 P. H. Pfatteicher Journey into Heart of God ii. 25 In Eastern Orthodox practice the year begins September 1, which was the beginning of the tax year in the Byzantine Empire.
c. A cycle of twelve months beginning on date other than the first of January, distinguished for a particular purpose such as taxation, sporting activity, agriculture, etc.; a similar recurring period having a shorter length to allow for a break, esp. during summer. Usually with distinguishing word.For more established expressions of this type, as academic year, financial year, fiscal year, school year, tax year, etc., see the first elements.
ΚΠ
1794 T. Davis Gen. View Agric. Wilts. 100 The abolition of commonage..has, in a great measure, changed the commencement of the agricultural year.
1851 Era 28 Sept. 3/4 The First October Meeting..serves as the inaugurating precursor of the more full and important gatherings which follow, and with which we used to wind up the sporting year.
1871 Year-bk. Unitarian Congregational Churches (Boston) 3 Commencement occurs on the last Wednesday of March, following which is a vacation continuing until October 1, when the year begins.
1906 W. Crooke Things Indian 211 The opening of the agricultural year is marked..by the Pongol of South India.
1962 Financial Times 21 Nov. 12/3 A run of fine Saturdays seems to be the main explanation for the marked rise in gates that has been noticed in the first two months of this football year.
2000 Which? Tax Saving Guide 14/2 If you want to keep things simple, run your accounting year the same as the tax year (called fiscal accounting).
4.
a. The year considered in terms of the natural cycle of the seasons, or of the growth or planting of crops and vegetation.In some quots. merely contextual uses of senses 1a or 3a(a). †in time of year: (of fruit, etc.) in season (see season n. Phrases 1b) (obsolete).In quot. 1638 poetic, alluding the natural phenomena of growth and decay.dear year, fruit year, seed year, sheep year, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > season > [noun]
tidea900
timeOE
yearOE
season1340
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iv. i. 200 Constat numeros [read numerus] ipse redimitus quattuor anni temporibus quorum onomata sunt uer, aestas, autumnus, hiemps : þæt getæl ys gefrætwod mid feower geres timan þæra nomina nama synt: i lengtentima, ii sumor, iii hærfest, iiii winter.
lOE King Ælfred tr. St. Augustine Soliloquies (Vitell.) (1922) i. 9 Ðu recst þæt gear and redst þurh þæt gewrixle þara feower tyda, þæt ys, lencten and sumer and herfest and winter.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 61 Vuele he us briseð,..oðer þurh orf qualm, oðer þurh smerte gier.
c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 361 Ah leasse þen beastes ȝet, for þeos deð hare cunde bute wit þah ha beon in a time of þe ȝer.
a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 7 Gode ȝeres & corn boþe beþ agon.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 222 Myn herte and alle my lymes been as grene As laurer thurgh the yeer is for to sene.
a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 29 Take Strawberys, & waysshe hem in tyme of ȝere in gode red wyne.
1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 25 Make hillocks of molehils, in field thorough out, and so to remaine, till the yeere go about.
1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion xiv. Illustr. 234 One Parke & sixe Arpens of Vineyard, and brings forth some XX. firkins of Wine, if the yeare proue well.
1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 20 in Justa Edouardo King I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude, And..Shatter your leaves before the mellowing yeare.
1728 J. Thomson Spring 2 As yet the trembling Year is unconfirm'd, And Winter oft at Eve resumes the Breeze.
1781 W. Cowper Heroism 24 Vines, olives, herbage, forests disappear, And all the charms of a Sicilian year.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Day-dream in Poems (new ed.) II. 149 The varying year with blade and sheaf Clothes and reclothes the happy plains.
1870 Rural Carolinian Feb. 317/1 What we need, is reliable labor, and a good crop year, to bring us out of debt.
1941 E. Linklater Man on my Back vi. 82 He had thirty-two mango-trees, and enough ground to grow, in a good year, sixty maunds of rice.
2003 Mountain Democrat (Placerville, Calif.) 14 Mar. c8/1 Look for plants that bloom in succession in order to provide your garden with color throughout the growing year.
b. The produce of a particular year.Only in Joel 2:25: see quots.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > [noun] > farm produce
yearc1384
yieldingc1405
yieldc1440
birtha1500
newinga1549
stock and teind1574
yieldance1641
produce1725
produit net1774
cropa1825
farm store1848
out-take1866
agriproduct1969
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Joel ii. 25 Y shal ȝeelde to you the ȝeris [L. annos] whom the locust eete.
1611 Bible (King James) Joel ii. 25 And I will restore to you the yeeres [1970 New Eng. the years; Heb. haššānīm] that the locust hath eaten. View more context for this quotation
†c. Each of the concentric rings in the wood of a tree formed by its growth in successive years; = year ring n. at Compounds. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > ring or layer
insertion1624
ring1664
annual ring1672
year1708
year ring1845
growth ring1907
tree-ring1919
1708 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 26 163 The Circles, or (as they are commonly call'd) Years, are closer.
d. The vintage of a particular wine, typically used as an indication of its quality.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > [noun] > season or year
leaf1432
vint1639
vintage1746
Heurige1834
year1934
1934 A. L. Simon Wine Connoisseur's Catech. 19 Which are the best Claret Vintages?.. 1924, a very good year; the wine to lay down. 1923, quite a good year; the wine to enjoy now. 1922, moderate quality.
1967 ‘L. Black’ Two Ladies in Verona x. 161 A bottle of Mumm Cordon Rouge. I leave the year to you, but it'd better be good.
2001 H. Jackson Pocket Encycl. of Wine 232 The quantity is as high as the quality: 1998 really is an outstanding year.
5. Following a or a cardinal number, as a measure of the age of a person, animal, or thing.In Old English usually in the genitive.For expressions such as in his fourteenth year, see sense 6c; for years with the general meaning ‘age’, see sense 10.
a. Followed by a postmodifying adjective (esp. old adj. 4) or prepositional phrase (esp. of age). Formerly also followed by a noun (esp. age n. 3).For attributive uses of this type of phrase (as a four-year-old child), see old adj. 4b(a); for uses as a noun phrase (as a four-year-old), see old adj. 4b(b).
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) vii. 6 He wæs ða sixhund geara on ylde, ða ða ðæs flodes wæteru yðedon ofer eorðan.
OE Note on Age of Virgin (Stowe 944) in W. de G. Birch Liber Vitae New Minster & Hyde Abbey (1892) 83 Heo wæs feowertyne geara eald þa heo Crist acende.
lOE St. Nicholas (Corpus Cambr.) (1997) 83 Ic eom nu fiftene gear on elde.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 153 He was fiftene ȝer ald.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. ii. 16 Alle the children..fro two ȝeer age and with ynne.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11566 Wit-in þe land left he noght an, O tua yeir eild [Gött. eilde, Trin. Cambr. olde] þat he ne was slan.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 12386 Ihesu was þat tyme þore Of eiȝte yeer olde & more.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 177 I wol no womman xxxti. yeer of age.
a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 83 Whan he [sc. Crist] was twelfe ȝeer olde.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin i. 15 It [sc. the child] semed ij yere age or more.
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxixv Putte them bothe in one pasture tyll they be four or fyue yere olde.
a1555 H. Latimer Serm. in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 1305/2 A bagge of rusty malice, twentie yere olde, in thy neighbours bosome.
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler i. 34 When he was beyond Seventy years of age he made this description. View more context for this quotation
1695 R. Sibbald Autobiogr. (1834) 127 Four children..who died all before they were full four yeer old.
1745 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. i. 128 The only son I have left me, being but a stripling of fourtein years age.
1763 R. Burn Eccl. Law II. 426 Hog wool (that is, of the wool of sheep of a year old).
1833 A. J. Morrell Narr. Voy. Ethiopic & S. Atlantic Ocean ix. 173 This was the first time I ever had an opportunity of visiting what might be called an ancient city. Those I had seen did not exceed three hundred years in age.
1863 W. H. Brewer Let. 21 June in Up & down Calif. (2003) 399 Professor Whitney carefully counted the annual rings..and found the tree there 1,255 years old.
1885 Cent. Mag. May 62/1 He was only twenty-eight years old, and..was a thoroughly modern young man.
1909 M. J. Cawein New Poems 52 You are big and strong, my boy; and you are twelve years young.
1970 Times 13 Aug. 12/1 The Fiat, rising 15 years old, is a micro-mini car.
2005 G. Critser Generation Rx ii. 162 75 percent of all those over sixty-five years of age now take prescription medications on a daily basis.
b. Without a postmodifier, preceded by a preposition, an adjective (esp. aged adj. 2a), or the verb to be.In some quots. the postmodifiers old or of age are implied. It is also common to elide the word year, ‘the child was twelve’ being more usual than ‘the child was twelve years’: see be v. 9c.
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) iv. 214 Þa ða se apostol wæs nigon & hundnigontig geara [lOE Corpus Cambr. 302 geara eald] þa æteowede him drihten Crist.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 191 Inne Griclonde was a ȝung mon of þriti ȝeren.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Josh. xiv. 10 To day y am of fyfe & heyȝty ȝeer.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11315 O gode haliman..O sex scor yeire, hight symeon.
c1485 (?a1400) Child Bristow l. 37 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 315 When the child was XII yere & more.
1543 in Somerset & Dorset Notes & Queries (1898) 6 203 Rauff Hayes of Stony Stretton in the countie of Som'sett aforesaid husbandman aged syx & fyfty yeres.
1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. x. 14 Ane woundit man, of aucht and threttie ȝeiris.
1571 in State Papers Domest. Elizabeth I (P.R.O.: SP ​12/78/9/1) f. 22v Marie his daughter of thage of x yeares both borne in Flaund'.
1609 in J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem ii. Table f. 62v The heire of ane Soccoman is of perfite age, quhen he is passed fivetene zeares.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. iii. 74 At seauenteene yeeres, many their fortunes seeke But at fourescore, it is too late a weeke. View more context for this quotation
1707 Boston News-let. 29 Sept. 2/2 Gabriel Jackson, aged about 18 years..has on..an old pair of Shoes, home made Stockings, and an old Hat.
1785 Bill for Improving Breed of Horses 31 Oct. in T. Jefferson Papers (1950) II. 443 No person shall suffer a stoned horse, of the age of two years..to run at large.
1828 Jackson's Oxf. Jrnl. 20 Dec. Lost, (supposed to be Stolen)..a black mare pony, about 12 hands high, aged six years.
1850 Ld. Tennyson Princess (ed. 3) 130 A nurse of ninety years.
1915 School Rev. 23 311 He found that for..the beginning of pubescence the middle of the mean years was fourteen years.
1936 J. G. Williams & H. J. May I am Black xviii. 181 There came before his eyes a boy of fourteen years.
2002 A. N. Wilson Victorians iii. 34 The case of Ellen Green, aged seven years, of Irish extraction.
6.
a. A specific year identified by a number (or a similar mechanism for counting) to distinguish it from others in the same chronological era or dating system.
(a) With modifying phrase indicating the era or dating system concerned; esp. (usually with reference to the incarnation or birth of Christ) a specific year of the Christian era. Cf. A.D. adv. at A n. Initialisms, B.C. n. at B n. Initialisms 1, C.E. n. at C n. Initialisms 3.More established phrases are treated at the final elements: see the year of Christ at Christ n. and int. Phrases 4, the year of the city at city n. Phrases 4, year of God at god n. and int. Phrases 2d, year of grace n. at grace n. Phrases 2g, the year of our Lord God at lord n. and int. Phrases 2a, the year of (our) redemption at redemption n. 2b, etc.
ΚΠ
OE Bounds (Sawyer 99) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1885) I. 240 Þis wæs gedon þy geare þe wæs agæn from Cristes flæscnesse dccxliii on þam cynehame þe is gecyged Bearuwe.
OE Royal Charter: Cnut to Christ Church, Canterbury (Sawyer 959) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 160 Ðeos landboc wæs gewriten on ðan þusende & ðri & twentehte gære fram ures Hlauordes Hælendes Christes akennednesse.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 7838 (MED) Þo deide he in þe ȝer of grace a þousend..& four score & seuene.
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 7096 The yeer of the incarnacioun A thousand and two hundred yeer Fyue and fifty [etc.].
a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. ii. sig. n.iiv The yere of our saueour in his humanite viii. hundreth complet .v. and seuentie.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke ii. v. f. 44v The water dial was vsed fyrst in Rome by P. Scipio Nasica ye ix.c. yere of the cytie to deuide ye houres of the day & night.
?1586 M. Hanmer Baptizing of Turke sig. E5v His letters bearing date the 15. of March, and in the yeare of great Iesu (so hee writeth) 1579.
a1646 J. Gregory Posthuma (1649) 165 That the first year Dionysian of Christ ought to bee reckoned the third.
1650 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes (new ed.) 103 Paracelsus was fast luted in his grave..about the year of Christs Incarnation 1541.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Decemvirate The Duumvirate lasted till the Year of Rome 388; when it was chang'd into a Decemvirate.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 220/2 In the year 203 B.C. the Rhodians engaged in a war with Philip of Macedon.
1819 A. Salamé Narr. Exped. Algiers i. 23 Done in duplicate, in the warlike city of Algiers, in the presence of Almighty God, the 28th day of August, in the year of Jesus Christ, 1816.
1874 R. Cleasby & G. Vigfusson Icelandic-Eng. Dict. (new ed.) at Godi About the year AD 930 the Althingi was erected.
1933 E. Waugh Scoop ii. iv. 226 New Calendar. Year One of the Soviet State of Ishmaelia.
1941 A. C. Bouquet Compar. Relig. ix. 172 The obligation up to the year A.D. 70 to pay a tax of half a shekel annually towards the upkeep of the Jerusalem temple.
2001 E. M. Göknar tr. O. Pamuk My Name is Red (2002) xx. 110 It would become a symbol of the vanquishing power of the Islamic Caliph Our Exalted Sultan, in the thousandth year of the Hegira.
(b) Without explicit reference to the dating system used: a specific year of the Christian era. Cf. year 2000 n.Also without distinguishing number: the year as a means of dating a letter, event, etc. (see for example quots. 1584, 1861).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > reckoning of time > chronology > [noun] > period with own chronological system or era > particular year in Christian era
year of gracec1325
(in) the year of our Lord (also our Lord God, our Lord's incarnation)1389
the year of Christc1392
Anno Dom.1438
year1482
anno1484
Anno Domini1485
the year of (our) redemption1513
A.D.1556
year of (man's) salvation1560
1482 W. Caxton in tr. Higden's Prolicionycion viii. viii. f. ccclxxxxviijv In the yere 1494 [read 1394] were trewes taken bytwene the kyng of Fraunce, and the kynge of Englonde.
a1500 (?1397) G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Digby 72) (1872) ii. Suppl. §44. 54 Be-hold wheþer thy date be more or lasse þan þe ȝere 1397.
1584 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1908) 5 64 The lettre from Richard Hutton written in September withowt yere.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. iv. vi. 278 The Prince of Orange..was in the yeere 1584 traiterously slaine.
a1700 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1911) 9 335 [They] were al by holy obedience sent to Paris in the yeare 1652.
1798 Instr. Envoys Extraordinary & Ministers Plenipotentiary U.S.A. to French Republic 73 On the twelfth Ventole, 5th year, (2d March, 1797).
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xlv. 539 [Caesar's 45th year] is commonly called by astronomers the year 0, but by chronologists the year 1 before Christ.
1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. xiii. 290 The Hielands hae been keepit quiet since the year aughty-nine—that was Killiecrankie year.
1861 M. Pattison in Westm. Rev. Apr. 407 Dr. Pauli..more than once gives the day and the month, without remembering to add the year of an event.
1954 R. Wailes Eng. Windmill viii. 83 Bennett and Elton quote the Oleron Laws adopted in England about the year 1314.
1972 R. Cobb Reactions to French Revol. i. 38 The coup d'état of Fructidor year V (Sept. 1797).
2012 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 7 June 42/1 The year 1922 famously saw the birth of High Modernism.
b. With ordinal number: a specific twelve-month portion of a period of rule, office, employment, etc., typically calculated from the first day of that period. Cf. regnal year n. at regnal adj. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > of office, study, or occupation
yeareOE
yeara1400
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Otho) v. xxi. 474 Þa wæs ymb seofon hund wintra & fif & twentig æfter þære Drihtenlican menniscnesse, þæt wæs þæt seofoþe gear Osrices Norþanhymbra cyninges.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9503 & ta wass kayfasess ȝer Þe fifte ȝer bigunnenn.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 21 (MED) Þe fif & þrittuðe ȝer of his rixlunge he set o kine-seotle iþe moder-burh of alexaundres riche.
c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 487 (MED) In the ellevethe ȝere Of the Kynges coronement.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 10 In his elleuent ȝere com folk, þat misleued.
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 138 Þe v. yer of þe reine of kinge Edwarde.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 103 Geuen at Laterane the tenth yere of our popedome.
1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection iii. 417 His father taking him into the societie of the crowne the fourth yeare of his empire.
1643 No Post from Heaven 4 In the 7. year, he [sc. Richard I] imposeth a contribution, called Tenementale.
1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 274 The first yeare of her marriage was Hony-moon with her, She thought nothing too dear for the King.
1693 G. Miège New State Eng. (ed. 2) iii. viii. 345 By a Statute made in the seventeenth Year of the Reign of Richard II. it is Ordained, that the Mayor of London shall have the Conservacy of the Thames.
a1727 I. Newton Chronol. Anc. Kingdoms Amended (1728) vi. 354 The 4th year of 83d Olympiad.
1845 Times 29 July 4/5 At present all candidates for employment in public offices were engaged for the first year only probationally.
1946 Life 14 Oct. 108/2 During the first year of their marriage he wrote Beyond the Horizon, a full-length play of marital misery.
1958 Mariner's Mirror 44 162 The New Measurement was enacted by Acts of Parliament of the fifth and sixth years of the reign of William IV.
2007 Laois (Ireland) Nationalist (Nexis) 13 Sept. The Harps reign of dominance over Laois camogie entered its second year on Saturday.
c. With ordinal number, usually following a possessive adjective: a specific twelve-month period in the lifetime of a person or animal, as reckoned from birth (the year between the birthdate and the first birthday being the first year); a specific year in the lifetime or existence of anything. Cf. sense 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > age > [noun] > specific age
yearOE
scorea1400
seventeena1568
threescorea1616
jubileea1640
military age1656
legal age1658
tecnogoniaa1676
sixty1717
forty1732
fifty1738
seven-year-old1762
teen1789
septuagenarianism1824
sexagenarianism1824
day-old1831
seventeen-year-old1858
centenarianism1863
roaring forties1867
twenties1874
leaving age1875
school-leaving age1881
octogenarianism1883
reading age1906
three1909
teenage1912
eleven-plus1937
OE Ælfric Homily (Corpus Cambr. 188) in B. Assmann Angelsächsische Homilien u. Heiligenleben (1889) 37 Seo wæs untymende oð ðæt hundnigonteoþe gear.
c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 2 What manere of lyuynge oure lorde Jesu hadde, and what he dede fro his .xij. ȝere vnto the bygynnynge of his .xxx. ȝere.
1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest iv. §6. f. 28 When a Hart is past his sixt yeere, he is generally to be called a Hart of Tenn.
1635 A. Stafford Femall Glory 76 His [sc. Christ's] living in obscurity from his twelfth to his thirtieth yeere.
1661 W. Lower Noble Ingratitude i. v. 20 in Three New Playes Scarce yet attained to the fifteenth yeer, When love and marriage was proposed to her.
1704 Dict. Rusticum at Oxen He will cast his two foremost Teeth in ten Months of his first Year.
1760 Impostors Detected II. iv. iii. 179 He..got me a wife by that time I had attained my fifteenth year.
1802 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) II. 877 I have since my twentieth year meditated an heroic poem on the Siege of Jerusalem by Titus.
1888 Home Missionary (N.Y.) Feb. 404 When a boy passes his fourteenth year he suddenly runs up to manhood in size.
1927 Travel Nov. 10/2 Having achieved this towering perfection, the palm withers and dies in its fiftieth year.
1990 Daily Tel. 26 Jan. 19/5 A motorist whose car has spent as much time in the repair shop as on the road in its first year stands a reasonable chance of getting a new replacement.
2010 New Yorker 18 Oct. 49/2 In his eightieth year, Baldessari is riding a wave of acclaim.
7. With modifying word or words.
a. A specific period of twelve months dedicated to the observation or celebration of something, normally running in concurrence with the usual calendar year; (in later use also) one dedicated to promoting or raising awareness of a particular issue, event, etc.In early use chiefly with reference to jubilee years (see jubilee n.) and sabbatical years (see sabbatical adj. 2a). Cf. also Holy Year n. at holy adj. and n. Compounds 2a.Recorded earliest in the Old English compound frēols-gēar jubilee year (for the first element see frels v.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun]
wintereOE
yeareOE
yearOE
yearOE
yearOE
twelvemonthc1275
a time and times and half a timec1384
foil1481
zodiacc1560
twelve moons1609
suns1743
outfit1791
snow1825
season1827
yr1880
eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 238 Iubelemus [read iubeleus], þæt freolsger.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xxv. 28 Þe biggere shal haue þat he bouȝte vnto þe Iubylee ȝeer [a1425 L.V. the ȝeer of iubilee, L. annum iubileum].
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 283 Þe eyȝteþe Bonefas was pope..his fifte ȝere was a ȝere of grace..he graunted large and greet pardoun to pilgrymes þat wolde come to Rome.
a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 280 In holy writ..Also we fyndyn a Sabat of ȝerys, þat was þe seueþe ȝer, for þat ȝer þe lond restede.
1599 R. Pont Newe Treat. Right Reckoning of Yeares 9 The 6. yeare of the governement of Iosua..was a Sabbatical yeare: and also the complete 49. yeare of a Iubilee.
1781 J. Moore View Society & Manners Italy II. xlviii. 39 The zeal of the peasants and manufacturers, the greater part of whom still make a point of visiting St. Peter's on the jubilee year.
1825 Relig. Intelligencer (New-Haven, Conn.) 12 Nov. 372/1 The many individual instances of the success of the Society's operations during the anniversary year.
1865 J. Martin tr. C. F. Keil & F. Delitzsch Biblical Comm. Pentateuch III. 370 It is still not called a sabbatical year, but simply the ‘year of release’.
1896 Atchison (Kansas) Daily Globe 18 June 3/3 The birthday of Burns has been for years almost a national holiday there, but this year is to be a Burns year above all others.
1960 Stamp Mag. May 454/1 Commemorative. For World Refugee Year (Overprint on the rest of the 1958 World Exhibition stamps, with surcharge in aid of World Refugee Year 1960).
1983 Out of Town Dec. 52/4 Those of us who go to church already know that 1984 is Christian Heritage Year.
2006 The Word July 19/4 During 1980, The Year Of The Disabled, Dury wrote the song Spasticus Autisticus.
b. A calendar year distinguished by the occurrence of a specified regular or recurring event.grasshopper year, presidential year, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > reckoned in a specific way
yearOE
year1597
calendar year1689
1597 E. Lively True Chronol. Persian Monarchie 65 Xenophon..writeth that the gouernment of Athens was committed to a few in that Olympick yeare.., but which Olympiad it was in number hee declareth not.
1705 C. Needham Ashby & White 38 At this rate none but Knaves or Beggars will be Mayors or Bayliffs in an Election-year.
1785 G. Forster tr. A. Sparrman Voy. Cape Good Hope I. ix. 367 Being one locust-year on a hunting expedition.., the Hottentots in those parts explained the abundance of these insects as proceeding from some great master conjuror.
1892 Observatory June 259 The year 1278 does not seem to have been a transit [i.e. of Mercury] year.
1981 Washington Post 19 May e2/2 Next year..is a World Cup year and I think that will rekindle a lot of interest in soccer.
2006 K. M. O'Neill Rivers by Design viii. 117 With..1912 being a presidential election year as well, the political opportunities were evident.
c. With of. In Chinese and East Asian astrology: any of the twelve years of the zodiac cycle (see zodiac n. Additions) represented by one of twelve animals, as year of the tiger (also dragon, pig, etc.). Also with preceding modifying noun, as dragon year, horse year, etc. Frequently with capital initials.
ΚΠ
1693 A. Pitfield tr. S. de La Loubère New Hist. Relation Kingdom Siam II. 169 The Twelve Names of the Year are: Pii ma mia, the Year of the Little Mare... Pii Vok, the Year of the Ape. Pii Rakaa, the Year of the Crow [etc.].
1759 Mod. Part Universal Hist. IV. iii. iii. 388 Historians do not mention..the month in which Jenghîz Khân left Mogulistân in the year of the Hare.
1793 C. R. Hopson tr. C. P. Thunberg Trav. III. 90 The year 1774 was the Horse-year of the Japanese, and 1776 their Ape-year.
1837 T. De Quincey Revolt of Tartars in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 96/2 The year of the tiger was now within one little month of its commencement.
1891 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. Apr. 207 The cyclic characters according to which they [sc. Tibetans] reckon years are the mouse year, the ox year, the hare year, etc.
1913 Young People Oct. 20/2 A Chinaman will sometimes even yet tell he was born in the dragon year or in the dog year.
1946 Times 21 Oct. 5/4 This year is the Year of the Dog, next year will be the Year of the Pig.
2011 New Yorker 31 Jan. 70/3 According to the Chinese zodiac she was born in the Year of the Tiger.
8.
a. A period of twelve months constituting part or all of a term of office, employment, study, etc., and reckoned from the point at which that commenced.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > of office, study, or occupation
yeareOE
yeara1400
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 3893 His ȝeres passed & seuen dayes Rachel he weddide þe story sayes.
1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 162 Suche greate charges as they [sc. sheriffs]..must bere by Reason of the same Office after their yer Ended.
1611 B. Jonson Catiline iii. sig. E4v Which I'le performe..not for my yeare, But for my life. View more context for this quotation
1616 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 3 34 There in your English Colledge,..he liued and heard his course of philosophie and almost two yeares of school diuinitie.
1785 R. H. Lee Let. 12 Dec. in J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 544 My presidential year being ended, I had left New York for this place. [Lee had been president of the Continental Congress.]
1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 644 His three years of heroship expired, Returns indignant to the slighted plough.
1848 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 30/2 Her poor lover, who had not quite finished his year of probation, served as acolyte.
1898 Saddlery & Harness Dec. 10/1 The Chairman said he..was sure that Mr. Yates would have the strong support of the Committee during his year of office.
1936 D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night (1968) i. 15 Harriet remembered her well—always popping in and out of the J.C.R. during her year of residence.
1969 Art Jrnl. 28 398/2 After a year of mourning and a second marriage, his father sent him to a school of decorative arts in Salzburg.
2014 J. Hawkins Michael Jordan ix. 84 He announced he would retire at season's end. ‘I just want to fulfill my year and enjoy it,’ Jordan said.
b. A period of twelve months as a term of imprisonment. Frequently in plural, with numeral.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun] > sentence or term of > specific term of (year(s))
year1874
rest1882
two-spot1885
trey1887
swy1924
sawbuck1925
handful1930
taxi1930
nickel1953
dime1967
1874 W. S. Gilbert Charity ii. 21 Mr. S. There is nothing to connect me with that matter... Ruth. Nothing?.. I've writin' of yours [sc. a forged burial certificate] which is fourteen year, if it's a day.
1901 Scotsman 27 Feb. 11/1 The woman also told him that..if he was not careful she could get him fifteen years.
1998 C. Mims When we Die (1999) viii. 187 The judge gave him forty years (eight years for each victim).
2006 in J. Díaz-Cotto Chicana Lives & Criminal Justice vii. 126 They gave me a year... At the time you just served half... I was off for one month then went back for another year. Same thing..15, 20 times.
9.
a. A period or course of study of the length of one academic year; (hence) a level corresponding to the number of years of study undertaken within a particular educational course or system. Usually with distinguishing word, esp. an ordinal number.In North American schools (although not universities) grade is the more usual term for a numbered level within an educational course or system: see grade n. 4c.matric year, plebe year, semi-year, senior year, sophomore year, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [noun] > attendance at school > time of
school hour1581
schooldays1597
year1607
school years1738
school time1754
school-tide1808
1607–8 Christmas Prince (1922) 3 They whome they call Fresh-menn Punies of the first yeare.
1658 J. Wallis Let. 11 Nov. in Z. Grey Impartial Exam. 2nd Vol. Daniel Neal's Hist. Puritans (1739) App. 155 Elston of Wadham College, third year, Philosophy optime, Greek mediocriter. Crosse of Magdelen Hall, a Freshman, bene.
a1745 J. Swift Char. of Dr. Sheridan in Wks. (1765) XVI. 81 The doctor was then so poor, that he could not add fourteen pounds, to enable the boy to finish the year.
1795 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 818 The Freshman's year being expired, the next distinctive appellation conferred is A Soph Mor.
1830 4th Ann. Rep. President Harvard Univ. to Overseers 1828–9 App. p. v Instruction in this branch commences in the Freshman year, with recitations from the ‘Cambridge Mathematics’.
1857 Dublin Univ. Cal. (ed. 3) 39 Political Economy,..As in third year, with the addition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.
1960 J. E. Macdonnell Subsmash! 32 At the Uni. I'm doing medicine. Final year, in fact.
1985 Sunday Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 28 July Kevin, who left school after Year 10, has been unemployed since January.
2009 D. Ong Internat. Students' Handbk. vii. 185 I was able to graduate in my final year without any negative incidents (especially failing my degree).
b. The body of students in a school, university, etc., who are at the same stage of education, generally having begun their studies at the same date.In North America class is more usual; see class n. 10.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > college or university student > [noun] > division containing all students of same year
class1672
year1809
1809 Philos. Trans. Abridged 1763–9 (Royal Soc.) 12 19 (note) He was distinguished as senior wrangler, or the first student of the year.
1848 E. Creasy Eton Coll. 42 The relative positions which the boys of each year had occupied in the school.
1871 S. Smiles Character iii. 68 At the following Christmas examination he was the first of his year.
1935 D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night vii. 139 There are some oddities in the First Year... I expect the Third Year said the same about us..but..I should call the whole of our year pretty sound.
1967 A. Watt Evol. Austral. Foreign Policy 1938–65 (1968) iii. 44 Graduating as a Bachelor of Laws with first-class honours and the University Medal for the best student of his year.
1999 J. Cassidy Street Life 109 I was a straight A student at GCSE level, and pretty much kept my head down as I didn't really get on with many people in my year.
2003 Navy News Sept. 38/4 The Pied Piper, recently devised and performed by Year 7 and Year 8, was a rich kaleidoscope of pupils working together creatively and with commitment.
c. attributive with distinguishing word: designating something relating to the specified year in an educational course or system; spec. designating a student in the specified year. Cf. sense 9a.
ΚΠ
1816 Q. Rev. July 576 Intended for the Use of Mathematical Seminaries, and of first-year Men at College.
1871 L. H. Bagg Four Years at Yale iii. iv. 630 In the senior year examinations, it is a not uncommon practice to ‘swap’ papers.
1913 J. Vaizey College Girl ii. xix. 268 One word in your ear! Don't ask a third-year girl to dance with you.
1983 Listener 3 Nov. 17/2 Rodents and I clashed again in my final-year psychopharmacology project.
1998 New Yorker 10 Aug. 62/3 She was sitting here, a perfectly normal, only a little bit messed up junior-year anthropology major, holed up here studying for comps.
2004 D. Thompson in P. Travers & G. Klein Equal Meas. i. 12 There are history units where Year 8 pupils are colouring in pictures of Henry VIII's wives or selected Norman castles.
d. With distinguishing word, esp. a number: a student in the specified year of study. Cf. sense 9c.In U.S. universities students are generally referred to using specific individual terms: see freshman n. 2a, sophomore n. 1b, junior n. 1a, senior adj. 2b(b).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > division of pupils > form or class > pupil in
third-former1869
middler1874
primer1885
year1927
third-grader1962
1927 R. Lehmann Dusty Answer iii. i. 124 I've done six hours every day this vac... Sibyl Jones has done ten hours every day... Third years ought to be more sensible.
1979 D. Brierley Cold War iii. 26 Sociology second years from Nanterre.
2003 K. Sampson Freshers 56 A boisterous pack of second and third years had taken over O'Neill's main room.
2013 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 15 Nov. 5 Year nines think they are cool smoking weed. They have no idea where it is taking them.
II. More vaguely: a length or space of time; a period consisting of a number of years.
10. In plural.
a. Age; the length of time that a living thing has lived. Also in extended use. Cf. age n. 3a.This sense relates to age as a general concept; uses assigning a specific age to a person or thing are covered at sense 5.years of discretion: see discretion n. Phrases 1b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > age > [noun]
eldOE
yearsOE
oldc1175
statea1350
agea1387
springs1597
seniority1776
standing1789
OE Genesis A (1931) 2383 Heo gearum frod þone hleoðorcwyde husce belegde on sefan swiðe.
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 170 On þære tide wæs sum æðelboren mæden Agnes gehaten..cildlic on gearum and ealdlic on mode.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) 29 Maximien luuede an eleusium..riche of rente & ȝung mon of ȝeres.
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1964 Infinite been the sorwes and the teerys Of olde folk. and folk of tendre yeerys..for the deeth of this Theban.
?1483 Lament Edward IV (Harl.) l. 37 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 251 I se well they lyve that dowbyll my yerys.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 205v He was yong & yepe of yeris but lyte.
1577 M. Hanmer tr. Socrates Scholasticus i. vii, in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 233 I my selfe learned it, of one that was of no small creditt, of greate yeares.
c1610–1615 Life Holie Keyna in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 39 When she was of yeares fitt for marriage.
1662 J. Milton To Sir H. Vane in G. Sykes Life & Death Sir H. Vane 93 Vane, young in years, but in sage counsel old.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. xii. xiii. 302 You may change your Opinion if you live to my Years . View more context for this quotation
1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. xiii. 356 That Madame Cheron at her years should elect a second husband was ridiculous.
1805 J. Lawrence Gen. Treat. Cattle 17 A process which goes on to the end of the animal's life, its years being determinable by the number of these rings upon the horns.
1853 F. S. Mines Presbyterian Clergyman looking for Church ii. 17 A tradition that I have since discovered to be not very venerable for its years.
1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. vi. 594 William, still a boy in years but a man in conduct and counsel.
1920 R. Macaulay Potterism i. i. 3 They were..as intellectually snobbish as was proper to their years.
2005 R. Douglas Night Song Last Tram 174 Streetwise beyond his years, there was nothing that frightened him.
†b. The point of life which brings maturity or adulthood. Esp. in into (also of, to, etc.) years. Also in extended use. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > adult > [noun] > adulthood or maturity
full eldOE
agec1275
douthc1275
full agec1390
maturitya1475
years?1532
just age1541
just years1541
consistencea1613
grown years1645
legal age1658
adultness1663
adultagea1670
muttonhood1841
adulthood1850
?1532 T. Elyot tr. Plutarch Educ. Children (new ed.) iii. sig. Biiiv But after your chyldren be comen to yeres [Gk. ἡλικίαν λάβωσιν], whan they shuld be comytted to Tutours, than for the remenaunt of theyr educacion you muste be circumspecte.
1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. i. sig. Biiv As the world grewe into yeares, and the earth began to waxe thicke peopled, loke as the nombre did encreace.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 66 Till my infant fortune comes to yeares . View more context for this quotation
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 392 If the horse be of yeeres.
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. ii Vnder Yeeres, Minoritie, Nonage.
1700 S. L. tr. C. Frick Relation Voy. in tr. C. Frick & C. Schweitzer Relation Two Voy. E.-Indies 1 Ever since I came to years, that I could tell my own inclinations.
1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 85 As they grew into Years.
1798 Christian Mag. 1 Oct. 458 When Ishmael came of years, his mother took him a wife out of Egypt.
1839 L. Bacon 13 Hist. Disc. 274 Connecticut, having come to years, was old enough to act for herself.
1869 Spiritual Mag. Jan. 3 You are getting into years. True. But you are getting out again.
†c. The later part of life, old age. Frequently in in years. Also in extended use. Obsolete (in later use archaic and poetic).stricken in years, struck in years, strucken in years: see the first elements.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > age > old age > [noun]
eld971
old agec1330
agec1380
last agea1382
oldc1385
aldereldea1400
winterc1425
vilessec1430
annosityc1450
senectute1481
the black ox1546
golden years1559
years1561
great1587
afterlife1589
setting sun1597
antiquity1600
chair-daysa1616
the vale of yearsa1616
grandevity1623
green old age1634
eldship1647
senioritya1688
the other side of the hill1691
the decline of life1711
senectude1756
senility1791
senectitude1796
post-climacteric1826
Anno Domini1885
senium1911
golden age1946
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. N.i I haue knowen men of yeeres haue very perfect brestes and most nimble fingers for instrumentes, muche more then some yong men.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) iii. 130 It is better for a man to chuse a young wife, then one in yeares.
1633 W. Laud Let. 9 Sept. in Earl of Strafford Lett. & Disp. (1739) I. 111 I am in Years, and have had a troublesome Life.
1683 J. Eliot Let. 27 Nov. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) V. 434 I am deepe in years, & sundry say, if I doe not procure it printed while I live, it is not within the prospect of humane reason, whether ever..it may be accomplished.
1736 R. Brookes tr. J.-B. Du Halde et al. Gen. Hist. China III. 168 Upon this, without considering he was a Man in Years, he gave him a hearty Push and threw him down.
1773 C. Burney Present State Music in Germany I. 324 Wagenseil is rather in years, thin, and infirm.
1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain i. viii. 26 The Man of Years mused long and deep.
1868 R. Browning Ring & Bk. I. iii. 172 He was slipping into years apace, And years make men restless.
11.
a. With possessive: the period during which a person or thing lives or exists; lifetime, lifespan. In later use only in plural.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > course or span of life
life-dayOE
year-daysOE
timeOE
dayOE
lifeOE
life's timeOE
livelihoodOE
yearOE
lifetimea1300
life-whilea1300
for (also to) term of (a person's) lifea1325
coursec1384
livingc1390
voyage1390
agea1398
life's dayc1425
thread1447
racea1450
living daysc1450
natural life1461
lifeness1534
twist1568
leasec1595
span1599
clew1615
marcha1625
peregrination1653
clue1684
stamen1701
life term1739
innings1772
lifelong1814
pass-through1876
inning1885
natural1891
life cycle1915
puff1967
OE Lambeth Psalter xxx. 11 Quoniam defecit in dolore uita mea et anni mei in gemitibus : forðan þe ateorode on sare lif min & gearas mine on geomrungum uel on siccetum.
c1175 ( in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 58 Heo [sc. fasting] ȝemoniȝfealdaþ þæs monnes ȝear; & heo ȝeweliȝæþ ðæs monnes mod.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxxix. 10 (MED) Our ȝeres shal þenchen as þe lob.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xxxviii. 15 I shal eft thenke to thee alle my ȝeres, in the bitternesse of my soule.
c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) 215 (MED) Fram þe ȝouþe of my ȝer ȝerned ich have Of wide werkus to wite.
a1542 T. Wyatt Coll. Poems (1969) 119 Take me not lord away In myddes off my yeres.
1591 R. Bruce Serm. Edinb. (Isa. xxxviii. 15) sig. N3v I shall from henceforth all the rest of my zeires, walke overpassing the bitternes of my soule.
1611 Bible (King James) Isa. xxxviii. 10 I am depriued of the residue of my yeeres . View more context for this quotation
1659 H. Plumptre in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. v. 6 Wishing that all your yeares yet to come may passe over with mirth and jollityes.
1705 M. Pix Conquest of Spain i. 10 Yet, like a Spring, it has reviv'd again This Autumn of my Years.
1749 R. Dodsley Preceptor I. iv. 293 By viewing it [sc. the Assyrian Empire] in relation to the several Periods and Epochas that fall within the Compass of its Years.
1883 Cent. Mag. Aug. 512/1 The poor cumberers of the ground, who..had been all their years living on the tolerance of a silly, good-hearted Mexican proprietor.
1917 McClure's Mag. May 27/1 Mary became the greatest achievement I have known in all my years.
1992 RSA Jrnl. 140 693/1 Her generation, now in the twilight of its years.
2009 New Yorker 23 Nov. 108/1 After their hour is done they will live out their years forgotten and alone, on the floor of the closet, alongside the fondue forks.
b. In plural. With modifying word or words (usually including a possessive): a part of a person’s lifetime characterized by a particular experience, activity, pursuit, etc.; a particular period or stage of a person's life. Cf. school year n. 1. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > as duration of some experience
yearsOE
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xl. 528 On ealdlicum gearum bið ðæs mannes wæstm gebiged, his swura aslacod, his neb bið gerifod, & his leomu ealle gewæhte.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 10885 Himm birrþ beon fullwaxenn mann & shadd fra childess gæress.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 41 (MED) Ivlius Cesar..lokede and serchede stories and bookes of his ȝeres of doynge and dedes.
a1500 Lancelot of Laik (1870) 1432 Euery gilt..Done frome he passith the ȝeris of Innocens.
1548 F. Bryan tr. A. de Guevara Dispraise Life Courtier ii. sig. b.viiv Plato was in his yong yeres very worldely.
a1600 T. Deloney Thomas of Reading (1612) ii. sig. B2 Those were my golden dayes, wherein my pleasure abounded, but these are my yeeres of care and griefe, wherein my sorrowes exceede.
c1690 J. Locke Thoughts on Conduct of Understanding §41 In their tender years, ideas that have no natural cohesion, come to be united in their heads.
1706 tr. L. E. Du Pin New Eccl. Hist. 16th Cent. II. v. 85 The opinions of the Calvinists, to which he had been inclinable in his younger years.
1767 Friendly Instructor (ed. 3) II. xii. 99 It [sc. my temper] was so little discern'd in my years of childhood.
1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iii. 42/1 Our dim arras-picture of these University years.
1891 G. Schumm tr. J. H. Mackay Anarchists vi. 183 An old comrade whom he had not seen..since his years of storm and stress in Paris.
1951 Yale French Stud. No. 7. 26 A life of action and enjoyment which is contrasted with the reclusion of his bachelor years.
1977 Weekend Mag. (Toronto) 26 Nov. 19/2 In all his years as prime minister, King made only two speeches in French.
2000 J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. (rev. ed.) iv. 210 The Spinhaler, said to have been inspired by Altounyan's memories of his war years behind a Spitfire propeller.
12. In plural (and formerly †singular).
a. A period, an era, a time; esp. one characterized by some distinguishing feature or circumstance. See also fernyear n.Often merely a contextual use of sense 3a(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > [noun] > in a life or history of something
yearsc1175
epoch1768
era1796
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9487 Kayfass wass o þatt ȝer, Þatt crist wass don o rode.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 161 Iþe forme ȝeres [of monastic life] nis hit bute bal plowe.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. l. 779 (MED) Hit laste into the yeer Of Albert and of Berenger.
a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. l. 1223 The Lord of Lordis, Lord of lengest yeeris.
1549 R. Crowley Psalter of Dauid xc. sig. Cc.i.v And for the yeres of miserie, make vs reioyce agayne.
1612 S. Lennard tr. P. de Mornay Mysterie Iniquitie 505 Since the later yeares of Vrban they had not receiued any Senators from without [Rome].
1674 M. Scrivener Course Divinity ii. xxi. 539 A fond piece of Religion, which in past years Puritans were wonderfully strict in.
1780 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) IV. i. 14 Those who know any thing of the state of painting in this country of late years.
1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect Introd. ii. 36 The experimental enquiries of recent years have thrown much light upon this..subject.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vii. §8. 430 The last years of Elizabeth's reign were years of splendour and triumph abroad.
1885 Good Words Jan. 63/1 The years of evil fame which followed the annus mirabilis of 1815.
1947 B. Feller Strikeout Story iv. 32 They see the Yankees crushed and broken after long years of American League dominance.
2013 New Yorker 24 June 25/1 In the closing years of the last century, newspapers and broadcasters reported extensively on a program known as Echelon.
b. A long but indefinite period of time; (hyperbolically) a very long time, an age.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > [noun] > long duration or lasting through time > a long time
seven daysOE
a while1297
dreichc1440
dreightc1450
yearsa1470
age1577
week1597
montha1616
patriarch's age1693
length1697
eternity1700
a month of Sundays1759
a week of Sundays1822
a week of Saturdays1831
dog's age1833
forever1833
while1836
aeon1880
donkey's years1916
light year1929
yonks1968
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 635 Thus Anglydes endured yerys and wyntyrs, tyll Alysaundir was bygge and stronge.
1559 W. Bavand tr. J. Ferrarius Common Weale f. 203v Let theim take heede, that thei flatter not theim selues, and deuise a longe yere of amendement.
1692 J. Dryden Cleomenes i. i. 4 Where hast thou been this long long Year of Hours?
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 58 Yet is not the Success for Years assur'd. View more context for this quotation
1719 I. Watts Psalms of David 229 Our God, our help in ages past, Our hope for years to come.
c1759 J. Goff in Jrnl. Friends Hist. Soc. (1918) 69 Dr Betty, I think every Day Absent from thee, Years.
1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond II. i. 20 At certain periods of life we live years of emotion in a few weeks.
1861 H. A. Jacobs Incidents Life Slave Girl xii. 102 They had found a few parcels of shot in his house, which his wife had for years used to balance her scales.
1925 Boys' Life Sept. 22/2 Why, it takes years and years to learn to be a good detective.
1963 J. R. R. Tolkien Let. 1 Nov. (1995) 336 Years before I had rejected as disgusting cynicism..the words of warning given me by old Joseph Wright.
2013 New Yorker 24 June 36/1 The N.S.A. has been gathering data online for years.

Phrases

P1. With a preceding preposition.
a.
(a) by the year: every year, per year. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [adjective] > year to year
by the yearc1325
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 6999 (MED) Þe king confermede hor ȝiftes..and þat nas noȝt lute þere, Vor it wolde finde hom lec & worten inowe bi þe ȝere.
1375 in A. H. Cooke Early Hist. Mapledurham (1925) 206 (MED) Certeyn londis..by Estimacion yildyng by the yere xs.
?a1450 in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (1817) I. 443 (MED) Sche shall pay for a gown to her grome coke and her poding wief by the yere ij s.
a1500 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 59 ij suttes by ye ȝer' to ye sayd cowrtt.
1597 in T. Stretton Marital Litigation Court of Requests (2008) 184 He..had in marriage with her the somme of five hundred pounds ready money & moneys worthe, over & besides the some of forty pounds in lands by the yeare.
1640 W. Habington Hist. Edward IV 95 The reward of a hundred pound by the yeare during life.
1736 Gentleman's Mag. Sept. 543 A curate of full thirty pounds by the year, Alone, on a garron, at Naas did appear.
1820 W. Scott Abbot I. iv. 101 He will enjoy five marks by the year, and the professor's cast-off suit, which he disparts with biennially.
1821 Times 30 July 3/2 The persons qualified to serve on juries are:—All persons having 10l. by the year of freehold [etc.].
1903 Fenland Notes & Queries 5 169 Enforcing, roking and cleansing of sewers three times by the year.
†(b) by year: every year, per year. In early use also by years. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [adverb]
yearlyeOE
by yeara1382
year by yeara1393
from year to yearc1400
per annum1531
strawberry-wise1548
annuallya1555
per ann.1610
anniversarilya1631
twelvemonthly1847
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) 3 Esdras iv. 51 In to the making of the temple to ȝiue bi ȝeris [L. per singulos annos] twenti talentis, vnto the time that it be ful bilded.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10212 (MED) Þai halud alle þe festes dere þe Iues war wonto halu bi yere.
a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 1715 She..tauhte ther laboreris To sowe ther greyn & multeplie bi yeris.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 23 A ladi..that might spende more thanne fyue hundred pounde bi yeere.
1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xxxviiiiv Yf suche lande be worthe .xl. s. by yere.
a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 7 A stipend of 200 Crounes by yeare.
1641 Acts Second Parl. Edinb. 1640 (Wing S1168F) 39 Ten thousand merks by yeare of Land rent.
1698 J. Strype Life Sir T. Smith iii. 26 Withal, he prayed him to provide some good Rider for these Noble Wards,..and he would give him xx l. by Year, if Smith should so judge him worthy.
1797 Philanthrope No. 4. 22 He..had now several thousands by year.
b. of the year: denoting a person or thing considered to be the leading example of his, her, or its kind in a particular year. Cf. of prep. 30e.
ΚΠ
1802 J. West Infidel Father I. iv. 88 Lady Languish, the beauty of the year..softness, susceptibility, and an affectation of weakness almost to fragility, were the distinguishing traits of this reigning grace.
1846 Almanack of Month Jan. 38 This [sc. Dickens' Cricket on the Hearth] is something more than the book of the month, for it is, par excellence, the book of the year.
1910 Vogue 15 Mar. 96 (advt.) This wonderful wash fabric has been the sensation of the year, possessing as it does the brilliancy, character and beauty of the richest rough silks.
1979 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 21 May Captain Kenny Dalglish, England's player of the year, remains the great Scottish enigma.
2012 Green Parent Apr. 38/1 This innovative bunch were directly responsible for the term ‘locavore’ which became Word of the Year in the Oxford American dictionary.
P2. Reduplicated with an intervening preposition or conjunction.
†a. for year and year: in each successive year, every year. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 176 Ffor yere and yere they schulde make paymente, And some tyme als too yere and too yere.
a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 175 Now wolle ye here how they in Cotteswolde Were wonte to borowe, or they schulde be solde, Here wolle gode, as for yere and yere [a1475 Harl. 4011 fro yere to yere].
b. from year to year: in each successive year, every year; continuously for a number of years; (with reference to a tenancy agreement) arranged in periods of a year; (with reference to a tenant) having such a tenancy agreement. Formerly also †for year into year. Cf. year-to-year adj. [Compare post-classical Latin de anno in annum (12th cent.), Anglo-Norman and Middle French d’an en an (early 14th cent.; French d’an en an ), and also Middle Dutch van jare te jare (compare Dutch van jaar tot jaar ). Compare earlier from (also fro) day to day at day n. Phrases 2c and the foreign-language parallels cited at that lemma.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [adverb] > all year > year in year out or year after year
from year to year1384
year by yeara1393
year after year?1567
year in and year out1819
perennially1861
the world > time > period > year > [adverb]
yearlyeOE
by yeara1382
year by yeara1393
from year to yearc1400
per annum1531
strawberry-wise1548
annuallya1555
per ann.1610
anniversarilya1631
twelvemonthly1847
1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 24 That the aldermen sholden be remoued for yer in to yer.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 2933 Sendeþ vs..On hundreþ þousande besauntz (From ȝer to ȝer [a1425 Linc. Inn ȝeir to ȝeir] ne mowen ȝee faile).
a1475 Visio Philiberti (Brogyntyn) in J. O. Halliwell Early Eng. Misc. (1855) 20 (MED) There as thou hast deyllyd from heyre to ȝere.
1539 Bible (Great) 1 Sam. ii. 19 Hys mother made hym a lytle coate, and brought it to him from yere to yere.
1645 J. Milton Sonnet i, in Poems 44 As thou from yeer to yeer hast sung too late For my relief.
1688 M. Waite Epist. Women's Yearly Meeting 9 Let the record be kept from month to month, and from year to year, of the Lord's dealing with us.
1736 Gentleman's Mag. Aug. 458/2 There are Multitudes of People in this Kingdom, who..just make a Shift to rub on, from Year to Year, upon Credit and a running Trade.
1838 H. H. White Watkins' Princ. Conveyancing (ed. 8) ii. 28 (note) A tenancy from year to year.
1870 T. H. Huxley Lay Serm. (1877) 251 That the energy radiated from year to year was supplied from year to year.
1902 Times 20 June 10/6 The rent which a tenant from year to year might reasonably be expected to give for the hereditament.
1940 M. Mitchell Let. 11 Nov. in Gone with the Wind Lett. (1986) 319 Not just a brief grassfire flare of notoriety but solid success that grew from year to year.
2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) vii. 219 Around 1300, though, the climate in the North Atlantic began to get cooler and more variable from year to year.
†c. from (a number of) years to (the same number of) years and variants: denoting repetition or recurrence at a specified interval of years; every (specified number of) years. Also occasionally two year and two year: every two years. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 62 Fro ȝer to ȝer, fro seuene ȝer to seuene ȝer.
a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 176 Ffor yere and yere they schulde make paymente, And some tyme als too yere and too yere.
1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course v. f. 68 The Greekes..were constrained from three yeares to three, to put betweene them an odd moneth.
1601 R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. xviii. 90 Whereby it commeth, that from fowre yeere to foure yeere, is reckoned a bissextile day [i.e. a leap day].
1681 E. Everard Pressures & Grievances Protestants France 35 Those Provinces where the Synods assemble not but from two years to two years.
1798 A. Wall Acct. Ceremonies Senate House Univ. Cambr. 176 The practice is for the reader to continue from two years to two years, without fresh elections.
1845 N. Brit. Rev. Feb. 629 The candidates for this certificate are examined publicly in the manner and form set forth from five years to five years by the Government.
d. year after year: for years in succession; on many successive occasions; repeatedly, across a number of years. Cf. after prep. 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [adverb] > all year > year in year out or year after year
from year to year1384
year by yeara1393
year after year?1567
year in and year out1819
perennially1861
?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter cxix. 364 Yere after yere: me then vpshore: with thy good helping hand.
1611 Bible (King James) 2 Sam. xxi. 1 There was a famine..three yeeres, yeere after yeere . View more context for this quotation
1702 H. Collins Temple Repair'd 59 All those Churches who live year after year without a Pastor.
1798 Appeal to People of Eng. occasioned by Declar. French Directory 7 I wonder..what Aladin's Lamp has poured down at his feet, all the millions which they have year after year supposed him to spend in bribery.
1830 Ld. Tennyson Sleeping Beauty i, in Poems 143 Year after year unto her feet,..The maiden's jetblack hair hath grown.
1838 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 733/1 They [sc. eagles] not only pair, but continue in pairs all the year round; and the same pair procreates year after year.
1907 M. O. Wright Gray Lady & Birds xxii. 314 Our eastern Bluebird is a home-body, loving his nesting-haunt and returning to it year after year.
1994 E. L. Doctorow Waterworks 59 Remembrances take on a luminosity from their repetition in your mind year after year.
P3. With a following adverb.
a. year in (and) year out: every year for a number of successive years; continuously, all year round. [Compare Dutch jaar in, jaar uit (1708), (also) jaar uit, jaar in (1657), German Jahr ein, Jahr aus , jahrein, jahraus , (also) Jahr aus, Jahr ein , jahraus, jahrein (17th cent. or earlier); compare also day in (and) day out at day n. Phrases 3b, week in (and) week out at week n. Phrases 3d.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > continuing > continually (in action) [phrase]
night and dayeOE
day and nightOE
without(en) blina1300
morning, noon, and nightc1325
but stintc1330
by and byc1330
early and latec1330
without ceasec1330
without ceasinga1340
withouten hoc1374
without releasec1400
still opece1422
in a ranec1480
never ceasable?1518
without remorse1555
every foot (and anon)1561
round1652
year in and year out1819
twenty-four hours a day1914
the world > time > period > year > [adverb] > all year > year in year out or year after year
from year to year1384
year by yeara1393
year after year?1567
year in and year out1819
perennially1861
1819 Academician 18 Dec. 370/2 Instead..of keeping children, year in and year out, spelling and accenting, and guessing; teach them to spell and read sentences.
1830 Massachusetts Spy 28 July 4/1 I've been to..school year in and year out.
1868 L. M. Alcott Little Women I. xv. 230 You see other girls having splendid times, while you grind, grind, year in and year out.
1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 65/2 The stupendous household tasks that had to be done year in and year out.
1995 K. Ishiguro Unconsoled viii. 99 Mr Christoff's recitals..became our great talking points, year in, year out.
b.
year out n. a year spent away from one's regular work, education, etc.; (now) esp. (chiefly British) = gap year n. at gap n.1 Additions.
ΚΠ
1887 Rep. Hampton Normal & Agric. Inst. in Ann. Rep. Officers, Boards, & Inst. Commonw. Virginia ii. 117 The Training Class has done better this year than ever before, owing evidently to the practice and ambition gained in their year out.
1936 Abilene (Texas) Daily Reporter 16 Jan. 11/6 He took a year out [sc. from the banking industry] during the World War, for service in the 49th infantry.
1958 Washington Post 2 Sept. b4/3 She..took a job with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory and then took a year out to go to the University of Maryland for graduate study.
2013 Guardian (Electronic ed.) 8 June 12 She got into Goldsmith's College as she had always wanted, but found she enjoyed her job at a software company on a year out and never took up the place.
P4. With a verb.
a.
(a) to see the (old) year out and variants: to mark or celebrate the end of the year on 31 December, typically staying up until after midnight.
ΚΠ
1808 Salmagundi 25 Jan. 511 The renowned Rip Van Dam..always did honour to the season by seeing out the old year.
1840 C. Dickens Let. ?18 Dec. (1969) II. 169 Will you dine with us on the last day of the old year—just to see it jollily out.
1868 J. W. Ebsworth Karl's Legacy I. xix. 286 Come, see the Year out; With a health to the worthy old soul!
1875 L. Troubridge Jrnl. in Life amongst Troubridges (1966) 134 It's eleven o'clock now, and shall I tell you what we three are doing? Watching the Old Year out and the New Year in.
1939 H. Nicolson Diary 31 Dec. (1967) II. 52 I do not stay to watch the New Year in or the Old Year out. I write this diary at 11.45 and shall not wait.
2004 Independent 27 Dec. 26/5 The general will see out the year in style, starting off New York's New Year's Eve shindig in Times Square.
(b) to see the (new) year in and variants: to remain awake in order to mark or celebrate the start of a new year, at midnight on 31 December.
ΚΠ
1839 Mirror of Lit. 19 Jan. 35/1 Let's merrily sing the New Year in, And have no thought of sadness.]
1875 L. Troubridge Jrnl. in Life amongst Troubridges (1966) 134 It's eleven o'clock now, and shall I tell you what we three are doing? Watching the Old Year out and the New Year in.
1916 M. Diver Desmond's Daughter iii. x. 227 Accepting an invitation to..‘see the New Year in’ with Thea.
1939 H. Nicolson Diary 31 Dec. (1967) II. 52 I do not stay to watch the New Year in or the Old Year out. I write this diary at 11.45 and shall not wait.
1952 R. Macaulay Let. 2 Jan. (1961) 243 A lot of people prefer to merry-make, and see the year in with babble and revel and wine.
1993 S. Marshall Nest of Magpies (1994) xxxix. 332 We returned to Benedict's refreshed and looking forward, in time to see the New Year in there together.
b.
(a) to take years off (also from) a person and variants: to make a person look or feel much younger; to rejuvenate person.
ΚΠ
1844 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 550/2 It was a sight to make brighter and bolder the fearless heart of youth,—to take years from the brows of age.
1893 A. Conan Doyle Refugees xii. 123 The change had taken years from a face and figure which had always looked much younger than her age.
1895 Rosary Mag. Dec. 591 Success had taken years from Uncle Seth, and he did not seem at all too old for our darling girl, Blanche.
1947 Life 27 Jan. 116/1 (advt.) Smooth, clean Barbasol shaves..take years off a man's looks, and minutes off his shaving time.
1996 R. Doyle Woman who walked into Doors (1998) xxviii. 213 I'll never forget that—the excitement and terror. It felt so good. It took years off me.
2001 L. Ryan Year of her Life 46 A good cut and some highlights would take years off you.
(b) to put years on a person and variants: to make a person look or feel much older; to age a person.
ΚΠ
1851 J. F. Waller in Dublin Univ. Mag. May 633 Children whose tiny faces, sharp and shrunk, Put years upon them; the precocious growth Of those that knew no sport save toil.
1876 ‘Mrs. Forrester’ Diana Carew (U.S. ed.) xxix. 282 I can't think why you will persist in thinking me such a boy;..knocking about as I've done puts years on to a fellow.
1914 Scotsman 23 Nov. 11/5 Three months out there [sc. in the trenches] has put years on to me.
1925 S. O'Casey Juno & Paycock i. in Two Plays 13 It's a terrible thing to be tied to a woman that's always grousin'. I don't know how you stick it—it ud put years on me.
1977 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 23 Apr. a7/3 All that weeping and grieving put years on my face. I'm sure a facelift would..improve my appearance.
1994 Times 22 Mar. 39/3 Bonney was not helped by a silly grey wig which put years on her.
2013 Express (Nexis) 25 Nov. It's an important break to recharge the batteries because this year has been very draining. It's put years on me!
P5. With other nouns.
†a. years and days (also days and years): for a long time; for a number of years; cf. sense 12b. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 110 Asscanius heold þis drihliche lond daiȝes & ȝeres.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 3086 Himself & his tuelue felawes serued þe kyng ȝeris & dawes.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Ellesmere) (1871) l. 463 Yeres and dayes fleteth this creature Thurghout the See of Grece.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xxix. A Is not this Dauid ye seruaunt of Saul kynge of Israel, which hath bene with me now yeares and dayes.
b. Originally and chiefly Law.
(a) a year and a day (also (the) year and day): a period of a year and a day, originally as specified in certain legal matters in order to ensure the completion of a full year; (also more generally) a period of no less than a year; a very long time. [Compare Middle Dutch een jaer ende een dach, jaer ende dach (Dutch jaar en dag), Middle Low German jār unde dach, and also Anglo-Norman le an et le jur, le an et un jur (early 14th cent.). The exact length of the period varies between regions.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > a year and a day
a year and a daya1400
a1400 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 94 Of a ȝere and o daye y-vsed in þe Citee, doþ to wetynge..Also, vsage of ȝeer and of day a-fore y-seyd, [etc.].
1454 Petition in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) V. 274/2 In caas the Maire, Constables, and Felawship aforesaid, commence not their accion..within the yer and day next aftir th'offence.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xxxiii. 682 (MED) I shall seche hym a yere and a day, but with-ynne that space I may knowe trewe tidinges.
1514 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 90 Vnder the pane of banyssing of the toune for ȝer and day.
1594 W. West Symbolæogr.: 2nd Pt. §51 Fine and nonclaime by the space of a yeere and a day was a peremptory barre to al men.
1650 F. Hicks Exact Abridgm. Comm. Plowden 212 So by the custom of many Mannors, one shall lose Copyhold if he claims it not within a year and a day after the death of his ancestor.
1730 W. Forbes Inst. Law Scotl. II. ii. ii. 337 If the Lords allow him to be repledged, the Repledger must find Surety to do Justice upon him within Year and Day.
1820 W. Scott Monastery II. xi. 312 When we are handfasted..we are man and wife for a year and day—that space gone by, each may chuse another mate.
1839 Act 2 & 3 Victoria c. 41 §82 When it [sc. the Sequestration] is dated within Year and Day of any effectual Adjudication.
1870 E. Lear Owl & Pussy-cat in Our Young Folks Feb. 112 They sailed away for a year and a day To the land where the Bong-tree grows.
1972 G. M. Brown Greenvoe (1976) iii. 73 Reeking with whisky as if it had been steeped in a hogshead in a distillery for a year and a day.
1995 Independent 16 May 5/4 If no one claims the items within a year and a day the marbles will become Crown property.
(b) year, day, and waste: a royal prerogative entitling the sovereign to any profits from property held by a person attainted (attaint v. 6) on a charge of petty treason or felony, continuing for a period of a year and a day and also including the right to destroy or damage the property during this period (cf. waste n. 7). Now historical.This prerogative was restricted in 1814, before being officially abolished in 1870. [Compare Anglo-Norman aveir le an et le wast (a1293).]
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > royal rights > specific rights of sovereign
regality1414
year, day, and waste1433
aubaine1728
1433 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. July 1433 §43. m. 5 [Savyng allwey to the lorde of] the fee, eschetes of his landes, aftir yere, day and wast.
a1558 W. Stanford Expos. Kinges Prerogative (1567) xvi. f. 49v If the husband be atteinted of felonie the kinge shall haue the yeare, daye and wast of the lands of the wife.
1676 T. Manley App. to Office & Duty of Executor 12 Felons forfeit their lives, Goods and Chattels, and the profit of their Lands for a Year, Day and Waste.
1783 W. Cruise Ess. Nature & Operation of Fines ix. 103 The king having seised on the manor of Sobbirs, for his year, day, and waste, on account of a felony committed by Thomas de Weyland.
1891 Eng. Hist. Rev. 6 371 We come to the chapter [of Prerogativa Regis] on which Dr. Henderson relies. The king is to have year, day and waste of the felon's land.
1914 M. de W. Hemmeon Burgage Tenure Mediaeval Eng. i. 42 Edward IV granted year, day and waste of a felon's or an outlaw's tenement to the citizens of Rochester.
2003 M. McGlynn Royal Prerogative & Learning Inns of Court ii. 106 Sedgwick..uses the example of the king's right to year, day and waste in the goods of felons.
(c) books of years and terms (also years and terms): the Year Books of the English courts (see yearbook n. 1). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court papers > [noun] > law report > books of reports
book?1518
books of years and termsc1523
yearbook1579
paper-book?1608
bench book1860
c1523 J. Rastell Expos. Terminorum Legum Anglorum sig. A.2v Ye knowlege of the frenche tong..shalbe a great helpe & furtheraunce vnto them whan they shall study other higher workes of the law of more dyfyculte as be the bokys of yerys and termys.
1528 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 239/1 In the yeres and termes called Hunnes case.
a1628 J. Doddridge Lawyers Light (1629) 94 Expresse Rules, Axiomes, Grounds and Positions of the former sort are published in the booke of Law, either in the Lattin tongue..or else in the French..wherewith the said bookes of yeares and tearmes..are fully furnished.
1680 W. Lawrence Marriage by Morall Law of God ii. i. 309 When I diligently consider the Course of our Books of Years and Terms, from the beginning of the Reign of Ed. the Third, I observe that [etc.].
1764 T. Mortimer New Hist. Eng. I. vii. 698/1 It is true we have no printed continued report of this king's reign; but the entire years and terms thereof are extant in a manuscript.
1835 Legal Examiner & Law Chron. 24 June 278 Sir Matthew Hale, in his History of the Common Law,..speaking of the years and terms of King Edward the Second's reign says, ‘The best copy of the Reports that I know, now extant, is that in Lincoln's Inn library.’
1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law II. 1889/1 Year Books, or Books of Years and Terms, reports, in a regular series, from the time of Edward II to Henry VIII.
P6. Other phrases.
a. Designating things relating to, used for, existing for, or lasting for a period of the number of years specified; (also) designating the age of a person or animal.
(a) In the genitive. Usually with prefixed number.
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) iii. 21 God sette on ðære ealdan æ and het niman anes geares lamb æt ælcum hiwisce, and sniðan on eastertide.
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 287 An[n]iculus, anes geares cild oððe lamb.
lOE Laws: Rectitudines (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 446 Gebures gerihte..on sumen lande is, þæt he sceal wyrcan to wicweorce II dagas swilc weorc, swilc him man tæcð, ofer geares fyrst ælcre wucan.
?a1425 (a1400) Brut (Corpus Cambr.) 322 Parlement was axed of þe clergye a iij ȝeres disme.
1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Gal. i f. iiiiv Thence after a thre yeares space came I to Hierusalem, rather to see Peter, than any thing to compare with him.
1609 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie i. sig. B6 The Bee is but a yeares birde, with some advantage.
1693 G. Stepney tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires viii. 166 Courage to sustain a Ten Years War.
1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere i, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 6 The wedding guest..listens like a three year's child; The Marinere hath his will.
1860 Mercantile Marine Mag. 7 181 She..is classed in Lloyd's Register as an eight years' ship.
1924 W. A. White Woodrow Wilson xvi. 352 This high dream of peace, that he fabricked upon the anvil of a three years' debate.
1992 T. Enright tr. S. O'Crohan Day in our Life (1993) 38 When the parish priest hears about the ructions; won't he have a seven years' sermon over it?
(b) In singular with prefixed number, used attributively.For various specific phrases, as five-year plan, seventeen-year locust, thirty-year rule, Thousand-Year Reich, etc., see the first element.
ΚΠ
c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 162 Jacob loued bettre Rachel than Lya, and coueited first to haue hadde hir to wyfe for his seuen ȝere seruise.
a1646 J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 218 That the licence granted to beneficed persons to sett tacks be restrained either to a liferent tack, or to a nineteen yeare tack allanerlie.
1779 J. Clinton Let. in G. Washington Papers (2010) Revolutionary War Ser. XX. 656 Reinlisting such of the three year men as are disposed to engage during the War.
1849 J. Pattison New S. Wales 16 Seven-year men received their tickets at the expiry of four years; fourteen-years men after six years' servitude.
1892 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 13 Feb. 3/3 Arrangements were made..to take up the outstanding railway subsidy twenty-year bonds..and refloat them at 6 per cent.
1919 Town & Country 20 July 30/1 It was a decided disappointment that Glen Riddle Farm's great two year colt Man O' War was not among the starters.
1952 Good Housek. (U.S. ed.) Dec. 150/2 (advt.) Big 9-pound capacity. Five-year warranty on transmission.
2001 Toronto Star 2 June a2/2 We returned from our original five-year sailing odyssey to Toronto in 1988.
b. In expressions serving to specify a date or time period. Cf. earlier twelvemonth n. 1b.
†(a) Originally in singular, later only in plural or the genitive. Followed by the word day (day n. 18), in pleonastic expressions with the sense ‘a period of a specified number of years’. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > a year before or after
yearc1425
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > period of specific number of years
hendecadOE
a week of yearsa1382
weekc1384
Olympiada1387
lustre1387
yearc1425
millenary1551
prenticeship1553
septenary1576
lustrum1590
quinquennal1590
seventy1590
septimane1603
quinquennie1606
threescore (years) and tena1616
duodecad1621
quinquennium1621
jubilee1643
quadrenniala1646
chiliad1653
septennary1659
septennium1660
triennial1661
millennium1664
tetraëterid1678
octennial1679
duodenary1681
quadrennium1779
septenniad1836
quinquenniad1842
milliad1843
tricentenary1846
triennium1847
vicennium1847
bimillenary1850
lustration1853
sexennium1858
septennate1874
quinquennial1877
pentad1880
sexennate1898
aeon1960
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 5959 (MED) At þe last, with-outen any faille, At ten ȝere day, þei wynne schal þe toun.
c1475 (?c1451) Bk. Noblesse (Royal) (1860) 8 The dyvysyon..dured yn Fraunce continuelly by .xj. yeerday.
1552 T. Gresham in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) II. App. C. 148 No man convey out any parcel of lead five years day.
1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Ld. Mowbray f. xivv My enmy straunged but for a ten yeares daye.
1635 in W. Foster Court Minutes E. India Company (1907) 67 [At 4l. per hundred at] a yeares day of payment.
1654 O. Cromwell Speech 12 Sept. A people that have been unhinged this twelve-years day, and are unhinged still.
1765 J. Merrick Psalms xc. 225 If Nature yet a ten years' day Indulge us, e'er her debt we pay.
1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Day A month's day, the space of a month; A year's day, the space of a year.
?1898 G. M. L. Thomas in A. Phillips Newnham Anthol. (1979) 43 So undelayed By toil and strife this three-years day have I Been kept from dust and heat in which men die.
(b) Modified by a or a numeral, following a specified day or time, as February three years, last summer two years, the same day a year, etc.: the specified number of years before or after the day or time mentioned. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. viiiv/2 After this that same day a yere whan he was xxxj yere old and xiij dayes, he torned water in to wyn.
1606 G. W. tr. Epit. Liues Emperors in tr. Justinus Hist. sig. Ll 5 The Emperor..tooke him prisoner vppon the same day twentye yeares, after that his father was taken prisoner by Charles the fift.
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 141 She died just this very Day Seven Years.
1796 A. Seward Let. 19 Sept. (1811) IV. lii. 255 If he lives till February three years, he will have lived in three centuries.
1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 357 I am instructed to say that it was put in the plaintiff's parlour-window just this time three years.
1870 Jrnl. Royal Hist. & Archæol. Assoc. Ireland 1 307 Referring to notes taken on the occasion of a visit, made to the island last summer two years, at a time when the water was unusually low, I find [etc.].
1903 Lutheran Church Rev. 22 157 Only last October a year the world was ringing with his praises in connection with the celebration in honor of his eightieth birthday.
(c) Following a specified day or time, as this day year, this time year, etc.: one year after the day or time specified; the same day or time the following year. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1703 Markham's Master-piece (ed. 16) App. 21 If you are bitten by a mad Dog, it's venomous Spittle of the mad Dog that infecteth, and it will make the Person bitten go Mad; and some time it will be about that Day Year.
1772 G. Wright Sylvan Lett. xxiv, in Rural Christian 186 He was taken with a violent sickness..on that day year he had this remarkable dream, Wednesday the 20th of December 1769.
1874 J. H. Newman in H. W. Wilberforce Church & Empires 8 On the day year on which he had received our Lord's servants into his house.
1880 B. Disraeli Endymion I. xxxv. 319 I should not be surprised..if he were to change his name again before this time year.
1912 H. R. Haggard Marie vii. 97 It is £100 English, due this day year.
(d) Monday (also Tuesday, yesterday, Christmas, etc.) was a year: see be v. Phrases 2b.
†c. at year, year, and year: on a stated occasion every year in succession; every year at a certain time. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1621 in Acts Privy Council Eng. 1621–3 (1932) 28 Whereupon the peticioners with one consent graunted unto them a respite of payment at yeare, yeare, and yeare, by a third parte each yeare.
1635 Court Bk. 27 Feb. in E. B. Sainsbury Cal. Court Minutes E. India Co. 1635–9 (1907) 29 At yeare, yeare, and yeare from the first of March next.
1635 Court Bk. 16 Sept. in E. B. Sainsbury Cal. Court Minutes E. India Co. 1635–9 (1907) 93 [At] yeare, yeare and yeare, upon rebate.
P7. all (the) year round: see round prep. 10a; turn of the year: see turn n. 26c; the year dot: see dot n.1 and prep. Phrases 2; year of jubilee: see jubilee n. 1a; (the) year one: see one n. 5a. See also seven-year itch n.

Compounds

† year-bird n. Obsolete a hornbill, esp. the wreathed hornbill ( Rhyticeras undulatus) of Asia and the Papuan hornbill ( R. plicatus) of New Guinea, in which a new wrinkle was formerly believed to develop each year in the growth of the upper bill. [Probably after Dutch jaarvogel (1671 or earlier). Compare Malay burung tahun ( < burung bird + tahun year) and also Malay †ayam tahun tahun (1669 as ejam taun taun in a German context) < ayam fowl, hen + tahun year. Compare further German Jahrvogel (1669 in the same source).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > unspecified and miscellaneous birds > [noun] > miscellaneous
night-raveneOE
cold-finch1676
crane1678
diver1694
solitary1708
wheat-bird1747
yellow-bill1775
Chinese thrush1781
whidah thrush1781
tomtit1789
solitaire1797
year-bird1798
softbill1830
swift-shrike1841
scissor bird1843
seed finch1862
sea-flyer1869
stalker1872
seven sisters1873
dicky bird1879
baboon bird1883
1798 T. Pennant View of Hindoostan I. 204 Among grotesque birds may be reckoned the..Wreathed [horn-bill],..called in Ceylon, the Year Bird, being supposed to have annually an addition of a wreath to its bill.
1891 Cent. Dict. at Djolan The year-bird, Buceros plicatus, a hornbill with a white tail and a plicated membrane at the base of the beak.
† year-born adj. Obsolete rare that is born in a particular year.
ΚΠ
1881 D. G. Rossetti Ballads & Sonnets 267 Let no man ask thee of anything Not yearborn between Spring and Spring.
year class n. (a) a body of students at the same stage of education, corresponding to the number of years of study undertaken; = sense 9b; (also) a level within an educational course or system; cf. sense 9a; (b) Zoology the set of individuals hatched or born in any one year in a particular population or species of animal (esp. fish).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > [noun] > year class
year class1893
1893 School Rev. 1 612 The truly economical way..is to..require all pupils who pursue it [sc. a subject] in one and the same year,—the same year-class, I mean, or class-year,—to pursue it in just the same manner and to the same extent.
1910 J. Hjort in Publications de Circonstance No. 53. 18 Very characteristic in this respect are the analyses of samples of the typical Norse spring-herring, where the year-class which formed its first winter-ring in 1904 preponderates largely over all the other year-classes.
1958 Jrnl. Marine Res. 17 505 The population [of sea-urchins] probably consists of four year-classes.
1984 M. Jacobs H. J. Lam iii. 18 Three weeks of forcible introduction..made them [sc. freshmen] acquainted with the town, the university, the Corps, customs and manners, and united a year class as a group.
1999 Times Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 15 Jan. 23 Most teachers admit to automatically promoting students to the next year class, whether or not they have mastered the material.
2007 Daily Tel. 20 Dec. 21/3 Young fish stocks are swept out to sea, decimating several year classes.
† year-counted adj. Obsolete rare (of a person's life) measured by counting years.
ΚΠ
1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda III. vi. xliii. 258 My own small year-counted existence.
year group n. (a) (with reference to statistical data) a group of people or animals classed together on the basis of age; cf. age group n. at age n. Compounds 2; (b) a body of students at the same stage of education; = sense 9b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > science of mankind > [noun] > study of populations > group having common characteristics
year group1897
cohort1944
1897 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 9 115 Table XV is based on the per cent. of those in each year-group who give the various feelings.
1907 Bull. Vermont. Agric. Exper. Station No. 129. 150 LaCour tabulates the records of 104 Danish cows.., grouping them into year groups from two to fourteen years.
1907 Brit. Jrnl. Tuberculosis 1 268 The average physical development of each year-group of children in a school may be readily compared with that of other year-groups in the same school, and also with that of year-groups of the whole nation.
1960 A. Kerr Schools of Europe (1961) i. 20 Children attend school every day and there is in general one class corresponding to each year group.
1999 J. L. Chapman & M. J. Reiss Ecology (ed. 2) iv. 30/2 The indentations in the year groups 10–19 and 35–44 years of age are probably due to the Second World War.
2010 Daily Tel. 20 Aug. 5/6 He left..to study for A-levels at the private Brighton College, where he was the highest-scoring pupil in his year group.
year-hedged adj. poetic rare (of a hedgerow) that has been pruned or cut a year ago.In quot. in figurative context.
ΚΠ
1936 D. Thomas in Transition Fall 21 Who kills my history? The year-hedged row is lame with flint, Blunt scythe and water blade.
† year-marked adj. Obsolete rare (of a person's features) marked as a result of age or the passage of time.
ΚΠ
1873 A. D. Whitney Other Girls xxiii. 312 They forgot their worn and far-spent lives,—each other's old and year-marked faces.
year ring n. each of the concentric rings in the wood of a tree formed by its growth in successive years; cf. sense 4c, ring n.1 7d. [Compare German Jahrring, Jahresring (second half of the 18th cent. or earlier).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > ring or layer
insertion1624
ring1664
annual ring1672
year1708
year ring1845
growth ring1907
tree-ring1919
1845 Chemist 6 91/2 (heading) On the year rings in trees.
1920 Bot. Gaz. 69 190 This preliminary paper discusses the many varied properties of these different woods, with regard to..presence or absence of year-rings.
2004 Plant Ecol. 174 2/2 The National Forestry Bureau conducted a year ring survey in 1930.
† year-spinner n. Obsolete rare a person who has influence on the events of the year; a prominent or significant person; cf. spin v. 4b.Probably a reference to the Fates of classical mythology, who are often represented as spinning the thread of human life or destiny.
ΚΠ
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. ii. 426 One [language],..becomming old, Is cradle-toomb'd: another warreth bold With the yeere-spinners [Fr. aux filieres des ans].
† year-tack n. Scottish Obsolete a lease having the duration of a year; cf. tack n.2 2a.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease
year-tack1532
rental1541
running1696
improving leasea1723
improvement lease1825
pastoral lease1850
lend-lease1941
lease-back1947
1532 Abst. Protocols Town Clerks Glasgow (1897) IV. 57 James Grahame sall haef ane yeyr tak for the yeyr that he has gewin our to hyme.
† year-time n. Obsolete rare a commemorative service held on the anniversary of a person's death or funeral; = year's mind n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > death > obsequies > commemorative ceremonies > [noun] > religious or mass > one year after death
annuala1400
year's minda1400
twelvemonth('s) mind1428
year-time1467
annuary?1548
1467 Churchwardens' Accts. in T. North Church Bells Northants. (1878) 369 Payd for the yer tyme of the fownder Abbot Genge, xxjd.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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