vindictiveadj.n.

Brit.

/vɪnˈdɪktɪv/, U.S.

/vɪnˈdɪktɪv/

Etymology: < Latin vindicta vengeance, revenge + -ive suffix.

A. adj.

a. Of persons: Given to revenge; having a revengeful disposition. (Cf. vindicative adj. 1.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] > inclined to or eager for revenge

wrechefulc1290

wrakefula1300

vengeablec1380

revengeablea1522

vindicative1521

wreakful1531

vengible1548

revengeful?1560

avengeful1591

vengefula1599

vindictive1616

vindicable1632

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Vindictiue, reuengefull, or apt to reuenge.

1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1851) II. 904/1 He was vindictive in his nature.

1787 E. Burke Corr. (1844) III. 52 You have vindictive people to deal with, and you have gone too far to be forgiven.

1808 J. Jebb Let. 3 Dec. in J. Jebb & A. Knox Thirty Years' Corr. (1834) I. 455 There exists in human nature..a perturbed dread of some superior, powerful, and most vindictive being.

1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 206 He was not vindictive: when he had once pardoned an offender, he never recurred again to the offence.

1875 W. S. Hayward Love against World 18 He is as vindictive as a demon.

b. Of actions, qualities, etc.: Characterized by a desire for, or the exercise of, revenge.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective]

wrackfulc1230

vengeablec1430

wrakeful?a1505

wreakful1532

vindicativec1550

wreckful1557

vindictive1627

vengeful1649

resentive1736

1627 J. Carter Plaine Expos. Serm. in Mount 46 To forbeare irefull and vindictive courses, to say or doe nothing at all in anger, or hot bloud.

1629 tr. Herodian Hist. (1635) 430 Nor let any of you imagine that any vindictive resolution is harboured against you, either by us or the Romans.

1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes (new ed.) I. ii. viii. 8 When..you engage To meet high Heaven's vindictive Rage.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. iii. 450 Then with vindictive strides he rush'd again On Paris.

1807 Salmagundi 15 Oct. 341 This spirit of vindictive cowardice is not owing to any inherent depravity of soul.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 80 After the fashion of oppressed sects, they mistook their own vindictive feelings for emotions of piety.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. x. 101 With the first movement of vindictive rage awoke a vague caution.

2. Involving retribution or punishment; punitive, retributive; avenging. Now rare.

a. As an epithet of justice. (Cf. vindicative adj. 2b.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [adjective]

vindicative1610

vindictive1623

vindicatory1655

1623 R. Carpenter Conscionable Christian 100 They are euer awaked with the remembrance of Gods presence, in all your actions and censures of vindictive or remuneratiue Iustice.

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. ii. Rule 7 §5 For in all penal laws and inflictions, although there be much of Vindictive justice, yet this justice is but a handmaid to Government and Correction.

a1711 T. Ken Divine Love in Wks. (1838) 313 Our sins,..which are the vast debts we owe to thy vindictive justice.

1742 S. Johnson Deb. Senate Lilliput in Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 561 It has been unanswerably shown..that vindictive Justice is of the highest Importance to the Happiness of the Publick.

1824 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1887) 103 The shallow moralists who exclaim against vindictive justice, when punishment would cease to be just, if it were not vindictive.

b. In other contexts.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective]

punishinga1500

penitive1502

punitivea1513

penal1561

penous1627

penary1651

vindictive1656

chastising1691

punitory1710

punitional1824

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] > avenging

vengeanta1340

venging1508

revenging1548

avenging1590

revengive1608

vindictive1656

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] > relating to retaliation > characterized by retaliation or retribution

retributive justice1619

vindictive1656

retributory1748

retributivist1954

1656 J. Bramhall Replic. to Bishop of Chalcedon 11 The judgements of God in this life are more exemplary for the amendment of others, than vindictive to the delinquents themselves.

1695 R. Blackmore Prince Arthur ii. 51 Th' Almighty his Vindictive Arm makes bare.

1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xvi. 654 First to the Fight his native Troops he warms, Then loudly calls on Troy's vindictive Arms.

1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 44 Pleasure brings as surely in her train, Remorse, and Sorrow, and vindictive Pain.

1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. ii. 81 He..Amidst vindictive thunders lets them try The stoutness of their heart.

1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) i. Introd. Sometimes the sanction is retributive or vindictive, the expression of the conscience or moral sentiments of the Society.

c. Of deities: Inflicting punishment for wrongdoing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > [adjective] > inflicting punishment

vindictive1706

society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > of the nature of divine punishment > that inflicts divine punishment

vindictive1706

1706 N. Rowe Ulysses iii. i Vindictive Jove prepares his Thunder. Let the Wrong-doer and the Tyrant tremble.

1781 W. Cowper Expostulation 407 The fast that wins deliv'rance, and suspends The stroke that a vindictive God intends, Is to renounce hypocrisy.

3. vindictive damages n. damages awarded not only as compensation to the plaintiff but also as a punishment to the defendant.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > claim at law > [noun] > a sum payable in damages > damages as punishment to defendant

exemplary damages1755

vindictive damages1813

punitive damages1858

1813 Ann. Reg., Chron. 67 It seemed established that there was no gross misconduct..on the part of the coachman, to call for vindictive damages.

†B. n.

An act of punishment. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun]

justice?a1160

penancec1300

defensiona1382

forfeiture1390

punishment1402

revengementa1513

penition1547

revenge1561

infliction1590

supplice1646

vindictive1726

auto-da-fé1767

woodshedding1940

knuckle-rapping1944

1726 D. Defoe Polit. Hist. Devil i. i. 12 Who..could give a full..account of the deluge, whether it was a meer vindictive, a blast from heaven?

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	vindictive
释义	vindictiveadj.n. Brit. /vɪnˈdɪktɪv/, U.S. /vɪnˈdɪktɪv/ Etymology: < Latin vindicta vengeance, revenge + -ive suffix. A. adj. 1. a. Of persons: Given to revenge; having a revengeful disposition. (Cf. vindicative adj. 1.) ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] > inclined to or eager for revenge wrechefulc1290 wrakefula1300 vengeablec1380 revengeablea1522 vindicative1521 wreakful1531 vengible1548 revengeful?1560 avengeful1591 vengefula1599 vindictive1616 vindicable1632 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Vindictiue, reuengefull, or apt to reuenge. 1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1851) II. 904/1 He was vindictive in his nature. 1787 E. Burke Corr. (1844) III. 52 You have vindictive people to deal with, and you have gone too far to be forgiven. 1808 J. Jebb Let. 3 Dec. in J. Jebb & A. Knox Thirty Years' Corr. (1834) I. 455 There exists in human nature..a perturbed dread of some superior, powerful, and most vindictive being. 1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 206 He was not vindictive: when he had once pardoned an offender, he never recurred again to the offence. 1875 W. S. Hayward Love against World 18 He is as vindictive as a demon. b. Of actions, qualities, etc.: Characterized by a desire for, or the exercise of, revenge. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] wrackfulc1230 vengeablec1430 wrakeful?a1505 wreakful1532 vindicativec1550 wreckful1557 vindictive1627 vengeful1649 resentive1736 1627 J. Carter Plaine Expos. Serm. in Mount 46 To forbeare irefull and vindictive courses, to say or doe nothing at all in anger, or hot bloud. 1629 tr. Herodian Hist. (1635) 430 Nor let any of you imagine that any vindictive resolution is harboured against you, either by us or the Romans. 1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes (new ed.) I. ii. viii. 8 When..you engage To meet high Heaven's vindictive Rage. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. iii. 450 Then with vindictive strides he rush'd again On Paris. 1807 Salmagundi 15 Oct. 341 This spirit of vindictive cowardice is not owing to any inherent depravity of soul. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 80 After the fashion of oppressed sects, they mistook their own vindictive feelings for emotions of piety. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. x. 101 With the first movement of vindictive rage awoke a vague caution. 2. Involving retribution or punishment; punitive, retributive; avenging. Now rare. a. As an epithet of justice. (Cf. vindicative adj. 2b.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [adjective] vindicative1610 vindictive1623 vindicatory1655 1623 R. Carpenter Conscionable Christian 100 They are euer awaked with the remembrance of Gods presence, in all your actions and censures of vindictive or remuneratiue Iustice. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. ii. Rule 7 §5 For in all penal laws and inflictions, although there be much of Vindictive justice, yet this justice is but a handmaid to Government and Correction. a1711 T. Ken Divine Love in Wks. (1838) 313 Our sins,..which are the vast debts we owe to thy vindictive justice. 1742 S. Johnson Deb. Senate Lilliput in Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 561 It has been unanswerably shown..that vindictive Justice is of the highest Importance to the Happiness of the Publick. 1824 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1887) 103 The shallow moralists who exclaim against vindictive justice, when punishment would cease to be just, if it were not vindictive. b. In other contexts. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] punishinga1500 penitive1502 punitivea1513 penal1561 penous1627 penary1651 vindictive1656 chastising1691 punitory1710 punitional1824 the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] > avenging vengeanta1340 venging1508 revenging1548 avenging1590 revengive1608 vindictive1656 the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [adjective] > relating to retaliation > characterized by retaliation or retribution retributive justice1619 vindictive1656 retributory1748 retributivist1954 1656 J. Bramhall Replic. to Bishop of Chalcedon 11 The judgements of God in this life are more exemplary for the amendment of others, than vindictive to the delinquents themselves. 1695 R. Blackmore Prince Arthur ii. 51 Th' Almighty his Vindictive Arm makes bare. 1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xvi. 654 First to the Fight his native Troops he warms, Then loudly calls on Troy's vindictive Arms. 1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 44 Pleasure brings as surely in her train, Remorse, and Sorrow, and vindictive Pain. 1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. ii. 81 He..Amidst vindictive thunders lets them try The stoutness of their heart. 1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) i. Introd. Sometimes the sanction is retributive or vindictive, the expression of the conscience or moral sentiments of the Society. c. Of deities: Inflicting punishment for wrongdoing. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > [adjective] > inflicting punishment vindictive1706 society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > of the nature of divine punishment > that inflicts divine punishment vindictive1706 1706 N. Rowe Ulysses iii. i Vindictive Jove prepares his Thunder. Let the Wrong-doer and the Tyrant tremble. 1781 W. Cowper Expostulation 407 The fast that wins deliv'rance, and suspends The stroke that a vindictive God intends, Is to renounce hypocrisy. 3. vindictive damages n. damages awarded not only as compensation to the plaintiff but also as a punishment to the defendant. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > claim at law > [noun] > a sum payable in damages > damages as punishment to defendant exemplary damages1755 vindictive damages1813 punitive damages1858 1813 Ann. Reg., Chron. 67 It seemed established that there was no gross misconduct..on the part of the coachman, to call for vindictive damages. †B. n. An act of punishment. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] justice?a1160 penancec1300 defensiona1382 forfeiture1390 punishment1402 revengementa1513 penition1547 revenge1561 infliction1590 supplice1646 vindictive1726 auto-da-fé1767 woodshedding1940 knuckle-rapping1944 1726 D. Defoe Polit. Hist. Devil i. i. 12 Who..could give a full..account of the deluge, whether it was a meer vindictive, a blast from heaven? This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1616
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