tuberclen.

Brit.

/ˈtjuːbəkl/,

/ˈtʃuːbəkl/, U.S.

/ˈt(j)ubərk(ə)l/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin tūberculum, tuberculus.

Etymology: < classical Latin tūberculum (in post-classical Latin also tuberculus, masculine) small protuberance or excrescence, small tumour, in post-classical Latin also an abnormal nodule on the surface of a body part or organ (1582, in the passage translated in quot. 1585 at sense 2a, or earlier) < tūber tuber n.² + -culum -culum suffix; compare -cle suffix. Compare Middle French, French †tubercle small protuberance or excrescence (1555; apparently last recorded 1611 in Cotgrave; rare). Compare later tubercule n. and tuberculum n.In sense 4b after French tubercule tubercule n. (1851 or earlier in this sense, in Ann. des ponts et chaussées 341, the paper referred to in the source cited in quot. 1860).

a. Anatomy and Zoology. A small rounded projection or protuberance on the surface of the body or a body part, esp. a bone or tooth. Frequently with distinguishing word.conoid, Darwin's, genial tubercle, etc.: see the first element.In quot. 1556 = mons n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [noun] > rounded projection

boss1386

ball1530

tubercle1556

tubercule1596

tuberculum1597

tuberosity1611

caruncle1615

papilla1671

bulb1716

tuber1741

mammula1815

mamilla1818

tuberculation1820

verruca1822

monticule1874

miliary1880

1556 T. Hill tr. B. Cocles Brief Epitomye Phisiognomie xxxiv. sig. E.vi The hand hollow, with the tubercles fayre [L. tuberculorum bonitate], and the proportion of the lynes lyke semly, promyse long lyfe.

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 28 But from this head [of Radius]..at the outward side towardes Vlna, thrusteth out a tubercle, whereat is ended the first Muscle.

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials iii, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Lll Two horns..obsited with many tubercles [L. tuberculis pluribus obsitis].

1670 F. Willughby Let. 19 Aug. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1970) VII. 138 I suspect the Virulent Pisse [of a toad] might bee eiaculated From some Tubercles in Her bodie.

1747 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 122/2 These creatures have several rows of tubercles on their bodies.

1797 Encycl. Brit. II. 192/2 Spiders have five tubercles or nipples at the extremity of the belly.

1846 F. Brittan tr. J. F. Malgaigne Man. Operative Surg. 133 A more or less projecting tubercle on the first rib, which gives attachment to the anterior scalenus.

1880 R. Barwell Aneurism iii. 29 Chassaignac's tubercle, the transverse process of the fifth cervical vertebra.

1931 E. G. Boulenger Fishes x. 86 In May the male develops wart-like tubercles on the gill covers and after a brisk courtship fertilises the eggs, which are adhesive and deposited on floating vegetation.

1992 Jrnl. Paleontol. 66 445/2 A boldly and distantly ribbed species [of ammonite], with tubercles very weak and adults quadrituberculate.

2006 K. D. Rose Beginning Age Mammals ix. 151/1 As in moles, the humerus is as wide as it is long, the tubercle for insertion of the teres major muscle is extraordinarily large.

b. Botany. A small wart-like swelling or protuberance on a plant. Also: an air bladder in an alga (now rare).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > protuberance or lump > [noun]

node1391

knot1398

burble1555

tubercle1597

hump1709

pustule1756

wart1793

papula1795

nodule1796

papule1821

papilla1832

grain1836

wartlet1856

1597 J. Gerard Herball iii. clix. 1377 It [sc. sea Oke] rampeth farre abroad, and heere and there set with certaine puft vp tubercles or bladders, full of winde, which giueth a cracke when it is broken.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 169 A particular species..has large prickles growing on round tubercles.

1797 Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 184 Murray, who was the first who gave a description of this plant, mentions the tubercle as sustained by a short footstalk.

1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 498 Fucus,..whose seeds are collected together in tubercles or swellings, of various forms and sizes.

1873 Hardwicke's Sci. Gossip 8 90/1 I visited the same plant again about three weeks later, and not a tubercle was to be seen.

1986 J. A. Samson Trop. Fruits (ed. 2) xi. 300 The litchi tree is evergreen and has a dense growth of compound leaves with two to four pairs of leaflets... The fruit is 4 cm long, covered by tubercles and red when ripe.

2010 S. Afr. Jrnl. Bot. 76 587/1 The stems are very obtusely 4-angled..with very small tubercles only 2 mm long.

2. Medicine and Pathology.

a. An abnormal nodule on the surface of the body or in a part or organ, esp. a small rounded granulomatous lesion; spec. the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis, a granuloma with a caseous centre surrounded by a layer of epithelioid macrophages.miliary tubercle, yaw tubercle: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [noun] > tuber or tubercle

tubercle1583

tuber1706

miliary tubercle1815

mamelon1860

1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. vii. 64 Yf ther be a crude and rawe tubercle and botch ingendred, such..are much troubled, when they eate or drinke, because they cannot swallowe but with much griefe.

1585 J. Banister Wecker's Compend. Chyrurg. i. xlvi. 248 There are foure kindes of wartes, as Mirmecia, which is a small, callous, rounde and thicke tubercle [L. tuberculum], sitting with a broad foundation, and yelding a sense like to the byting of a pissemire, or ante, when it is handled.

1630 E. Poeton Bonham's Chyrurgians Closet 357 Against warts & other like tubercles in the face.

1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 355 The tubercles of the lungs.

1694 tr. R. Morton Phthisiologia iii. 89 As far as I have been able hitherto to learn, either from the inspection of the dead Bodies of such as have had a Consumption, or by Reasoning; a crude Tubercle or Swelling is bred from the Obstruction of some Glandulous part of the Lungs.

1710 T. Fuller Pharmacopœia Extemporanea 52 A Balsamick Decoction..dissipates crude Tubercles.

1754 R. Brookes Gen. Pract. Physic (ed. 2) I. 322 This inflammatory fever is succeeded by a putrid Quotidian, or Tertian intermitting Fever, which is a certain sign of a Purulence of the Tubercles.

1775 T. Percival Ess. Med. & Exper. (1776) III. 104 The lungs become inflamed, a cough ensues, tubercles or a vomica are formed.

1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 149 The ulcerated surface [of a chancre] may heal, and leave an indurated knob or tubercle in the affected part.

1818 Art of preserving Feet 3 The corn is technically termed ‘clavus pedum’, and considered as a tubercle without organization, proceeding from the substance of the epidermis, and originating in the tightness of shoes or boots.

1842 Lancet 31 Dec. 489/1 Assuming..that no retrogression can be accomplished, it matters comparatively but little to the patient whether he lives with tubercles in his lungs or not, so long as he lives.

1876 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 2) I. iii. 118 A tubercle feels to the finger in its early stage like a foreign body introduced into the cutis.

1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xxvi. 412 A Sandwich Islander..was inoculated from a lepra tubercle.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) x. 239 After death the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, and meninges are found studded with tubercles.

1968 H. O. Mackey & J. P. Mackey Handbk. Dis. Skin (ed. 9) iii. 9 Nodules or tubercles are solid elevations of the skin larger than papules. Examples:—nodular syphilide and nodular leprosy.

1968 H. O. Mackey & J. P. Mackey Handbk. Dis. Skin (ed. 9) iii. 9 ‘Nodule’ is preferable to ‘tubercle’, to avoid confusion with the lesions of the tubercle bacillus.

1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. ix. 229 Intravenous injection of tuberculin in such patients often led to reactivation of old tubercles (the focal reaction) and to severe systemic reactions and occasionally death.

2004 Chemist & Druggist (Nexis) 22 May 21 Infection may spread from the lungs into the blood, setting up millions of tiny tubercles throughout the body (miliary TB).

b. As a mass noun: disease characterized by the presence of tubercles, spec. tuberculosis; (also) †the material contained within tubercles (obsolete). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > wasting disease > [noun] > tuberculosis

decline1783

tubercle1795

tuberculation1822

tuberculization1823

tubercularization1839

tuberculosis1839

tuberculocele1858

white plague1860

tuberculid1868

tuberculoderma1881

white scourge1895

tubercule1901

white death1901

T.B.1912

1795 W. Davidson Observ. Pulmonary Syst. ii. 14 The second state of pulmonary hæmorrhage is when it is attended with other disease, as tubercle, abscess, or induration.

1837 W. Stokes Treat. Diagnosis & Treatm. Dis. Chest viii. 439 In the second, we meet the disease in persons not of the strumous diathesis, and who have no hereditary disposition to tubercle.

1859 J. Tomes Syst. Dental Surg. (1873) 51 Tubercle does not appear to interfere with the progress of dentition.

1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. i. i. 67 It is a..characteristic of tubercle that its specific cells very rapidly fall into degeneration.

1919 F. O. Bower Bot. Living Plant xxx. 460 On the basis of nutrition Bacteria have been classified into three groups:..(iii) Paratrophic, those which develop normally only within the living tissues of other organisms, and are true, and obligatory parasites, such as the germs of Tubercle or Diphtheria.

3. Botany. A small tuber, or a root-growth somewhat resembling a small tuber. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > root > [noun] > tuber

clog1597

tuber1668

tuberous root1668

tubercle1728

storage tuber1914

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Dispensatory i. ii. ix. 259 Polypody is so tearmed, because many knots and tubercles [L. nodi multi], like the Fishes called Polypi, grow on its roots.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Tuber, or Tubercle, in Botany, a kind of round turgid Root, in form of a Knob or Turnip.

1783 A. A. Parmentier Obs. Nutritive Veg. 33 Potatoes should never be drowned..The water, after it has been reduced into vapour, should be driven back, in order the better to insinuate itself into the texture of each tubercle.

1817 London Med. & Physical Jrnl. 38 334 It is a species of tubercle, which fixes itself above the root of the orobanche racemosa.

1878 Garden 5 Apr. 318/1 There is the great difference between Dahlia tubercles and Potato tubers.

1909 G. W. Oliver Plant Culture (ed. 2) 117 The thickened tuber-like roots of the Dahlia are simply reservoirs of nutriment, and are known as tubercles.

1939 E. D. Laborde tr. E. de Martonne Shorter Physical Geogr. (rev. ed.) xix. 293 Nothing prevents the development of roots or tubercles, and the mountain pastures of the Alps are often covered with grass or with bushes.

1997 L. Holm et al. World Weeds 526 The other protrusions on the tubercle are of different structure and some form roots to 5 cm in length.

a. A nodule of a salt, mineral, mineralized material, or ore. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1799 W. Babington New Syst. Mineral. 19 The same, of a dark brown colour, with small tubercles of opake careous spar, on white crystallised quartz.

1804 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Gen. Syst. Chem. Knowl. V. xvi. 537 This salt swells..and rises in the form of the branches of shrubs of a very agreeable appearance, or in tubercles surmounted by a multitude of other smaller tubercles.

1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 236 This [sc. Eyed] Agate is, in fact, composed of a number of tubercles, each of which consists of concentric layers, enveloping a globular nucleus.

1919 W. N. Logan Kaolin of Indiana 73 Physically, the mineral is made up of tubercles and these are collected into larger masses.

1950 E. S. Bastin Interpretation Ore Textures 19 Where a silver-calcite veinlet traverses ore showing the ‘tubercle’ texture, the cap or outer layer of one of the tubercles lies on one side of the veinlet, while the main part of the tubercle lies on the opposite side.

b. A nodule or lump (typically consisting of iron compounds, calcium compounds, and organic material of bacterial origin) formed on an exposed metal surface, esp. the inner surface of a water pipe.

ΚΠ

1860 Rep. Secretary of Treasury U.S.A. State of Finances 166 The mains in Paris have been found tuberculated (the tubercles more wide than elevated) after a continual flow of water.

1895 E. C. Convers Facts about Pipe (ed. 3) 386 Mr. William R. Hutton said that tubercles are formed almost entirely by chemical action.

1961 Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 3 81 The dissolution of the iron under the [Sphaerotilus] colony results in the formation of a tubercle composed of rust and bacterial filaments.

2013 T. Kuppan Heat Exchanger Design Handbk. xii. 742 Austenitic stainless steels form small tubercles from microbial action, under which severe pitting occurs.

Compounds

C1. General attributive (in various senses).

ΚΠ

1860 F. Chance tr. R. Virchow Cellular Pathol. 477 The tubercle-granule never attains any considerable size.

1899 Proc. Royal Soc. 1898–9 64 168 Nitragin does consist of the tubercle organism, and as a result of the inoculation of either seeds or soil with it, tubercle formation takes place.

1901 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 15 June 1700/1 There is evidence showing that in tubercle cases attacks of smallpox apparently eliminated the former disease.

1952 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 39 143/2 In this species the leaf bases..expand outward to form ribs. There is only a suggestion of tubercle formation.

2008 Southeastern Naturalist 7 477 We determined the sex of each individual [fish] based upon development of secondary sexual characteristics (such as nuptial tubercle development).

C2.

tubercle bacillus n. [after German Tuberkelbacillus (R. Koch 1882, in Berliner klin. Wochenschr. 10 Apr. 222/1; now Tuberkelbazillus)] the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in humans; (in later use also) any of various other, esp. pathogenic, species of Mycobacterium.In quot. 1897 attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > bacillus > [noun] > types of

tubercle bacillus1882

Koch's bacillus1885

comma (bacillus)1886

spider-cell1888

Klebs–Löffler1895

Hofmann's bacillus1897

Koch–Weeks bacillus1898

Pfeiffer's bacillus1900

Shiga1900

Hansen('s) bacillus1903

streptobacilli1903

Johne's bacillus1907

wisp bacillus1915

klebsiella1928

Shigella1937

listerella1940

coliform1951

thiobacillus1951

1882 Med. Times & Gaz. 22 Apr. 411/2 The tubercle-bacillus of Koch is a slender, rod-shaped, motionless body, in length one-quarter or one-half, or the whole diameter of a red blood-corpuscle.

1897 Daily News 1 Apr. 3/4 Both assume the so-called tubercle-bacillus tint.

1913 Times 6 Aug. 8/4 Microscopical examination of milk and tubercle bacillus by analytical methods.

1943 Arch. Dermatol. & Syphilol. 47 62 Sarcoid-like lesions have..been produced by the injection of bovine tubercle bacilli of low virulence into rabbits.

1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) xxvii. 375 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is often referred to as the ‘tubercle bacillus’ because it is rod-shaped, stands as the prototype of the pathogenic mycobacteria.

2004 J. Playfair Living with Germs (2007) ii. 27 In normal conversation among experts it is quite common to use the genus name only—Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Plasmodium—and sometimes an even more everyday term—staph, tubercle bacillus, malaria parasite—depending on the degree of precision required.

tubercle bacterium n. [after German Tuberkelbakterie (1880 or earlier)] (a) = tubercle bacillus n.; (b) any of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in root nodules (now rare).

ΚΠ

1882 Med. Times & Gaz. 22 Apr. 411/2 The tubercle-bacteria remain blue.

1890 Proc. Royal Soc. 1889 46 439 The tubercle-bacteria penetrate through young (but not suberised) cell membranes into the root-hairs and epidermis cells of the root.

1895 Lancet 27 July 197/2 The miliary lymphomata which are produced by the injection of fairly resistant bacteria, such as tubercle bacteria, into the blood.

1951 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 89 185/2 Dispersed growth of the human strain of tubercle bacteria could be obtained.

2002 Science 17 May 1203/2 Tubercle bacteria do not have flavohemoglobins (which other pathogens use to detoxify NO) but instead have three types of distinctive truncated hemoglobins.

tubercle-infected adj. infected with tubercle bacilli.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > wasting disease > [adjective] > relating to tuberculosis

tuberculous1597

tuberculated1829

tuberculized1835

tuberculosed1851

tubercle-infected1888

tubercular1898

pseudotuberculous1899

1888 Glasgow Herald 30 May 6/4 If dairy-inspection is to be anything more than a sanitary farce, it should..include powers by the operation of which the suppression of tubercle-infected animals may become easy.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 3 Nov. 9/2 If the Council can prevent the sale of tubercle-infected milk.

2006 K. Waddington Bovine Scourge vi. 103 Tubercle infected material was fed or injected into a series of test animals.

Derivatives

ˈtubercle-like adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [adjective] > rounded projection

nodous1646

tuberous1650

papillar1651

verrucous1656

capitate1661

clavate1661

papillary1667

warty1693

tuberculated1696

papillous1718

tubercular1719

clavated1728

tuberculous1732

mammillated1744

tubercled1746

papillose1752

torulous1752

tuberculose1752

tuberculate1777

tubercle-like1792

mastoid1800

tuberculiferous1802

ventricose1804

torulose1806

papillated?a1808

tuberculiform1817

bullated1822

nodulous1822

tuberiform1822

nodulated1824

papilliform1824

mammular1826

papilliferous1826

nodulose1828

knuckled1842

mamelonated1843

tuberculoid1853

papillate1857

mammilloid1859

tuberculosquamous1866

bosselated1873

papulate1876

bulbar1878

tubero-cystic1879

mammulose1889

1792 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 2) III. 181 Thickly covered with white tubercle-like excrescences.

1866 R. Tate Plain & Easy Acct. Mollusks Great Brit. iv. 165 A tubercle-like tooth [in a shell].

1908 Philippine Jrnl. Sci. B. 3 455 The tubercle-like granules occasionally break down and form small pockets of thick granular pus-like material.

2003 U. Gerson et al. Mites (Acari) for Pest Control xv. 123 Very small, tubercle-like galls are formed on the leaves, petioles and stems.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	tubercle
释义	tuberclen. Brit. /ˈtjuːbəkl/, /ˈtʃuːbəkl/, U.S. /ˈt(j)ubərk(ə)l/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin tūberculum, tuberculus. Etymology: < classical Latin tūberculum (in post-classical Latin also tuberculus, masculine) small protuberance or excrescence, small tumour, in post-classical Latin also an abnormal nodule on the surface of a body part or organ (1582, in the passage translated in quot. 1585 at sense 2a, or earlier) < tūber tuber n.² + -culum -culum suffix; compare -cle suffix. Compare Middle French, French †tubercle small protuberance or excrescence (1555; apparently last recorded 1611 in Cotgrave; rare). Compare later tubercule n. and tuberculum n.In sense 4b after French tubercule tubercule n. (1851 or earlier in this sense, in Ann. des ponts et chaussées 341, the paper referred to in the source cited in quot. 1860). 1. a. Anatomy and Zoology. A small rounded projection or protuberance on the surface of the body or a body part, esp. a bone or tooth. Frequently with distinguishing word.conoid, Darwin's, genial tubercle, etc.: see the first element.In quot. 1556 = mons n. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [noun] > rounded projection boss1386 ball1530 tubercle1556 tubercule1596 tuberculum1597 tuberosity1611 caruncle1615 papilla1671 bulb1716 tuber1741 mammula1815 mamilla1818 tuberculation1820 verruca1822 monticule1874 miliary1880 1556 T. Hill tr. B. Cocles Brief Epitomye Phisiognomie xxxiv. sig. E.vi The hand hollow, with the tubercles fayre [L. tuberculorum bonitate], and the proportion of the lynes lyke semly, promyse long lyfe. 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 28 But from this head [of Radius]..at the outward side towardes Vlna, thrusteth out a tubercle, whereat is ended the first Muscle. 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials iii, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Lll Two horns..obsited with many tubercles [L. tuberculis pluribus obsitis]. 1670 F. Willughby Let. 19 Aug. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1970) VII. 138 I suspect the Virulent Pisse [of a toad] might bee eiaculated From some Tubercles in Her bodie. 1747 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 122/2 These creatures have several rows of tubercles on their bodies. 1797 Encycl. Brit. II. 192/2 Spiders have five tubercles or nipples at the extremity of the belly. 1846 F. Brittan tr. J. F. Malgaigne Man. Operative Surg. 133 A more or less projecting tubercle on the first rib, which gives attachment to the anterior scalenus. 1880 R. Barwell Aneurism iii. 29 Chassaignac's tubercle, the transverse process of the fifth cervical vertebra. 1931 E. G. Boulenger Fishes x. 86 In May the male develops wart-like tubercles on the gill covers and after a brisk courtship fertilises the eggs, which are adhesive and deposited on floating vegetation. 1992 Jrnl. Paleontol. 66 445/2 A boldly and distantly ribbed species [of ammonite], with tubercles very weak and adults quadrituberculate. 2006 K. D. Rose Beginning Age Mammals ix. 151/1 As in moles, the humerus is as wide as it is long, the tubercle for insertion of the teres major muscle is extraordinarily large. b. Botany. A small wart-like swelling or protuberance on a plant. Also: an air bladder in an alga (now rare). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > protuberance or lump > [noun] node1391 knot1398 burble1555 tubercle1597 hump1709 pustule1756 wart1793 papula1795 nodule1796 papule1821 papilla1832 grain1836 wartlet1856 1597 J. Gerard Herball iii. clix. 1377 It [sc. sea Oke] rampeth farre abroad, and heere and there set with certaine puft vp tubercles or bladders, full of winde, which giueth a cracke when it is broken. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 169 A particular species..has large prickles growing on round tubercles. 1797 Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 184 Murray, who was the first who gave a description of this plant, mentions the tubercle as sustained by a short footstalk. 1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 498 Fucus,..whose seeds are collected together in tubercles or swellings, of various forms and sizes. 1873 Hardwicke's Sci. Gossip 8 90/1 I visited the same plant again about three weeks later, and not a tubercle was to be seen. 1986 J. A. Samson Trop. Fruits (ed. 2) xi. 300 The litchi tree is evergreen and has a dense growth of compound leaves with two to four pairs of leaflets... The fruit is 4 cm long, covered by tubercles and red when ripe. 2010 S. Afr. Jrnl. Bot. 76 587/1 The stems are very obtusely 4-angled..with very small tubercles only 2 mm long. 2. Medicine and Pathology. a. An abnormal nodule on the surface of the body or in a part or organ, esp. a small rounded granulomatous lesion; spec. the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis, a granuloma with a caseous centre surrounded by a layer of epithelioid macrophages.miliary tubercle, yaw tubercle: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [noun] > tuber or tubercle tubercle1583 tuber1706 miliary tubercle1815 mamelon1860 1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. vii. 64 Yf ther be a crude and rawe tubercle and botch ingendred, such..are much troubled, when they eate or drinke, because they cannot swallowe but with much griefe. 1585 J. Banister Wecker's Compend. Chyrurg. i. xlvi. 248 There are foure kindes of wartes, as Mirmecia, which is a small, callous, rounde and thicke tubercle [L. tuberculum], sitting with a broad foundation, and yelding a sense like to the byting of a pissemire, or ante, when it is handled. 1630 E. Poeton Bonham's Chyrurgians Closet 357 Against warts & other like tubercles in the face. 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 355 The tubercles of the lungs. 1694 tr. R. Morton Phthisiologia iii. 89 As far as I have been able hitherto to learn, either from the inspection of the dead Bodies of such as have had a Consumption, or by Reasoning; a crude Tubercle or Swelling is bred from the Obstruction of some Glandulous part of the Lungs. 1710 T. Fuller Pharmacopœia Extemporanea 52 A Balsamick Decoction..dissipates crude Tubercles. 1754 R. Brookes Gen. Pract. Physic (ed. 2) I. 322 This inflammatory fever is succeeded by a putrid Quotidian, or Tertian intermitting Fever, which is a certain sign of a Purulence of the Tubercles. 1775 T. Percival Ess. Med. & Exper. (1776) III. 104 The lungs become inflamed, a cough ensues, tubercles or a vomica are formed. 1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 149 The ulcerated surface [of a chancre] may heal, and leave an indurated knob or tubercle in the affected part. 1818 Art of preserving Feet 3 The corn is technically termed ‘clavus pedum’, and considered as a tubercle without organization, proceeding from the substance of the epidermis, and originating in the tightness of shoes or boots. 1842 Lancet 31 Dec. 489/1 Assuming..that no retrogression can be accomplished, it matters comparatively but little to the patient whether he lives with tubercles in his lungs or not, so long as he lives. 1876 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 2) I. iii. 118 A tubercle feels to the finger in its early stage like a foreign body introduced into the cutis. 1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xxvi. 412 A Sandwich Islander..was inoculated from a lepra tubercle. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) x. 239 After death the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, and meninges are found studded with tubercles. 1968 H. O. Mackey & J. P. Mackey Handbk. Dis. Skin (ed. 9) iii. 9 Nodules or tubercles are solid elevations of the skin larger than papules. Examples:—nodular syphilide and nodular leprosy. 1968 H. O. Mackey & J. P. Mackey Handbk. Dis. Skin (ed. 9) iii. 9 ‘Nodule’ is preferable to ‘tubercle’, to avoid confusion with the lesions of the tubercle bacillus. 1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. ix. 229 Intravenous injection of tuberculin in such patients often led to reactivation of old tubercles (the focal reaction) and to severe systemic reactions and occasionally death. 2004 Chemist & Druggist (Nexis) 22 May 21 Infection may spread from the lungs into the blood, setting up millions of tiny tubercles throughout the body (miliary TB). b. As a mass noun: disease characterized by the presence of tubercles, spec. tuberculosis; (also) †the material contained within tubercles (obsolete). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > wasting disease > [noun] > tuberculosis decline1783 tubercle1795 tuberculation1822 tuberculization1823 tubercularization1839 tuberculosis1839 tuberculocele1858 white plague1860 tuberculid1868 tuberculoderma1881 white scourge1895 tubercule1901 white death1901 T.B.1912 1795 W. Davidson Observ. Pulmonary Syst. ii. 14 The second state of pulmonary hæmorrhage is when it is attended with other disease, as tubercle, abscess, or induration. 1837 W. Stokes Treat. Diagnosis & Treatm. Dis. Chest viii. 439 In the second, we meet the disease in persons not of the strumous diathesis, and who have no hereditary disposition to tubercle. 1859 J. Tomes Syst. Dental Surg. (1873) 51 Tubercle does not appear to interfere with the progress of dentition. 1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. i. i. 67 It is a..characteristic of tubercle that its specific cells very rapidly fall into degeneration. 1919 F. O. Bower Bot. Living Plant xxx. 460 On the basis of nutrition Bacteria have been classified into three groups:..(iii) Paratrophic, those which develop normally only within the living tissues of other organisms, and are true, and obligatory parasites, such as the germs of Tubercle or Diphtheria. 3. Botany. A small tuber, or a root-growth somewhat resembling a small tuber. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > root > [noun] > tuber clog1597 tuber1668 tuberous root1668 tubercle1728 storage tuber1914 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Dispensatory i. ii. ix. 259 Polypody is so tearmed, because many knots and tubercles [L. nodi multi], like the Fishes called Polypi, grow on its roots. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Tuber, or Tubercle, in Botany, a kind of round turgid Root, in form of a Knob or Turnip. 1783 A. A. Parmentier Obs. Nutritive Veg. 33 Potatoes should never be drowned..The water, after it has been reduced into vapour, should be driven back, in order the better to insinuate itself into the texture of each tubercle. 1817 London Med. & Physical Jrnl. 38 334 It is a species of tubercle, which fixes itself above the root of the orobanche racemosa. 1878 Garden 5 Apr. 318/1 There is the great difference between Dahlia tubercles and Potato tubers. 1909 G. W. Oliver Plant Culture (ed. 2) 117 The thickened tuber-like roots of the Dahlia are simply reservoirs of nutriment, and are known as tubercles. 1939 E. D. Laborde tr. E. de Martonne Shorter Physical Geogr. (rev. ed.) xix. 293 Nothing prevents the development of roots or tubercles, and the mountain pastures of the Alps are often covered with grass or with bushes. 1997 L. Holm et al. World Weeds 526 The other protrusions on the tubercle are of different structure and some form roots to 5 cm in length. 4. a. A nodule of a salt, mineral, mineralized material, or ore. Now rare. ΚΠ 1799 W. Babington New Syst. Mineral. 19 The same, of a dark brown colour, with small tubercles of opake careous spar, on white crystallised quartz. 1804 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Gen. Syst. Chem. Knowl. V. xvi. 537 This salt swells..and rises in the form of the branches of shrubs of a very agreeable appearance, or in tubercles surmounted by a multitude of other smaller tubercles. 1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 236 This [sc. Eyed] Agate is, in fact, composed of a number of tubercles, each of which consists of concentric layers, enveloping a globular nucleus. 1919 W. N. Logan Kaolin of Indiana 73 Physically, the mineral is made up of tubercles and these are collected into larger masses. 1950 E. S. Bastin Interpretation Ore Textures 19 Where a silver-calcite veinlet traverses ore showing the ‘tubercle’ texture, the cap or outer layer of one of the tubercles lies on one side of the veinlet, while the main part of the tubercle lies on the opposite side. b. A nodule or lump (typically consisting of iron compounds, calcium compounds, and organic material of bacterial origin) formed on an exposed metal surface, esp. the inner surface of a water pipe. ΚΠ 1860 Rep. Secretary of Treasury U.S.A. State of Finances 166 The mains in Paris have been found tuberculated (the tubercles more wide than elevated) after a continual flow of water. 1895 E. C. Convers Facts about Pipe (ed. 3) 386 Mr. William R. Hutton said that tubercles are formed almost entirely by chemical action. 1961 Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 3 81 The dissolution of the iron under the [Sphaerotilus] colony results in the formation of a tubercle composed of rust and bacterial filaments. 2013 T. Kuppan Heat Exchanger Design Handbk. xii. 742 Austenitic stainless steels form small tubercles from microbial action, under which severe pitting occurs. Compounds C1. General attributive (in various senses). ΚΠ 1860 F. Chance tr. R. Virchow Cellular Pathol. 477 The tubercle-granule never attains any considerable size. 1899 Proc. Royal Soc. 1898–9 64 168 Nitragin does consist of the tubercle organism, and as a result of the inoculation of either seeds or soil with it, tubercle formation takes place. 1901 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 15 June 1700/1 There is evidence showing that in tubercle cases attacks of smallpox apparently eliminated the former disease. 1952 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 39 143/2 In this species the leaf bases..expand outward to form ribs. There is only a suggestion of tubercle formation. 2008 Southeastern Naturalist 7 477 We determined the sex of each individual [fish] based upon development of secondary sexual characteristics (such as nuptial tubercle development). C2. tubercle bacillus n. [after German Tuberkelbacillus (R. Koch 1882, in Berliner klin. Wochenschr. 10 Apr. 222/1; now Tuberkelbazillus)] the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in humans; (in later use also) any of various other, esp. pathogenic, species of Mycobacterium.In quot. 1897 attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > bacillus > [noun] > types of tubercle bacillus1882 Koch's bacillus1885 comma (bacillus)1886 spider-cell1888 Klebs–Löffler1895 Hofmann's bacillus1897 Koch–Weeks bacillus1898 Pfeiffer's bacillus1900 Shiga1900 Hansen('s) bacillus1903 streptobacilli1903 Johne's bacillus1907 wisp bacillus1915 klebsiella1928 Shigella1937 listerella1940 coliform1951 thiobacillus1951 1882 Med. Times & Gaz. 22 Apr. 411/2 The tubercle-bacillus of Koch is a slender, rod-shaped, motionless body, in length one-quarter or one-half, or the whole diameter of a red blood-corpuscle. 1897 Daily News 1 Apr. 3/4 Both assume the so-called tubercle-bacillus tint. 1913 Times 6 Aug. 8/4 Microscopical examination of milk and tubercle bacillus by analytical methods. 1943 Arch. Dermatol. & Syphilol. 47 62 Sarcoid-like lesions have..been produced by the injection of bovine tubercle bacilli of low virulence into rabbits. 1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) xxvii. 375 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is often referred to as the ‘tubercle bacillus’ because it is rod-shaped, stands as the prototype of the pathogenic mycobacteria. 2004 J. Playfair Living with Germs (2007) ii. 27 In normal conversation among experts it is quite common to use the genus name only—Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Plasmodium—and sometimes an even more everyday term—staph, tubercle bacillus, malaria parasite—depending on the degree of precision required. tubercle bacterium n. [after German Tuberkelbakterie (1880 or earlier)] (a) = tubercle bacillus n.; (b) any of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in root nodules (now rare). ΚΠ 1882 Med. Times & Gaz. 22 Apr. 411/2 The tubercle-bacteria remain blue. 1890 Proc. Royal Soc. 1889 46 439 The tubercle-bacteria penetrate through young (but not suberised) cell membranes into the root-hairs and epidermis cells of the root. 1895 Lancet 27 July 197/2 The miliary lymphomata which are produced by the injection of fairly resistant bacteria, such as tubercle bacteria, into the blood. 1951 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 89 185/2 Dispersed growth of the human strain of tubercle bacteria could be obtained. 2002 Science 17 May 1203/2 Tubercle bacteria do not have flavohemoglobins (which other pathogens use to detoxify NO) but instead have three types of distinctive truncated hemoglobins. tubercle-infected adj. infected with tubercle bacilli. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > wasting disease > [adjective] > relating to tuberculosis tuberculous1597 tuberculated1829 tuberculized1835 tuberculosed1851 tubercle-infected1888 tubercular1898 pseudotuberculous1899 1888 Glasgow Herald 30 May 6/4 If dairy-inspection is to be anything more than a sanitary farce, it should..include powers by the operation of which the suppression of tubercle-infected animals may become easy. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 3 Nov. 9/2 If the Council can prevent the sale of tubercle-infected milk. 2006 K. Waddington Bovine Scourge vi. 103 Tubercle infected material was fed or injected into a series of test animals. Derivatives ˈtubercle-like adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [adjective] > rounded projection nodous1646 tuberous1650 papillar1651 verrucous1656 capitate1661 clavate1661 papillary1667 warty1693 tuberculated1696 papillous1718 tubercular1719 clavated1728 tuberculous1732 mammillated1744 tubercled1746 papillose1752 torulous1752 tuberculose1752 tuberculate1777 tubercle-like1792 mastoid1800 tuberculiferous1802 ventricose1804 torulose1806 papillated?a1808 tuberculiform1817 bullated1822 nodulous1822 tuberiform1822 nodulated1824 papilliform1824 mammular1826 papilliferous1826 nodulose1828 knuckled1842 mamelonated1843 tuberculoid1853 papillate1857 mammilloid1859 tuberculosquamous1866 bosselated1873 papulate1876 bulbar1878 tubero-cystic1879 mammulose1889 1792 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 2) III. 181 Thickly covered with white tubercle-like excrescences. 1866 R. Tate Plain & Easy Acct. Mollusks Great Brit. iv. 165 A tubercle-like tooth [in a shell]. 1908 Philippine Jrnl. Sci. B. 3 455 The tubercle-like granules occasionally break down and form small pockets of thick granular pus-like material. 2003 U. Gerson et al. Mites (Acari) for Pest Control xv. 123 Very small, tubercle-like galls are formed on the leaves, petioles and stems. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1556
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