| 释义 |
throen. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Perhaps partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: English þrawu ; throw v.2; throw n.1 Etymology: Origin uncertain and disputed; perhaps of multiple origins. Perhaps partly (i) a reflex of Old English þrawu (rare), variant of þrēa threat, abuse, rebuke, oppression, attack (see threa v.), and partly (ii) < throw v.2, or perhaps (iii) a specific sense development of throw n.1 Compare thro n. and also thro adj.1The range of forms attested for this word is difficult to account for. Derivation from Old English þrawu would account for the β. forms in au , aw but not for the α. forms in ou , ow , unless analogical influence is adduced from another word (e.g. throw v.2 or thro n.). Derivation immediately from throw v.2 (to suffer) is semantically plausible and would account for α. forms in ou , ow but not the β. forms in au , aw . Both of these form types would be accounted for by development from Old English þrāwan throw v.1 in its earliest sense ‘to torture on the rack’ (see throw v.1 1a). However, this sense does not survive into Middle English and appears to be obsolete by the time the present noun appears; the related sense ‘to twist’ is also largely superseded by the core sense ‘to hurl’ during the Middle English period. It has alternatively been suggested that this word may be a specific sense development of throw n.1, which would account phonologically for the range of attested spellings, including the Middle English forms with medial h , gh , which are recorded relatively early. However, senses of throw n.1 ‘time, period of time’ are relatively remote from sense 1 of the present word unless an intermediate sense ‘time of distress’ is adduced and, although such a development is plausible and paralleled by e.g. stound n.1, evidence for such a sense of throw n.1 is lacking. The current standard spelling throe at γ. forms is a 16th-cent. alteration of throw, throwe at α. forms (compare with similar alteration the current forms of roe n.2 (earlier row , rowe ), hoe n.2 (earlier how , howe ), etc.), perhaps motivated by a desire to differentiate this word from throw n.2 1. the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains α. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 181 Hie beð mid childe bistonden, and nimeð hire stundmele swo bittere þrowes þat hie ne mai hire muð holden. c1300 St. Mary Magdalen (Laud) 354 in C. Horstmann (1887) 472 Hire token ful strongue þrowes. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. l. 3559 This hell [= hill] on his childinge lay, And whan the throwes on him come, His noise..Was ferfull. (Harl. 221) 493 Throwe, womannys pronge. a1500 ( G. Ripley (Ashm.) l. 1247 (MED) They schalbe vnbownd by water wyche passyth..with grevous throwys a-fore her chyldyng. 1613 S. Purchas viii. xiv. 685 All the throwes..of this hills monstrous trauells. 1690 C. Ness I. 52 The throws in birth be so torturing as no kind of torments can parallel. 1733 G. Cheyne ii. x. 220 The Fœtus, by its Motion or Pressure, raises those Throws and Convulsions in the Mother. the world > life > death > [noun] > death throes α. c1300 St. Christopher (Laud) l. 188 in C. Horstmann (1887) 276 Þe kying..to hire fet bynden heuie stones þat hire deþes þrowes weren strongue. a1325 (c1280) (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 1568 (MED) Oure lord gan wepe & grede ffor gret anguisse of deþes þrowe. ?a1475 G. Banester Guiscardo & Ghismonda (BL Add.) l. 548 in H. G. Wright (1937) 32 (MED) Þe throwys of deth no lenger wolde delay. 1590 E. Spenser i. x. sig. K2v O man haue mind of that last bitter throw. 1629 W. Mure 1581 Death's tormenting throws. the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > [noun] > anguish or torment α. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. l. 5401 And for thin ese..Thi love throghes forto lisse. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 206 Troylus..his sorwes þat he spared hadde He yaf an yssue large..And in his þrowes frenetyk and madde He curssed Ioue. c1450 King Ponthus (Digby) in (1897) 12 75 (MED) He..made noo semeland to be in any throwes of love. 1549 J. Cheke Let. 30 May in H. Ellis (1843) (Camden) 8 How honorable is it to fli from honors throws. 1597 J. Gerard i. 27 The throwes and gripings of the bellie. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. ii. 85 Their pangs of Loue, with other incident throwes That Natures fragile Vessell doth sustaine. View more context for this quotation 1682 W. Penn (ed. 2) 152 Many a Pang and Throw have we had; Our Heaven seemed to melt away. 1719 D. Defoe 203 Frequent Throws and Pangs of Appetite, that nothing but the Tortures of Death can imitate. 1793 R. MacFarlan At Uspag A pang, a throw. the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > under difficulties > accompanying or preceding production 1698 J. Crowne iii. 18 For that poor chaff, how will he thrash his brains? He is in throws before, but then he's eas'd. a1718 T. Parnell (1721) 49 There Parent Ocean with heaving Throes. 1780 8 Old Ætna..thy fruitful Throes Afflict thy sympathizing Neighbours round. 1813 R. Wilson 2 Apr. (1861) I. 320 England..with all her throes, still towers aloft in foreign estimation. 1860 J. Tyndall i. viii. 59 A..scene, suggesting throes of spasmodic energy. 1903 A. E. Waite Let. c9 Jan. in W. B. Yeats (1994) III. 300 Owing to throes, convulsions and revolutions the revision was suspended and our labours threatened to be wasted. 1978 J. P. Stern v. 71 Winter's last throes before spring sets in. 2016 (Nexis) 13 July 9 The latest National Australia Bank business survey for June didn't capture the final throes of the federal election campaign. Phrases1811 Dec. 486/1 It will be..for the councils of America, at such a pregnant season as the present, to entertain views grandly prospective, and commensurate, with the destinies of the whole continent, now labouring, and as we may say, in the throes of deliverance from ancient oppression. 1821 6 Oct. 1/2 The convulsions and revolutions, that have removed again and again the landmarks of empire..like the heaving of the earth in the throes of an earthquake! 1856 J. A. Froude (1858) II. ix. 373 When a nation is in the throes of revolution, wild spirits are abroad in the storm. 1878 J. J. Young (1879) 125 The author is represented seated at a table..in the very throes of composition. 1898 27 Nov. 1/3 Molong, a sweet town of the west, is in the throes of a municipal crisis—and all about a night man. 1918 G. Lee Diary 15 Feb. in (2006) 244 We are all in the throes of filling in our registration cards for butter or margarine and meat. 1976 F. Zweig ii. iii. 99 The private sector, particularly in the throes of recession, is limited in its ability to pay by the discipline of the market system. 2015 (Nexis) 3 July She is in the throes of writing a second novel. Compounds1835 J. Sterling Let. 29 May in T. Carlyle (1851) ii. ii. 152 The restless immaturity of our self-consciousness, and the promise of its long throe-pangs. 1869 W. Guthrie 161 Throe-stricken with terror, the hinds cast their young. 1883 Oct. 819/1 The wild, throe-built, water-quarried rock gorges. Derivatives 1838 C. Hering tr. G. H. G. Jahr 292 Before menstruation cutting and throe-like pains in the hypogastrium. 1845 P. J. Bailey (ed. 2) 389 Awhile in dead throe-like suspense they stood. 1881 Oct. 529/2 The whole snowy blossom is unfolded: one day open, then towards night, by a similar series of throe-like movements, it closes. 1939 24 June 9/3 We see the young people in fear of the future and all these in the fullness of life in a throelike struggle for supremacy. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † throev. Origin: Probably formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: throe n. Etymology: Probably < throe n. (see forms at that entry), although perhaps compare earlier throw v.2The past participle variant thrown (compare quot. 1683 at sense 2) may suggest additional association with throw v.1 Obsolete. the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > make strenuous efforts > in face of difficulties 1615 [implied in: J. Sylvester Honor's Farwel in sig. Hh5 Soul's sad Repenting, & Hearts heauie Throeing, Are surest Fruits that in the World are growing. (at throeing n.)]. 1662 G. Torriano 220/2 As one lyes a dying, to throw, and gasp as a fish doth. 1779 J. Stouppe 22 A beloved Child, a dear Companion, a tender Friend lieth under all the Agonies of Pain; or is throeing in the Jaws of Death! 1880 L. Wallace vii. v. 466 His memory began to throe and struggle. 1912 J. Stephens xii. 147 That travail of mind which, through countless generations, has throed to the birth of an ecstasy. the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > affect with type of pain [verb (transitive)] > affect with anguish or torment a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. i. 236 A birth..Which throwes thee much to yeeld. View more context for this quotation 1683 W. Kennett tr. Erasmus 51 How many..pangs of a labouring mind ye are perpetually thrown and tortured with. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online September 2018). <  n.a1200 v.1615 |
