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单词 tho
释义

† thopron.1adj.

Forms:

α. (northern in later Middle English) Old English ðæ (chiefly late), Old English–early Middle English þæ, Old English–Middle English tha, Old English–Middle English þa, Old English–Middle English ða, Middle English ta (after t, d, s), Middle English þaa; also Scottish pre-1700 tha; see also thae adj. and pron.eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) ii. 10 Omnes qui iudicatis terram : alle ða ðe doemað eordan.OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 10 Þa twelfe þe mid him wæron.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2796 Þa menn þatt wel himm follȝhenn.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 429 Swa ne didenn nohht ta twa Þatt we nu mælenn ummbe.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4579 Seoððe him comen þæ [c1300 Otho þe] tiðinde of Crist Godes childe.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6448 To þaa þat gret birþin bar.a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 6435 Aparty of þa paynes sere.c1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 16 Tha stalwart knychtis.1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 805 The maist man of all, tha That euer he had sene.

β. early Middle English ðo, early Middle English ðoa, Middle English theo, Middle English þeo, Middle English þo, Middle English þoa, Middle English þoe, Middle English þoo, Middle English thow, Middle English to (after t, d, s), Middle English too, Middle English–1500s tho, Middle English–1500s thoe, Middle English–1500s thoo; also Scottish pre-1700 tho. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 139 And bi þo daȝes luuede herodes..his broðer wif.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 47 Alle þeo þe ihereð godes weordes.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 79 Þo þet weren imakede engles.c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 163 Cleopest þeo [a1250 Titus þoa] þinges godes.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4517 Þeo cudden Kinbeline.c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 721 Nameliche theo for alle other.a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Prov. iv. 22 For tho ben lijf to men fyndynge thoo.c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) l. 686 Now wyll we thre do make a dance Off thow þat longe to owr retenance.1521 Bp. J. Fisher Wks. (1876) 316 In thoo causes that perteyne vnto god.1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rev. ii. 10 Feare none off thoo [ Coverd. tho; Gt. Bible those] thynges which thou shalt soffre.1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 238 All thoe that fraunches of holye Churche breake.c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 32 I am not one of tho.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Use as demonstrative pronoun and demonstrative determiner of the nominative and accusative plural of the Old English demonstrative adjective and pronoun and definite determiner se , sēo , þæt (see the adj., pron.2, and n.1; compare tho pron.2). In Old English and early Middle English, the pronoun and determiner were inflected: see the illustration of forms at the adj., and compare discussion at that entry. The inflected uses are covered at the adj. and the pron.2 This entry covers the use of the nominative and accusative plural form þā in Old English and early Middle English, and the subsequent generalized use of the form as a plural demonstrative pronoun and demonstrative determiner. Compare thae adj. and thae pron., and also that pron.1 and that adj.1The forms þa , þo (based on the original nominative and accusative plural, and perhaps partly also on the accusative singular feminine: see discussion at the adj.) were further generalized as definite article and demonstrative pronoun forms for all genders and cases in both plural and singular: see the adj. Forms 3aγ. (including the examples of use in the singular) and compare discussion at that entry. For the history of thae , Scots variant of this word, see thae adj. and thae pron. In northern Middle English and Older Scots there is a partial formal overlap between this word and they pron. (compare Forms 1ε. at that entry). Instances of the form þa occurring in demonstrative or antecedent function have been placed at this entry. For Older Scots forms of the thae , thai types occurring in such functions see thae pron., and compare the discussion at that entry and at they pron.
Obsolete.
A. pron.1 Demonstrative pronoun with plural agreement, originally plural of that pron.1; = those pron.
1. In general sense, indicating things or persons pointed to or already mentioned; = those pron. 2. Cf. that pron.1 1.In quot. OE1 preceded by and, introducing an additional modifier; cf. those pron. 3.
Π
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) clxiii. 206 Heo hafaþ leaf sinewealte and ða bittere on byrgincge.
OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 16 Þonne Burgenda land wæs us on bæcbord, & þa habbað him sylf cyning.
a1250 (?c1200) Prov. Alfred (Galba) (transcript of damaged MS) (1955) 78 Þe erl & þe aþelinȝ þo ben under þe cinȝ þe lond to leden.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3192 Þeo [c1300 Otho hii] fihten wið þone duke.
a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 34 Ne lete for non of þo.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 299 Tho [sc. my wittes fyve] be proprely the gates, Thurgh whiche..Comth alle thing.
a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxxiii. 5 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 259 Þat noght gafe vs swa In takinge ofe tethe ofe þa.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 8817 Þus þa [Vesp., Fairf. þai; Trin. Cambr. þei] proued it thre days.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 3 Kings vi. 12 If thou..kepist alle my comaundementis, and goist bi tho [E.V. a1425 Corpus Oxf. hem; L. per ea].
R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Mending of Life 116 Be þame þa wote endles lyfe to wynn.
a1500 (a1450) Generides (Trin. Cambr.) l. 888 Peraventour I myght be on of thoo.
1574 J. Davidson Ane Dialog betuix Clerk & Courteour in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 303 Quhair ar tha?
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 298 Sa tha facht that betueine thame was amissing a thousand or thairabout.
c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 32 I am not one of tho.
2. As antecedent pronoun followed by a relative clause or its equivalent; = those pron. 5.In Old English as nominative and accusative plural, frequently in þā þe (see quot. OE2); cf. the pron.2 2.
Π
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 179 He gesceop gesceafta þa ða [a1225 Vesp. A.xxii þa ða] he wolde.
OE King Ælfred tr. Psalms (Paris) (2001) v. 5 Þu hatast ealle þa þe unriht wyrcað.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 53 Þa þatt wærenn gode menn.
?c1225 Ancrene Riwle (Cleo.: Scribe B) (1972) 27 Habbeð reowðe of þeo þet habbeð stronge fondunges.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3200 Þeo [c1300 Otho þaie] þat hit iseȝen.
?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) l. 74 Alle þo þat here ben hine.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2285 Sone eche man þat miȝt ful manliche him armed, & heȝeden hastely to hors þo þat hade any.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1529 Þaa [Gött. þai, Trin. Cambr. þei] þat þa [Fairf. þer, Gött. þir] wonders werkes wroght.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 13349 Said Arthur to þo þer ware.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 10 Þa þat schafes þaire berdes.
c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 1531 Alle tho that lyuyn & been dede.
1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 29 The chymes, as wel tho that been in Seynt Marie stepill as tho that been [etc.].
1509 J. Fisher Serm. Henry VIJ (de Worde) sig. A.iij Blessyd are tho whiche haue made vertuous ende.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lvii. 193 All tho in your company.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. f. xiiiiv/1 Jaques Dardenboure founde all tho of the bochery well enclyned to his wyll.
1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 238 b All thoe yt be common robbers.
1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 805 The maist man of all, tha That euer he had sene.
B. adj. Demonstrative determiner with plural agreement.On the difficulty of distinguishing use as a determiner to indicate definiteness or as a demonstrative in Old English and early Middle English see etymological note at the adj., pron.2, and n.1
1. Used in agreement with a following noun to indicate things or persons either as being actually pointed out or present, or as having just been mentioned, or as assumed to be known; = those adj. 2. Cf. that adj.1 1.
Π
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 97 Illis capitibus ðam heafdum, illa capita þa heafdu.
OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 15 He hæfde..tamra deora unbebohtra syx hund. Þa deor hi hatað hranas.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 51 Þo word munegeð us.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6766 (MED) Wenden þa [c1300 Otho þes] cnihtes to þan kinge.
a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 239 (MED) He..sende to þo eorþ-tylyers þat ffrut to vnderffonge.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1709 Sche..busked to þe kychene þer as burnes were busy..manly sche melled hire þo men forto help.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2590 Als it was hight befor þaa [Fairf. þa, Gött. þas] dais.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 457 Custom was be þo dawes.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 500 Out of the gospel he tho wordes caughte.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 1755 Al-þei he were a paynym in þo dawes.
c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. liiijv/2 Whoo kysseth thoo crosses hathe v C yere of pardon.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xviii. 17 Gallio cared for none of tho thynges.
1558 Q. Kennedy Compendius Tractiue iii. sig. Bvv The iuge that wes in tha dayis.
c1580 ( tr. Bk. Alexander (1925) I. i. 1663 Quhan gude Emynedus..Had rushit and put abak halely..Tha Turkis.
a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. l. 13719 Tha pepill war nocht eith to apprehend..quhat way that thai had wend.
2. In agreement with a plural noun which is the antecedent to a relative; = those adj. 3. Cf. that adj.1 2.
Π
OE tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 18 Þa land þe man hæt Gallia Bellica, be eastan þæm is sio ea.
OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 17 Ðonne sceolon beon gesamnode ealle ða menn ðe swyftoste hors habbað.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 125 Ða songes þa we nu singeð.
c1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 127 [B]idde huue with milde steuene, til vre fader þe king of heuene In þe mununge of cristis pine..for alle tho men that are in sinne bunden.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1495 Sel me ðo wunes, Ðe queðen ben ðe firme sunes.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. i. 22 Tho thingus that ben noȝesum to them.
1418 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1834) II. 244 Al þoo personnes þat been oure sugettes.
c1460 Tree & 12 Frutes (McClean) (1960) 125 (MED) It is also on of þo ornamentes wher in bisschopis ben arayed.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 64 Blessid be þo eres þat receyueþ of goddys rounynge.
c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1901) I. 1 Cor. xiv. 38 Knaw he tha thingis that I write to you.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rev. ii. 10 Feare none off thoo [Coverdale tho; Great Bible those] thynges which thou shalt soffre.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Sept. 32 In tho countryes, whereas I haue bene.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† thopron.2

Forms: Old English ða, Old English þæ (chiefly late), Old English (chiefly late)–early Middle English ðæ, Old English–Middle English þa, Middle English tha, Middle English þeo, Middle English tho, Middle English þo.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Use as relative pronoun of the nominative and accusative plural of the Old English demonstrative adjective and pronoun and definite determiner se , sēo , þæt (see the adj., pron.2, and n.1; compare tho pron.1). Compare that pron.2 and also the pron.1In the reduced forms þæ , ðæ probably partly representing forms of the pron.1
Obsolete.
Relative pronoun with plural agreement; = that pron.2 in plural contexts.In Old English the nominative and accusative plural of the relative pronoun, referring to plural antecedents of any gender.
Π
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) viii. 4 Stellas quas tu fundasti : steorran ða ðu gesteaðulades.
OE Beowulf (2008) 113 Þanon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas, swylce gi[ga]ntas, þa wið gode wunnon lange þrage.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 21 Us..and alle þo nede habbeð.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 125 Ða songes þa we nu singeð.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3884 He sette reuwen stronge & hæȝen, þo [emended in ed. to þe] fengen þa lond-gauel.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3550 For uncuðe leoden þeo þis londe habbeð bi-wunnen.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3198 Alle þa [c1300 Otho þe] he funde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 5237 Manassen and effraym þo [Vesp., Gött., Trin. Cambr. þat] in egipte his wif him bare whiche þe kyng had geten him þare.
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 160 His Sonnes tha wickyd men were.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022).

thoadv.conj.

Forms: Old English–Middle English þá, (Old English ðá, tha), Middle English þo, (Middle English þoo), Middle English þeo, þeoa, ðoa ( ta, to), Middle English þaa, þae, Middle English thoo, Middle English–1600s (dialect–1800s) tho, (Middle English–1500s thoe).
Etymology: Old English ðá , þá = Old Norse þá (Norwegian daa , Swedish då , Danish da ) then, when; originally a case-form of the demonstrative stem þa- of the adj., pron.2, and n.1, that pron.1, adj.1, adv., and n.; either the actual accusative singular feminine, Old English and Old Norse þá, or (as some think) a stressed form of the original accusative masculine; meaning ‘that time’, the noun being omitted: compare Latin tum, tam. (But compare also the sense-equivalent Old Saxon thô, thuo, Old High German dô, duo.) In Middle English þā remained in the north, but c1200 regularly became þō, thō in midland and southern Tho, thoa still remains = then, at that time, in the south-west.
Obsolete exc. dialect.
1. As demonstrative adverb: Then.
a. At that time: = then adv. 1. Now dialect. (In quot. c1385 preceded by a preposition: = then adv. 7a.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > different time > [adverb] > at that time
thoc893
then898
c893 tr. Orosius Hist. i. i. §14 Þa for he norþryhte be þæm lande.
c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care 2 Hu gesæliglica tida þa wæron geond Angelcynn.
c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 378 Hit mæg eow nu fremian swa micclum swa hit ða mihte.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 51 Nimeð forbisne efter þe olde men þe þo weren.
a1225 Juliana 9 As me luuede þa.
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7936 Þe kyng þankede God þo.
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16261 Þider cam nought þo Osewy.
c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Dido. 1060 The queene..had herde ofte of Eneas er thoo.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 6 Tho was the lif of man in helthe, Tho was plente, tho was richesse.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6383 Þis mete þat þai war fed of þaa [Gött. þan], þai cald it..manna.
c1420 Chron. Vilod. 46 Fiue maner of pepull here dwellyd þo.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid i. vi. 68 As was the maner tho.
1549–62 T. Sternhold & J. Hopkins Whole Bk. Psalms lxxviii. 6 They and their posteritie, Which were not sprong up tho.
1600 ‘Ignoto’ in Englands Helicon sig. Ziii In Pescod time..I went to gather Strawberries tho.
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. Tho, adv. of time, then. Still the usual form here... ‘Her told'n he should have his money, but her 'adn a-got it tho.’
†b. (Next) after that, upon that, thereupon: = then adv. 3a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > thereafter or after that
thoc700
thenforthc875
thereafterc897
fro ðan ðatc1175
thethenforthc1175
thenforthwardc1200
thereup?c1225
from?a1366
thencec1374
thenceforthc1374
fromwardc1400
thyne-forwardc1400
sin1405
thyne-forthc1440
thenceforward1457
sinsyne1470
thenafter1470
then afterwarda1485
upon?1523
sineth1542
thence-after1593
thenceforwards1684
thereafterward1867
c700 Cædmon Hymn 7 He aerist scop..heben til hrofe..Tha middungeard [etc.].
c893 tr. Orosius Hist. i. ii. §1 Þa æt nyhstan he wæs feohtende wið Sciððie.
OE Cynewulf Juliana 594 Þa se dema wearð hreoh ond hygegrim, ongon his hrægl teran.
1131 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1127 Siððen þa nam he þes kynges wifes swuster of France to wife.
a1175 Cott. Hom. 225 Þo warð god toðan swiðe ȝegremed þurh manna mandede.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 225 & ta þeȝȝ wisstenn sone anan Forr whatt he dwelledd haffde.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 314 Ed þe Mete nanword oðerlut & þeo stille.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 1806 Þo [c1275 Calig. þon] nam Leir þe king his leofeste cnihtes.
c1386 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale Prol. 18 Vn-to this Angel spak the frere tho.
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xvii. i. 689 Whanne Galahad had rescowed Percyual..he yede tho in to a waste foreste.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Jan. 11 Tho to a hill his faynting flocke he ledde.
1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. C3 Tho I gan closely on his person look.
†2.
a. As relative or conjunctive adverb: When, at the time that. (Often correlative to þa in sense 1.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > particular time > [adverb] > when or at the time that
thoc893
then971
whenOE
theOE
whensoc1175
whenas1423
while as1625
wen1893
c893 tr. Orosius Hist. i. i. §20 Ða he þiderweard seglode..þa wæs him on þæt bæcbord Denamearc.
971 Blickl. Hom. 19 Hwæt he dyde þa hine seo menego þreade.
OE Beowulf 461 Ða hine Wedera cyn..habban ne mihte.
1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Þa þe king was ded þa was þe eorl beionde sæ.
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 11 Þa ten laȝe þe þa israelisce folc sceolde halden þa he heom ledde of egipte londe.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 233 He wes lute chilt þoa he hit wrachte.
a1250 Owl & Nightingale 1690 Ah hit was unker uoreward, Þo we come hiderward.
c1250 Death 20 in Old Eng. Misc. 168 We weren poure þa we hider come.
1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 176 Ac þo þe belle was ybouȝt..Þere ne was ratoun..Þat dorst haue ybounden þe belle aboute þe cattis nekke.
a1400 K. Alis. (Bodl.) 1648 Afterward þoo it was niȝth, Hij founden [etc.].
c1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 183 Uppon morwen, tho it was day, The childe awakid.
†b. Also followed by the conj. (þa þe), in same sense: = When that, when. See the conj. 2.
ΚΠ
c1000 Ags. Psalter xlviii. 21 Ða ðe he in are wes.
a1175 Cott. Hom. 219 Þaðe hi wolde mid modinesse beon betere þonne he ȝesceapen were.
a1175 Cott. Hom. 223 Þaðae he slep þa ȝename he ribb of his sidan.
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 79 Þa þe he heuede scome aȝeines his scuppende þa he hefde þurst and hunger.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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pron.1adj.OEpron.2eOEadv.conj.c700
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