speciesn.

Brit.

/ˈspiːʃɪz/,

/ˈspiːʃiːz/,

/ˈspiːsɪz/,

/ˈspiːsiːz/,

/ˈspiːʃɪiːz/, U.S.

/ˈspiʃiz/,

/ˈspisiz/

Forms: Plural species; also 1600s–1800s specieses.

Etymology: < Latin speciēs (ablative singular speciē specie n.) appearance, form, kind, etc., < specĕre to look, behold; hence also German species , spezies . Within the Romanic languages the word is represented by Italian specie , spezie , Spanish especie (and especia ), Portuguese especie (and especia ), Old French espece (French espèce ) and espice (French épice ): see spece n. and spice n.

I. Senses relating to outward appearance or form.

†1.

a. Appearance; outward form. Obsolete.This sense is partly represented in the legal use of the word: see quots. 1651, 1765-8 at specification n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun]

onseneeOE

bleea1000

shapeOE

ylikeOE

laitc1175

semblanta1225

sightc1275

fare1297

showingc1300

specea1325

parelc1330

guise1340

countenance1362

semblance?a1366

apparel1377

regardc1380

apparencec1384

imagec1384

spicec1384

overseeminga1398

kenninga1400

seemingc1400

visage1422

rinda1450

semenauntc1450

'pearance1456

outwardc1475

representation1489

favour?a1500

figurea1522

assemblant1523

prospect?1533

respect1535

visure1545

perceiverance1546

outwardshine1549

species1559

utter-shape1566

look1567

physiognomy1567

face1572

paintry1573

visor1575

mienc1586

superficies?1589

behaviour1590

aspect1594

complexion1597

confrontment1604

show1604

aira1616

beseeminga1616

formality1615

resemblancea1616

blush1620

upcomea1630

presentment1637

scheme1655

sensation1662

visibility1669

plumage1707

facies1727

remark1748

extrinsica1797

exterior1801

showance1820

the cut of one's jib1823

personnel1839

personal appearance1842

what-like1853

look-see1898

outwall1933

visuality1938

prosopon1947

1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 400 An other very good wine with the same species, but in other weight.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xliv. 338 A Divinity under their species, or likenesse.

b. Mathematics. Of geometrical figures (see quot. 1842).But in earlier quots. taken in sense 9.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > [noun] > of geometrical figures

species1660

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun]

figure1340

numbera1398

species1660

simplex1905

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 27 All right-lined figures of the same species.

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements vi. 119 The angles C and F are not of the same species or kind.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. iii. §14. 411 The methods..for finding the Species and Position of the Orbit of the Earth.

1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 322/2 Euclid..means by figures of the same species those which have the same form, whatever may be their size... The word species is here used in its primitive sense of appearance.

1881 J. Casey Sequel to Euclid 37 A triangle is said to be given in species when its angles are given.

2. Ecclesiastical. The visible form of each of the elements of bread and wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist; one or other of these elements.Sometimes rendered by ‘form’, but more commonly (through association with sense 9) by ‘kind’: see kind n. 9a.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun]

houseleOE

bread and winea1225

sacrament?c1225

sacringc1290

spicec1425

kind?1531

Eucharistc1540

element1556

species1579

elemental1656

mystery1662

symbol1671

waybread1993

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun] > material part of

matterc1350

species1579

1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 84 They ceasse to be the body & bloud of Christ, when the species or kinds of bread and wine, are putrified or rotten.

a1613 E. Brerewood Enq. Langs. & Relig. (1614) xxiv. 173 They denie the true body of Christ to be really in the sacrament of the Eucharist vnder the Species of bread & wine.

1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. ii. 34 Now that which was under the species, though in their conceit it was Christs body, yet it was indeed Bread.

1669 A. Woodhead tr. Life St. Teresa (1671) ii. xi. 97 As soon as I had communicated (the Species remaining yet as it were intire).

1737 R. Challoner Catholick Christian Instructed vii. 99 This Ceremony of mixing a Particle of the Host with the Species of Wine in the Chalice.

1849 D. Rock Church our Fathers I. ii. 101 The sacramental species are no longer bread and wine, but have been changed into the Very Body and Blood of Christ Himself.

1880 R. F. Littledale Plain Reasons xxx. 78 (note) All the acts..took place in relation to the species of bread, and not with regard to the chalice.

†3.

a. The outward appearance or aspect, the visible form or image, of something, as constituting the immediate object of vision. Obsolete. (Common in 17th cent.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] > mere appearance

shroudc1175

frontc1374

appearancec1384

countenance?c1425

fard1540

show1547

habit1549

outside1578

glimpse1579

superficies?1589

species1598

out-term1602

paint1608

surface1613

superfice1615

umbrage1639

superficials1652

semblance1843

outer womana1845

outward man1846

patina1957

1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge Pref. 4 The picture mooveth the eye, and that committeth the species and formes of the things seene to the memory.

1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. F3^v Our sight being remoued from the obiect and species of things.

1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 1st Bk. Wks. xliv. 198 As if they had seen the very proper species and forme of death before their eyes.

1699 Ld. Tarbut Let. in S. Pepys Diary (1870) 688 That which is generally seen by them is the species of living creatures, and inanimate things, which are in motion.

†b. Similarly without of. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1616 W. B. in T. Overbury et al. His Wife, with New Elegies (7th impr.) sig. ¶7^v Yet through thy wounded Fame, as thorow these Glasses which multiply the Species, We see thy vertues more.

1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot i. viii. 27 For he saw at a convenient distance forty windmills to be the very same, that the species represented them.

a1700 T. Ken Hymnotheo in Wks. (1721) III. 355 As the two Eyes, two Species entertain.

†c. The image of something as cast upon, or reflected from, a surface; a reflection. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > reflection > [noun] > reproducing an image > image produced by

imagec1350

umberc1407

idol1563

reflection1563

reflex1596

shadow-light1623

species1638

repercussion1646

reflect1829

1638 Bp. J. Wilkins Discov. New World (1707) v. 41 The Light which appears in the Moon at the Eclipses, is nothing else but the second Species of the Sun's Rays.

1670 Philos. Trans. 1669 (Royal Soc.) 4 1104 The way of casting the Species of the Sun through a good Telescope of a competent length, on an extended paper.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis viii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 435 The glitt'ring Species here and there divide; And cast their dubious Beams from side to side.

1737 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 121/2 I cast the Species of the Sun on a Sheet of Paper..thro' a two-foot Telescope.

?1790 J. Imison School of Arts (ed. 2) 200 The Species of an object is the image or representation thereof made by the rays of light in the Focus, or place where they unite.

†4. A thing seen; a spectacle; esp. an unreal or imaginary object of sight; a phantom or illusion. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > vision or apparition

visionc1290

fantasyc1325

imagec1350

figurec1384

beholdingc1440

semblance1489

idol1563

ghost1593

fancy1609

species1639

spectrala1656

spectre1801

eidolon1828

1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 34 We will cause her obsequies to be prepared, and a fantasme, or species to be put into the grave.

1652 J. Wright tr. J.-P. Camus Nature's Paradox vi. 134 Shee had no sooner opened her Eyes, but the first species that formed it self to her sight, was an horrible Serpent of an immense growth.

1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 82 It helps against vaine species.

†5. metaphorical. A supposed emission or emanation from outward things, forming the direct object of cognition for the various senses or for the understanding. Obsolete.The species affecting the senses were classed as sensible (divided into audible, visible, etc.) and distinguished from the intelligible. See also intentional adj. 3.

a. With qualifying adjectives.

ΚΠ

1615 Bp. J. Hall No Peace with Rome viii, in Recoll. Treat. 857 In the same state, as the faculty of seeing, when a sensible species is absent.

1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. xiii. §7. 195 We may more truly say..that the sensible, and intelligible species of outward things,..are by the ayre transported to the soule.

1661 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mech. (1682) 108 Because no visual species's could proceed either from it, or through it, unto the eye.

1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician II. 54 The Councils are as 'twere..the Optick Nerves, by which visible Species are transmitted to the Prince.

1707 J. Frazer Disc. Second Sight 17 Visible Ideas, or Species, are emitted from every visible Object to the Organ of the Eye.

b. In general use.

ΚΠ

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. i. ii. vii. 36 Memory layes vp all the Species which the Senses haue brought in, and records them.

1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) Man. iv. viii. 345 That the Species of odours may with the Air be carried to the..Organs of Smelling.

1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 269 The very Air conveys the Species of diseased People, more especially if there be fit and prepared matter for Diseases.

a1794 E. Gibbon Memoirs in Misc. Wks. (1796) I. 324 If you understand by ideas these chimerical species, the mere fictions of metaphysicians.

c. A mental impression; an idea.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > [noun]

thoughtOE

thingOE

conceita1393

imagea1393

concept1479

conception1526

suppositiona1529

idee1542

idea1585

conceivement1599

project1600

representationa1602

notion1607

phantasma1620

conceptus1643

species1644

notice1654

revolution1675

representamen1677

vorstellung1807

brain-stuff1855

ideation1876

think1886

artefact1923

construct1933

mind1966

1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. xxxviii. 329 If there be aboundance of specieses of any one kind of obiect then strong in the imagination.

1650 Earl of Monmouth tr. J. F. Senault Man become Guilty 244 Imagine..that his soul exercising those species which she by the senses had received, considered the works of God.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. ii. i. 33 There are certain moral Species or Appearances so striking,..that..they bear down all contrary Opinion.

†6. In Platonic philosophy, = idea n. 1a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Platonism > specific features

examplea1398

ideaa1398

irascible affection1398

idee1542

spicec1555

irascible1594

mundane spirit1642

evocation1646

anamnesis1656

mundane soul1665

species1678

theocrasy1842

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 261 I suppose, said Socrates, that God and the very Species, Essence or Idea of Life, will be granted by all to be Incorruptible.

1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. vi. 315 Plato..supposed besides these corporal things another kind of beings separate from matter and motion, which he called species or ideas.

1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. vi. 315 That so the soul did not understand those corporal things, but the separate species of those corporal things.

1792 Ld. Monboddo Orig. & Progress of Lang. ix. 110 These perfect ideas of Plato are no other than the specieses of things which were held by Aristotle to exist in the mind of the deity.

II. Senses relating to groups or classes.

a. Logic. The second of the five Predicables (predicable n. 1a), connoting the common attributes or essential qualities of a class of persons or things as distinguished from the genus on the one hand and the individual on the other.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical classification > [noun] > a division, group, or class

general?a1425

genus1551

species1551

category1588

class1823

subcategory1842

tetrachotomya1856

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Bvj Species is a common word that is spoken of many whiche differ only in number, as manne is spoken of Socrates,..and of euery proper name belonging to any man. As Socrates is a man.

1567 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. iii. v. 343 What adoo was made in daily disputations..aboute Genus and Species, and the reste of the Vniuersals.

1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd Explic. sig. A4^v Species, is a more special title attributed to divers particulars under it: as, Man to William. Thomas. John.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. i. §3. 26 That common nature which is communicable to several Individuals, is called Species, Sort or special kind.

1725 I. Watts Logick i. iii. 53 A special Idea is call'd by the Schools, a Species; it is one common Nature that agrees to several singular or Individual Beings.

1725 I. Watts Logick ii. iv. 372 All those suppos'd unknown Parts, Properties or Species are clearly and distinctly perceived to be..contain'd in the known Parts, Properties or General Ideas.

1827 R. Whately Elem. Logic 138 Whatever Term can be affirmed of several things, must express..their whole essence, which is called a Species.

1857 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. (ed. 3) I. 208 The Predicables are the five steps which the gradations of generality and particularity introduce;—genus, species, difference, individual, accident.

1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) §69. 112 The difference, or that mark or marks by which the species is distinguished from the rest of its genus.

†b. The essential quality or specific properties of a thing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > an essential quality or principle > of a class of things

species1594

1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 429 The instruments whereby the Species or kinde of any thing is vnited and knit vnto the matter.

1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor ii. iii. sig. H I am come to haue you play the Alchymist with me, and chaunge the Species of my land, into that mettall you talke of.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. E^v We..can produce the species of each mettall More perfect thence, then Nature doth in earth.

1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. vii. §1. 109 We have already spoken of a City by institution in its Genus; we now say somewhat of its species.

a. A class composed of individuals having some common qualities or characteristics, frequently as a subdivision of a larger class or genus.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade

mannishOE

placec1330

state1340

gree1382

conditionc1384

sectc1384

sortc1386

ordera1400

raff?a1400

degreea1425

countenancec1477

faction?1529

estate1530

race1563

calibre1567

being1579

coat1579

rang1580

rank1585

tier1590

classis1597

strain1600

consequence1602

regiment1602

sept1610

standinga1616

class1629

species1629

nome1633

quality1636

sort1671

size1679

situation1710

distinction1721

walk of life1733

walk1737

stage1801

strata1805

grade1808

caste1816

social stratum1838

station1842

stratum1863

echelon1950

1629 W. Prynne Church of Englands Old Antithesis 98 This kind of argument from euery indiuiduall to the speecies will not hold.

1653 tr. J. Stegmann Brevis Disq. in Phenix (1708) II. 324 Are you not yet sure whether..if you reject all the Species, the whole Genus be taken away?

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iii. vi. 211 The Individuals that are ranked into one Sort, called by one common Name, and so received as being of one Species.

1765 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. (ed. 3) II. App. 521 A number of individuals considered with respect to qualities that distinguish them from others, is termed a species.

1822 I. Taylor Elem. Educ. 39 The smaller parcels into which we afterwards divide the whole, are called species.

1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. i. vii. §3 In this popular sense any two classes one of which includes the whole of the other and more may be called a genus and a species.

1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic xii. 98 A species is any class which is regarded as forming part of the next larger class.

†b. Algebra. (See quot. 1704.) Obsolete.‘The term was..used by Vieta in its logical sense, as opposed to individual, in designating the algebraical notation which he first distinctly proposed’ ( Penny Cycl. XXII. 322).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical notation or symbol > [noun] > arithmetic or algebraic symbols

species1688

operand1846

operator1855

1688 London Gaz. No. 2319/4 Together with Arithmetick in Species or Algebra, &c.

a1690 S. Jeake Λογιστικηλογία (1696) 334 Species are Quantities or Magnitudes, denoted by Letters, signifying Numbers, Lines,..Figures,..&c.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Species in Algebra, are those Letters, Notes, Marks, or Symbols, which represent the Quantities in any Equation or Demonstration.

c. Without article, esp. in in species.

ΚΠ

1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 28 To differ in species is one thing, to differ in degree another.

1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 30 It is believed..that the difference between them and the Jinn and Sheytáns is a difference of species.

a. A distinct class, sort, or kind, of something specifically mentioned or indicated. Frequently const. of.The separate groups of quotations illustrate the chief varieties of context.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class

kinc950

kindOE

distinction?c1225

rowc1300

spece1303

spice1303

fashionc1325

espicec1386

differencea1398

statec1450

sort?1523

notion1531

species1561

vein1568

brood1581

rank1585

order1588

race1590

breed1598

strain1612

batch1616

tap1623

siege1630

subdivision1646

notionality1651

category1660

denomination1664

footmark1666

genus1666

world1685

sortment1718

tribe1731

assortment1767

description1776

style1794

grouping1799

classification1803

subcategory1842

type1854

basket1916

(a)

1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer iii. sig. Cc.iii Both the one and the other is conteined vnder the Species of Homo.

1660 R. Coke Justice Vindicated ii. 26 If the Scriptures be true,..that since Adam..the species of Mankind was continued by generation.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 121 Sheep, Oxen, Horses fall; and, heap'd on high, The diff'ring Species in Confusion lie.

a1763 W. Shenstone Ess. in Wks. (1765) II. 155 Man is not proud as a species, but as an individual.

1799 G. Washington Let. in Writings (1893) XIV. 196 To sell the overplus I cannot, because I am principled against this kind of traffic in the human species.

(b)1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love ii. iii. sig. D3^v The particuler, and distinct face of euery your most noted Species of persons; As your Marchant, your Scholler, your Soldier. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 170 They were certain Indian Lords... The same Author distinguishes them into four species.a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 95 Might not the several Species of the Kings Subjects be equally mixt in their Habitations?1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 75. ⁋2 That species of men whom the ladies generally mention with terror.1780 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. (1789) xviii. §44 (note) Aristotle..divides mankind into two distinct species: that of freemen and that of slaves.1867 C. Kingsley Water of Life (1879) vi. 71 Dante, with his various bolge, tenanted each by its various species of sinners.(c)a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. F2 Now in his parts, kindes, or Species, (as you list to terme them) it is to be noted, that some Poesies haue coupled together two or three kindes.1759 O. Goldsmith Wks. (1837) III. 215 Disapproving in one species of composition, what we approve in another!1780 Mirror No. 79 No species of poetry has given occasion to more observation and criticism than what is called pastoral.1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Species, a subdivision of one of the genera of the ancient music. The genera of the Greeks were three... The Species were called Chroia, or colours of the genera.1826 T. B. Macaulay Misc. Writings (1860) I. 303 No species of fiction is so delightful to us as the old English drama.1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 66 Such history is a distinct species of composition.(d)a1625 H. Finch Law (1636) 252 Wood is the generall of all trees growing, and therefore shall be put in demand before Alders and Willowes which are but species of it.1656 tr. T. White Peripateticall Inst. 355 By the meeting of different parts, as many kinds and species of Earths,..we see [etc.].1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. l. 229 I told them what the current Price was in Town for every Species of my Goods.1794 J. Hutton Diss. Philos. Light 65 That it is the invisible species of light which is most absorbed by the..glass.(e)1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 136 There was not any species of simplicity that I counterfeited not affectately.1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. ii. 14 There remaineth no more to be said of this subiect, but to enumerate the seuerall specieses of Quantity.1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 368 In this situation they are subjected to many complicated species of misery.1792 J. Barlow Let. on Constit. of 1791 9 That species of government which offers a premium for wickedness.1825 T. B. Macaulay Milton in Edinb. Rev. Aug. 343 He fought for that species of freedom which is the most valuable.1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 83 That imaginative species of memory which converts the past into the present.

b. a species of, a kind of (cf. kind n. Phrases 3); also with the. †In early use in more definite sense.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > a kind of

a spice ofc1380

number?a1425

sort1526

sort1529

space1591

a species of1620

1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum iv. xiii. 315 When in the handling of a controuerted question, diuers opinions are recited, it is a part, or species of a narration.

1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 108 For suretiship is a species of bargaining.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 87. ⁋9 Their gratitude is a species of revenge.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xii. 204 A species of native banditti, who were always on the watch for prey.

1839 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 12 Under the species of social proscription in which the blacks in your Northern cities exist.

1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 345 Clipping is a species of pruning that was formerly much more general.

c. Applied to individuals as unique or as typical of a class.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > [noun] > archetype, syntype, etc.

species1644

type1840

type-genus1840

type-species1840

archetype1849

type-specimen1875

monotype1881

necrotype1883

cotype1893

paratype1893

topotype1893

homotype1896

genotype1897

holotype1897

homoeotype1905

lectotype1905

neotype1905

syntype1909

allotype1910

haplotype1914

society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade > those belonging to

number1542

tribe1609

species1644

specifical1651

syntagma1813

status group1902

status grouping1920

1644 J. Cleveland Char. London Diurnall 7 As the Angels, each of them makes a severall Species; so every one of his Souldiers is a distinct Church.

1656 A. Cowley Praise of Pindar in Pindaric Odes i Pindar is imitable by none; The Phœnix Pindar is a vast Species alone.

1719 E. Young Busiris v. 66 I can't complain in common with Mankind,—But am a wretched Species all alone.

1765 S. Johnson Pref. to Shakespear's Plays p. ix In the writings of other poets a character is too often an individual; in those of Shakespeare it is commonly a species.

d. With possessive pronouns, usually with reference to people or animals.

ΚΠ

1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 42 He loves dearly to propagate his Species even in the very Lands that know him not.

1796 W. Godwin Caleb Williams (ed. 2) I. vi. 133 You will live deserted in the midst of your species.

1839 J. Ruskin Poetry Archit. vi. §87 A man who could remain a radical in a wood country is a disgrace to his species.

e. the species, the human race.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > [noun]

maneOE

worldOE

all fleshc1000

mankinOE

earthOE

little worldc1175

man's kinda1200

mankinda1225

worldrichec1275

slimec1315

kindc1325

world1340

sectc1400

humanityc1450

microcosma1475

peoplea1500

the human kindred?1533

race1553

homo1561

humankind1561

universality1561

deadly?1590

mortality1598

rational1601

vicegerent1601

small world1604

flesh and blooda1616

mannity1621

human race1623

universea1645

nations1667

public1699

the species1711

Adamhood1828

Jock Tamson's bairns1832

folx1833

Bimana1839

human1841

peeps1847

menfolk1870

manfolk1876

amniota1879

peoplekind1956

personkind1972

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 10. ¶6 Their Amusements seem contrived for them rather as they are Women..; and are more adapted to the Sex, than to the Species.

1728 H. Fielding Love in Several Masques Ded. f. 2^v Those morose Schoolmen, who wou'd confine Knowledge to the Male Part of the Species.

1797 W. Godwin Enquirer i. i. 1 If individuals were happy, the species would be happy.

1814 T. Chalmers Evid. Christian Revel. vi. 182 Every great step in the history of the species.

1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty i. 7 In the stage of progress into which the more civilized portions of the Species have now entered.

f. Chemistry and Physics. A particular kind of molecule, ion, free radical, etc.; a distinct kind of atom (esp. a radioactive one) or subatomic particle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > atoms > specific types of atoms

functional group1892

species1895

hetero-atom1900

radio-atom1905

isobar1918

donor1927

impurity atom1939

nuclide1947

strong collider1968

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > minute quantity of matter > kind of

species1895

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > [noun] > distinct kind of atom

species1948

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > [noun] > a particle > kind of

species1974

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 45 Other remarkable species of compounds which are obtained by substitution, are those in which a portion of the hydrogen of the original body is displaced by chlorine.]

1895 C. S. Palmer tr. W. Nernst Theoret. Chem. iv. ii. 521 We will select as a further..example of complete heterogeneous equilibrium, a system composed of H₂O and SO₂, i.e. two molecular species.

1948 Nature 28 Feb. 291/2 The use of tracer materials, radioactive species, and radiations.

1962 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xiv. 427 Pure sulfuric acid contains a number of species in equilibrium.

1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World vi. 179 Natural uranium is not a single nuclear species. It contains two isotopes.

1971 Physics Bull. Dec. 720/3 Using the techniques of flash photolysis..he has identified the spectra of many new species, like CH₂, CH₃ and NH₂.

1974 Nature 13 Dec. 538/1 Whether n is considered to be the total number of particles in the Universe or the number of a given species, such as electrons or nucleons, is not important within the accuracy considered here.

10. Zoology and Botany. A group or class of animals or plants (usually constituting a subdivision of a genus) having certain common and permanent characteristics which clearly distinguish it from other groups.The exact definition of a species, and the criteria by which species are to be distinguished (esp. in relation to genera or varieties), have been the subject of much discussion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species

shapec1400

species1608

subspecies1681

semispecies1825

infima species1843

conspeciesa1856

incipient species1859

relic1873

biological species1876

biological race1878

microspecies1897

clan1916

Jordanon1916

twin species1931

supraspecies1938

sibling species1940

species pair1942

phenon1943

biospecies1953

ochlospecies1962

1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 126 Some haue taken the word Crocodilus for the Genus, and the seuerall Species, they distinguish into the Crocodile of the Earth, and the water.

1676 J. Ray Corr. (1848) 122 In the ‘History of the Fero Islands’ I find no more species of birds than what I have already inserted in the Ornithology.

1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 247 There were then the very same kinds of Animals and Vegetables, and the same subordinate Species under each kind that now there is.

1730 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. at Leontopetalon We have but one Species of this Plant in the English Gardens.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Specific The torpedo maculosa, and non maculosa, seem to express two species different only in the spots.

1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 462 Of which genus Phyllachne..is justly there reckoned a species.

1825 C. Waterton Wanderings in S. Amer. i. i. 94 The Humming-birds are chiefly to be found near the flowers at which each of the species of the genus is wont to feed.

1862 C. A. Johns Brit. Birds 415 The American Bittern..seems to differ in no material respect from the European species.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 208 Exactly the same kind or species of shell-fish is found to-day living in the Mediterranean.

†11.

a. plural. The separate materials or ingredients used in compounding a perfume, drug, or similar preparation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component > ingredients

species1601

receipts1637

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 375 The Species that goe to the composition of sweet Perfumes.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 289 It is one of the species or ingredients entring into the preseruatiue compositions called Antidotes.

1684 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. 264 Species of Treacle are those Ingredients of which Treacle is compounded: By the same Name are called the Species of ordinary Decoctions.

†b. plural. Spices. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > additive > spice > [noun]

pigment?a1200

aromac1220

spicea1250

spicery1297

specea1300

specerya1400

espice1483

savoura1500

sorts1530

speciesa1649

Arabia1693

a1649 R. Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro (1652) 7 Mountains of myrrh, & Beds of species.

†c. A composition used in embalming. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > preparation or treatment of corpse > [noun] > embalming > substances used in embalming

balma1400

embalmment1620

embalm1642

balsam1753

species1767

syrmaea1833

1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 457 Filled with a species, compounded of fragrant herbs, aromatic drugs, and gums reduced to powder.

†12.

a. A particular kind or sort of coin or money. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [noun] > supposed emanation from things

species1617

the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > ability to be perceived by senses > [noun] > the objects of sense > emanations supposed to cause sensation

sensibility?c1400

species1617

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > [noun] > coins and notes > kind of money

space1591

species1617

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 275 With covenant to deliver him by his Factor the same [coins], both in the Species or Kind, and in the number.

1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 440 Dionysius perhaps did not only recoin the money of Syracuse; but alter the Species too and the Names of it.

1704 London Gaz. No. 4029/1 The different Rates at which the same Species of Foreign Coins do pass.

1756 F. Brooke Old Maid No. 20. 118 He gave me a note, specifying the Sum, and the several species of money of which it consisted.

†b. Coinage, coin, money, bullion. Obsolete.In this sense it is difficult to distinguish between singular and plural, and in some cases the plural of specie n. may be intended.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun]

mintOE

moneya1325

coin1393

ready money1429

plate?a1439

coinage1467

cunyec1480

cogc1555

table money1565

chinks1577

cash1596

speciesa1618

spetia1620

specie1671

coliander seed1699

coriander-seed1737

shiners1760

jinkc1775

decimal coinage1794

coriander1801

hard currency1816

rowdy1831

Oscar Asche1905

a1618 W. Raleigh Prerogatiue Parl. (1628) 58 If all be content to pay upon moderation and change of the Species.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 70 What hath been said of the Silver-species, may be said of the Gold-species.

1701 London Gaz. No. 3740/3 The melting down of the Species is prohibited.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. v. 177 The species on board her was inconsiderable, being principally small silver money.

1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xvi. 138 Their nominal species..being about three times higher than ours.

1804 tr. É. Guénard Captive of Valence II. 100 By prohibiting species to be carried out of his kingdom in such small quantities, he will prevent the entry of a sum much more considerable.

†c. Metal (gold or silver) used for coinage. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > coining > [noun] > metal used for coining

crown goldc1530

vellona1680

species1790

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > [noun] > gold or silver > used for coinage

species1790

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 56 The paper securities..held out as a currency..in lieu of the two great recognized species that represent the lasting conventional credit of mankind.

†13. plural.

a. Nautical. Sorts of provisions. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > type of provisions

species1716

1699 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 494 The victualling the Streights fleet without due proofe for the prime costs of the several species of provision.]

1716 London Gaz. No. 5464/3 The Goodness of the several Species, and Conditions expected from each Contractor.

1751 Navy Board Orders 4 Apr. (MS.) The Kingfisher..to be Victualled to three months of all Species except Beer.

1806 Capt. Mundy in Naval Chron. 39 13 Stored and victualled for five months, of all species.

†b. Sorts of produce. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > production > product > produce, yield, or return > sorts of

species1754

1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. II. xx. 150 So that if the Tenant is not provided with all the Species he is to pay, then, that which is wanting may be converted into Money.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

species-continuing n.

ΚΠ

1911 J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons iii. 239 Periods of hunger and self-increase are followed by periods of love and species-continuing.

species-cross n.

ΚΠ

1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 25 Where the offspring of species-crosses are perfectly fertile, [etc.].

species-cycle n.

ΚΠ

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 843/2 The complete series of forms needed to represent the species being the species-cycle.

species diversity n.

ΚΠ

1967 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 5 257 An intuitive character referable to any natural population or assemblage of individuals is species diversity or biotic diversity.

1972Species diversity [see species richness n. at Compounds 2].

species-evolution n.

ΚΠ

1946 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past xii. 355 This genus experienced an episode of abundant species-evolution from the Eocene to the Miocene, or roughly for 50 million years.

1977 R. Holland Self & Social Context viii. 246 Mead's concept of the social-self..never clarifies the relation between species-evolution and individual development.

species-formation n.

ΚΠ

1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man vi. 155 Chromosome-doubling after crossing is a method of species-formation in which the isolation is not spatial but genetic.

species group n.

ΚΠ

1975 Nature 24 Jan. 290/3 Some hakes, especially the western South American species-group (M[erluccius] gayi), might support a greater fishery than at present.

species-maker n.

ΚΠ

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 61 Fancying that the genus-maker, and not the species-maker, should enjoy this privilege.

species-making n.

ΚΠ

1918 L. Huxley Life & Lett. J. D. Hooker I. viii. 175 Excessive or ignorant species-making.

species-monger n.

ΚΠ

1849 Darwin in F. Darwin Life & Lett. (1887) I. 366 As long as species-mongers have their vanity tickled by seeing their own names appended to a species.

species-mongering n.

ΚΠ

1918 L. Huxley Life & Lett. J. D. Hooker I. viii. 189 Detestation of mere species-mongering.

species-preservation n.

ΚΠ

1894 H. Drummond Lowell Lect. Ascent of Man 24 Obeying the law of species-preservation, to feed its young.

C2.

species being n. [translating German Gattungswesen (P. C. Reinhard, 1797)] a term used by Marx to denote man's objective consciousness of life and the mastery of the natural world through work which characterize the human species; man considered in respect to these qualities.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > [noun] > as distinct from animal

animal rationalec1450

species being1959

1959 M. Milligan tr. K. Marx Econ. & Philos. MSS of 1844 75 Conscious life-activity directly distinguishes man from animal life-activity. It is just because of this that he is a species being.

1959 M. Milligan tr. K. Marx Econ. & Philos. MSS of 1844 76 It is just in the working-up of the objective world, therefore, that man first really proves himself to be a species being.

1979 B. Glassner & J. A. Freedman Clin. Sociol. iv. 95 Workers are alienated from..their ‘species being’, or from their human capacity for conscious and creative activity.

species pair n. a pair of species which are similar, sympatric, and closely related, but distinct.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species

shapec1400

species1608

subspecies1681

semispecies1825

infima species1843

conspeciesa1856

incipient species1859

relic1873

biological species1876

biological race1878

microspecies1897

clan1916

Jordanon1916

twin species1931

supraspecies1938

sibling species1940

species pair1942

phenon1943

biospecies1953

ochlospecies1962

1942 J. S. Huxley Evolution vi. 284 Overlapping Species Pairs. Numerous puzzling cases are presented by extremely similar species which overlap over much of their range and yet remain distinct.

1959 New Biol. 28 70 Of some sympatric species-pairs, one member releases pollen in the morning and the other in the evening, and the stigmas of each species are receptive only at the appropriate times, so considerably reducing the chances of receiving foreign pollen.

species-poor adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [adjective] > having or not having biodiversity

species-poor1964

species-rich1973

1964 V. J. Chapman Coastal Vegetation ix. 225 In the absence of grazing a luxuriant and species-poor Festucetum rubrae develops.

species-rich adj. having a small, or large, number of species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [adjective] > having or not having biodiversity

species-poor1964

species-rich1973

1973 Nature 30 Mar. 344/2 In maintaining or reconstructing types of herbaceous vegetation in which the density of flowering plants exceeds 20 species/m²—the so-called ‘species-rich’ communities, success is often frustrated by competitive exclusion.

1976 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts 124 640/1 The Southern Ocean is characterized by a species-rich, productive ecosystem which contrasts sharply with the species-poor, relatively barren terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems of the islands and continental landmass.

1981 Country Life 12 Feb. 376/3 Species-rich hedges were treated sympathetically.

species richness n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [noun] > biodiversity

biological diversity1916

species richness1972

biodiversity1985

1972 Ecology LIII. 279/2 The pattern of bird species richness (mean number of species per census) was quite similar to the pattern of bird species diversity.

species rose n. a rose belonging to a distinct species and not to one of the many varieties produced by hybridization; cf. old rose n.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush

summer rosea1456

French rose1538

damask rose?a1547

musk rose1559

province1562

winter rose1577

Austrian brier1590

rose of Provence1597

velvet rose1597

damasine-rose1607

Provence rose1614

blush-rose1629

maiden's blush1648

monthly rose tree1664

Provinsa1678

York and Lancaster rose1688

cinnamon rose1699

muscat rose1707

cabbage rose1727

China-rose1731

old-fashioned rose1773

moss rose1777

swamp rose1785

alba1797

Cherokee rose1804

Macartney rose1811

shepherd's rose1818

multiflora1820

prairie rose1822

Boursault1826

Banksian rose1827

maiden rose1827

moss1829

Noisette1829

seven sisters rose1830

Dundee rambler1834

Banksia rose1835

Chickasaw rose1835

Bourbon1836

climbing rose1836

green rose1837

hybrid China1837

Jaune Desprez1837

Lamarque1837

perpetual1837

pillar rose1837

rambler1837

wax rose1837

rugosa1840

China1844

Manetti1846

Banksian1847

remontant1847

gallica1848

hybrid perpetual1848

Persian Yellow1848

pole rose1848

monthly1849

tea rose1850

quarter sessions rose1851

Gloire de Dijon1854

Jacqueminot1857

Maréchal Niel1864

primrose1864

jack1867

La France1868

tea1869

Ramanas rose1876

Japanese rose1883

polyantha1883

old rose1885

American Beauty1887

hybrid tea1890

Japan rose1895

roselet1896

floribunda1898

Zéphirine Drouhin1901

Penzance briar1902

Dorothy Perkins1903

sweetheart1905

wichuraiana1907

mermaid1918

species rose1930

sweetheart rose1936

peace1944

shrub rose1948

1930 J. N. Hart Rose Growing ix. 57 The species roses are actually wild roses, either native..or imported.

1935 N. Mitchison We have been Warned ii. 196 There were Penzance briars, and species roses growing unpruned.

1976 Ld. Home Way Wind Blows xiv. 200 A very attractive garden to the south and front of the house..had been filled with a wide variety of species roses.

species sanitation n. Medicine measures taken against a particular species of mosquito in order to reduce the incidence of malaria.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > state of being conducive to > sanitariness > measures taken against specific species

species sanitation1930

1930 M. F. Boyd Introd. Malariol. vi. 418 ‘Selective control’, ‘species control’ or ‘species sanitation’, as it is variously designated, i.e., limiting efforts to the control of one species.

1945 New Biol. 1 107 The disease can be controlled by applying anti-mosquito measures to these kinds [sc. malarial vectors] only. This method of control, species sanitation, was first used, with spectacular results, by Watson in Malaya.

1959 A. A. Sandosham Malariol. i. 19 The increased knowledge of the systematics and bionomics of local anopheline fauna made it possible to evolve the more scientific and more economic method of mosquito control referred to as ‘species-sanitation’.

species-specific adj. found in or characteristic of the members of one species only.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [adjective] > species or sub-species > species-specific

species-specific1924

1924 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 40 106 The question arises whether these antigens are simple species-specific proteins.

1956 Nature 21 Jan. 133/1 The reduction in oxygen consumption appears to be caused by a species-specific antibody in the N'Dama serum.

1980 A. Kenny Aquinas iii. 76 Chomsky has argued that it is impossible to explain the rapidity with which children acquire the grammar of a language from the..utterances of their parents unless we postulate a species-specific innate language-learning ability.

species specificity n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species > limitation to one species only

species specificity1925

1925 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 42 141 Species specificity of cells is of a different order as opposed to species specificity of proteins.

1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vii. 76 The differences that make a protein molecule a specific antibody are only minor; in chemical structure and species-specificity..it is still a γ-globulin molecule.

species-uniform adj. consistent throughout a species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [adjective] > species or sub-species

univocal1638

specific1650

subspecific1795

conspecific1859

racial1884

co-specific1889

relic1889

relict1899

intraspecific1919

monospecific1921

intraspecies1927

supraspecific1936

infra-specific1939

supraspecies1960

species-uniform1968

1968 R. W. Langacker Lang. & its Struct. ix. 247 The view that linguistic experience serves more to activate language than to shape it accounts for the fact that language is species uniform and species specific.

1976 Word 27 225 If a sign language is treated on a par with an oral language, then language is neither species-specific nor species-uniform, because other species are now known to be capable of learning a sign language.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	species
释义	speciesn. Brit. /ˈspiːʃɪz/, /ˈspiːʃiːz/, /ˈspiːsɪz/, /ˈspiːsiːz/, /ˈspiːʃɪiːz/, U.S. /ˈspiʃiz/, /ˈspisiz/ Forms: Plural species; also 1600s–1800s specieses. Etymology: < Latin speciēs (ablative singular speciē specie n.) appearance, form, kind, etc., < specĕre to look, behold; hence also German species , spezies . Within the Romanic languages the word is represented by Italian specie , spezie , Spanish especie (and especia ), Portuguese especie (and especia ), Old French espece (French espèce ) and espice (French épice ): see spece n. and spice n. I. Senses relating to outward appearance or form. †1. a. Appearance; outward form. Obsolete.This sense is partly represented in the legal use of the word: see quots. 1651, 1765-8 at specification n. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] onseneeOE bleea1000 shapeOE ylikeOE laitc1175 semblanta1225 sightc1275 fare1297 showingc1300 specea1325 parelc1330 guise1340 countenance1362 semblance?a1366 apparel1377 regardc1380 apparencec1384 imagec1384 spicec1384 overseeminga1398 kenninga1400 seemingc1400 visage1422 rinda1450 semenauntc1450 'pearance1456 outwardc1475 representation1489 favour?a1500 figurea1522 assemblant1523 prospect?1533 respect1535 visure1545 perceiverance1546 outwardshine1549 view1556 species1559 utter-shape1566 look1567 physiognomy1567 face1572 paintry1573 visor1575 mienc1586 superficies?1589 behaviour1590 aspect1594 complexion1597 confrontment1604 show1604 aira1616 beseeminga1616 formality1615 resemblancea1616 blush1620 upcomea1630 presentment1637 scheme1655 sensation1662 visibility1669 plumage1707 facies1727 remark1748 extrinsica1797 exterior1801 showance1820 the cut of one's jib1823 personnel1839 personal appearance1842 what-like1853 look-see1898 outwall1933 visuality1938 prosopon1947 1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 400 An other very good wine with the same species, but in other weight. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xliv. 338 A Divinity under their species, or likenesse. b. Mathematics. Of geometrical figures (see quot. 1842).But in earlier quots. taken in sense 9. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > [noun] > of geometrical figures species1660 the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun] figure1340 numbera1398 species1660 simplex1905 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 27 All right-lined figures of the same species. 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements vi. 119 The angles C and F are not of the same species or kind. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. iii. §14. 411 The methods..for finding the Species and Position of the Orbit of the Earth. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 322/2 Euclid..means by figures of the same species those which have the same form, whatever may be their size... The word species is here used in its primitive sense of appearance. 1881 J. Casey Sequel to Euclid 37 A triangle is said to be given in species when its angles are given. 2. Ecclesiastical. The visible form of each of the elements of bread and wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist; one or other of these elements.Sometimes rendered by ‘form’, but more commonly (through association with sense 9) by ‘kind’: see kind n. 9a. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun] houseleOE bread and winea1225 sacrament?c1225 sacringc1290 spicec1425 kind?1531 Eucharistc1540 element1556 species1579 elemental1656 mystery1662 symbol1671 waybread1993 society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun] > material part of matterc1350 species1579 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 84 They ceasse to be the body & bloud of Christ, when the species or kinds of bread and wine, are putrified or rotten. a1613 E. Brerewood Enq. Langs. & Relig. (1614) xxiv. 173 They denie the true body of Christ to be really in the sacrament of the Eucharist vnder the Species of bread & wine. 1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. ii. 34 Now that which was under the species, though in their conceit it was Christs body, yet it was indeed Bread. 1669 A. Woodhead tr. Life St. Teresa (1671) ii. xi. 97 As soon as I had communicated (the Species remaining yet as it were intire). 1737 R. Challoner Catholick Christian Instructed vii. 99 This Ceremony of mixing a Particle of the Host with the Species of Wine in the Chalice. 1849 D. Rock Church our Fathers I. ii. 101 The sacramental species are no longer bread and wine, but have been changed into the Very Body and Blood of Christ Himself. 1880 R. F. Littledale Plain Reasons xxx. 78 (note) All the acts..took place in relation to the species of bread, and not with regard to the chalice. †3. a. The outward appearance or aspect, the visible form or image, of something, as constituting the immediate object of vision. Obsolete. (Common in 17th cent.) ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] > mere appearance shroudc1175 frontc1374 appearancec1384 countenance?c1425 fard1540 show1547 habit1549 outside1578 glimpse1579 superficies?1589 species1598 out-term1602 paint1608 surface1613 superfice1615 umbrage1639 superficials1652 semblance1843 outer womana1845 outward man1846 patina1957 1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge Pref. 4 The picture mooveth the eye, and that committeth the species and formes of the things seene to the memory. 1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. F3^v Our sight being remoued from the obiect and species of things. 1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 1st Bk. Wks. xliv. 198 As if they had seen the very proper species and forme of death before their eyes. 1699 Ld. Tarbut Let. in S. Pepys Diary (1870) 688 That which is generally seen by them is the species of living creatures, and inanimate things, which are in motion. †b. Similarly without of. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1616 W. B. in T. Overbury et al. His Wife, with New Elegies (7th impr.) sig. ¶7^v Yet through thy wounded Fame, as thorow these Glasses which multiply the Species, We see thy vertues more. 1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot i. viii. 27 For he saw at a convenient distance forty windmills to be the very same, that the species represented them. a1700 T. Ken Hymnotheo in Wks. (1721) III. 355 As the two Eyes, two Species entertain. †c. The image of something as cast upon, or reflected from, a surface; a reflection. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > reflection > [noun] > reproducing an image > image produced by imagec1350 umberc1407 idol1563 reflection1563 reflex1596 shadow-light1623 species1638 repercussion1646 reflect1829 1638 Bp. J. Wilkins Discov. New World (1707) v. 41 The Light which appears in the Moon at the Eclipses, is nothing else but the second Species of the Sun's Rays. 1670 Philos. Trans. 1669 (Royal Soc.) 4 1104 The way of casting the Species of the Sun through a good Telescope of a competent length, on an extended paper. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis viii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 435 The glitt'ring Species here and there divide; And cast their dubious Beams from side to side. 1737 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 121/2 I cast the Species of the Sun on a Sheet of Paper..thro' a two-foot Telescope. ?1790 J. Imison School of Arts (ed. 2) 200 The Species of an object is the image or representation thereof made by the rays of light in the Focus, or place where they unite. †4. A thing seen; a spectacle; esp. an unreal or imaginary object of sight; a phantom or illusion. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > vision or apparition visionc1290 fantasyc1325 imagec1350 figurec1384 beholdingc1440 semblance1489 idol1563 ghost1593 fancy1609 species1639 spectrala1656 spectre1801 eidolon1828 1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 34 We will cause her obsequies to be prepared, and a fantasme, or species to be put into the grave. 1652 J. Wright tr. J.-P. Camus Nature's Paradox vi. 134 Shee had no sooner opened her Eyes, but the first species that formed it self to her sight, was an horrible Serpent of an immense growth. 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 82 It helps against vaine species. †5. metaphorical. A supposed emission or emanation from outward things, forming the direct object of cognition for the various senses or for the understanding. Obsolete.The species affecting the senses were classed as sensible (divided into audible, visible, etc.) and distinguished from the intelligible. See also intentional adj. 3. a. With qualifying adjectives. ΚΠ 1615 Bp. J. Hall No Peace with Rome viii, in Recoll. Treat. 857 In the same state, as the faculty of seeing, when a sensible species is absent. 1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. xiii. §7. 195 We may more truly say..that the sensible, and intelligible species of outward things,..are by the ayre transported to the soule. 1661 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mech. (1682) 108 Because no visual species's could proceed either from it, or through it, unto the eye. 1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician II. 54 The Councils are as 'twere..the Optick Nerves, by which visible Species are transmitted to the Prince. 1707 J. Frazer Disc. Second Sight 17 Visible Ideas, or Species, are emitted from every visible Object to the Organ of the Eye. b. In general use. ΚΠ 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. i. ii. vii. 36 Memory layes vp all the Species which the Senses haue brought in, and records them. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) Man. iv. viii. 345 That the Species of odours may with the Air be carried to the..Organs of Smelling. 1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 269 The very Air conveys the Species of diseased People, more especially if there be fit and prepared matter for Diseases. a1794 E. Gibbon Memoirs in Misc. Wks. (1796) I. 324 If you understand by ideas these chimerical species, the mere fictions of metaphysicians. c. A mental impression; an idea. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > [noun] thoughtOE thingOE conceita1393 imagea1393 concept1479 conception1526 suppositiona1529 idee1542 idea1585 conceivement1599 project1600 representationa1602 notion1607 phantasma1620 conceptus1643 species1644 notice1654 revolution1675 representamen1677 vorstellung1807 brain-stuff1855 ideation1876 think1886 artefact1923 construct1933 mind1966 1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. xxxviii. 329 If there be aboundance of specieses of any one kind of obiect then strong in the imagination. 1650 Earl of Monmouth tr. J. F. Senault Man become Guilty 244 Imagine..that his soul exercising those species which she by the senses had received, considered the works of God. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. ii. i. 33 There are certain moral Species or Appearances so striking,..that..they bear down all contrary Opinion. †6. In Platonic philosophy, = idea n. 1a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Platonism > specific features examplea1398 ideaa1398 irascible affection1398 idee1542 spicec1555 irascible1594 mundane spirit1642 evocation1646 anamnesis1656 mundane soul1665 species1678 theocrasy1842 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 261 I suppose, said Socrates, that God and the very Species, Essence or Idea of Life, will be granted by all to be Incorruptible. 1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. vi. 315 Plato..supposed besides these corporal things another kind of beings separate from matter and motion, which he called species or ideas. 1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. vi. 315 That so the soul did not understand those corporal things, but the separate species of those corporal things. 1792 Ld. Monboddo Orig. & Progress of Lang. ix. 110 These perfect ideas of Plato are no other than the specieses of things which were held by Aristotle to exist in the mind of the deity. II. Senses relating to groups or classes. 7. a. Logic. The second of the five Predicables (predicable n. 1a), connoting the common attributes or essential qualities of a class of persons or things as distinguished from the genus on the one hand and the individual on the other. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical classification > [noun] > a division, group, or class general?a1425 genus1551 species1551 category1588 class1823 subcategory1842 tetrachotomya1856 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Bvj Species is a common word that is spoken of many whiche differ only in number, as manne is spoken of Socrates,..and of euery proper name belonging to any man. As Socrates is a man. 1567 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. iii. v. 343 What adoo was made in daily disputations..aboute Genus and Species, and the reste of the Vniuersals. 1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd Explic. sig. A4^v Species, is a more special title attributed to divers particulars under it: as, Man to William. Thomas. John. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. i. §3. 26 That common nature which is communicable to several Individuals, is called Species, Sort or special kind. 1725 I. Watts Logick i. iii. 53 A special Idea is call'd by the Schools, a Species; it is one common Nature that agrees to several singular or Individual Beings. 1725 I. Watts Logick ii. iv. 372 All those suppos'd unknown Parts, Properties or Species are clearly and distinctly perceived to be..contain'd in the known Parts, Properties or General Ideas. 1827 R. Whately Elem. Logic 138 Whatever Term can be affirmed of several things, must express..their whole essence, which is called a Species. 1857 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. (ed. 3) I. 208 The Predicables are the five steps which the gradations of generality and particularity introduce;—genus, species, difference, individual, accident. 1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) §69. 112 The difference, or that mark or marks by which the species is distinguished from the rest of its genus. †b. The essential quality or specific properties of a thing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > an essential quality or principle > of a class of things species1594 1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 429 The instruments whereby the Species or kinde of any thing is vnited and knit vnto the matter. 1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor ii. iii. sig. H I am come to haue you play the Alchymist with me, and chaunge the Species of my land, into that mettall you talke of. View more context for this quotation 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. E^v We..can produce the species of each mettall More perfect thence, then Nature doth in earth. View more context for this quotation 1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. vii. §1. 109 We have already spoken of a City by institution in its Genus; we now say somewhat of its species. 8. a. A class composed of individuals having some common qualities or characteristics, frequently as a subdivision of a larger class or genus. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade mannishOE placec1330 state1340 gree1382 conditionc1384 sectc1384 sortc1386 ordera1400 raff?a1400 degreea1425 countenancec1477 faction?1529 estate1530 race1563 calibre1567 being1579 coat1579 rang1580 rank1585 tier1590 classis1597 strain1600 consequence1602 regiment1602 sept1610 standinga1616 class1629 species1629 nome1633 quality1636 sort1671 size1679 situation1710 distinction1721 walk of life1733 walk1737 stage1801 strata1805 grade1808 caste1816 social stratum1838 station1842 stratum1863 echelon1950 1629 W. Prynne Church of Englands Old Antithesis 98 This kind of argument from euery indiuiduall to the speecies will not hold. 1653 tr. J. Stegmann Brevis Disq. in Phenix (1708) II. 324 Are you not yet sure whether..if you reject all the Species, the whole Genus be taken away? 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iii. vi. 211 The Individuals that are ranked into one Sort, called by one common Name, and so received as being of one Species. 1765 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. (ed. 3) II. App. 521 A number of individuals considered with respect to qualities that distinguish them from others, is termed a species. 1822 I. Taylor Elem. Educ. 39 The smaller parcels into which we afterwards divide the whole, are called species. 1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. i. vii. §3 In this popular sense any two classes one of which includes the whole of the other and more may be called a genus and a species. 1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic xii. 98 A species is any class which is regarded as forming part of the next larger class. †b. Algebra. (See quot. 1704.) Obsolete.‘The term was..used by Vieta in its logical sense, as opposed to individual, in designating the algebraical notation which he first distinctly proposed’ ( Penny Cycl. XXII. 322). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical notation or symbol > [noun] > arithmetic or algebraic symbols species1688 operand1846 operator1855 1688 London Gaz. No. 2319/4 Together with Arithmetick in Species or Algebra, &c. a1690 S. Jeake Λογιστικηλογία (1696) 334 Species are Quantities or Magnitudes, denoted by Letters, signifying Numbers, Lines,..Figures,..&c. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Species in Algebra, are those Letters, Notes, Marks, or Symbols, which represent the Quantities in any Equation or Demonstration. c. Without article, esp. in in species. ΚΠ 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 28 To differ in species is one thing, to differ in degree another. 1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 30 It is believed..that the difference between them and the Jinn and Sheytáns is a difference of species. 9. a. A distinct class, sort, or kind, of something specifically mentioned or indicated. Frequently const. of.The separate groups of quotations illustrate the chief varieties of context. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class kinc950 kindOE distinction?c1225 rowc1300 spece1303 spice1303 fashionc1325 espicec1386 differencea1398 statec1450 sort?1523 notion1531 species1561 vein1568 brood1581 rank1585 order1588 race1590 breed1598 strain1612 batch1616 tap1623 siege1630 subdivision1646 notionality1651 category1660 denomination1664 footmark1666 genus1666 world1685 sortment1718 tribe1731 assortment1767 description1776 style1794 grouping1799 classification1803 subcategory1842 type1854 basket1916 (a) 1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer iii. sig. Cc.iii Both the one and the other is conteined vnder the Species of Homo. 1660 R. Coke Justice Vindicated ii. 26 If the Scriptures be true,..that since Adam..the species of Mankind was continued by generation. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 121 Sheep, Oxen, Horses fall; and, heap'd on high, The diff'ring Species in Confusion lie. View more context for this quotation a1763 W. Shenstone Ess. in Wks. (1765) II. 155 Man is not proud as a species, but as an individual. 1799 G. Washington Let. in Writings (1893) XIV. 196 To sell the overplus I cannot, because I am principled against this kind of traffic in the human species. (b)1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love ii. iii. sig. D3^v The particuler, and distinct face of euery your most noted Species of persons; As your Marchant, your Scholler, your Soldier. View more context for this quotation1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 170 They were certain Indian Lords... The same Author distinguishes them into four species.a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 95 Might not the several Species of the Kings Subjects be equally mixt in their Habitations?1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 75. ⁋2 That species of men whom the ladies generally mention with terror.1780 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. (1789) xviii. §44 (note) Aristotle..divides mankind into two distinct species: that of freemen and that of slaves.1867 C. Kingsley Water of Life (1879) vi. 71 Dante, with his various bolge, tenanted each by its various species of sinners.(c)a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. F2 Now in his parts, kindes, or Species, (as you list to terme them) it is to be noted, that some Poesies haue coupled together two or three kindes.1759 O. Goldsmith Wks. (1837) III. 215 Disapproving in one species of composition, what we approve in another!1780 Mirror No. 79 No species of poetry has given occasion to more observation and criticism than what is called pastoral.1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Species, a subdivision of one of the genera of the ancient music. The genera of the Greeks were three... The Species were called Chroia, or colours of the genera.1826 T. B. Macaulay Misc. Writings (1860) I. 303 No species of fiction is so delightful to us as the old English drama.1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 66 Such history is a distinct species of composition.(d)a1625 H. Finch Law (1636) 252 Wood is the generall of all trees growing, and therefore shall be put in demand before Alders and Willowes which are but species of it.1656 tr. T. White Peripateticall Inst. 355 By the meeting of different parts, as many kinds and species of Earths,..we see [etc.].1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. l. 229 I told them what the current Price was in Town for every Species of my Goods.1794 J. Hutton Diss. Philos. Light 65 That it is the invisible species of light which is most absorbed by the..glass.(e)1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 136 There was not any species of simplicity that I counterfeited not affectately.1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. ii. 14 There remaineth no more to be said of this subiect, but to enumerate the seuerall specieses of Quantity.1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 368 In this situation they are subjected to many complicated species of misery.1792 J. Barlow Let. on Constit. of 1791 9 That species of government which offers a premium for wickedness.1825 T. B. Macaulay Milton in Edinb. Rev. Aug. 343 He fought for that species of freedom which is the most valuable.1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 83 That imaginative species of memory which converts the past into the present. b. a species of, a kind of (cf. kind n. Phrases 3); also with the. †In early use in more definite sense. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > a kind of a spice ofc1380 number?a1425 sort1526 sort1529 space1591 a species of1620 1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum iv. xiii. 315 When in the handling of a controuerted question, diuers opinions are recited, it is a part, or species of a narration. 1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 108 For suretiship is a species of bargaining. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 87. ⁋9 Their gratitude is a species of revenge. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xii. 204 A species of native banditti, who were always on the watch for prey. 1839 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 12 Under the species of social proscription in which the blacks in your Northern cities exist. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 345 Clipping is a species of pruning that was formerly much more general. c. Applied to individuals as unique or as typical of a class. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > [noun] > archetype, syntype, etc. species1644 type1840 type-genus1840 type-species1840 archetype1849 type-specimen1875 monotype1881 necrotype1883 cotype1893 paratype1893 topotype1893 homotype1896 genotype1897 holotype1897 homoeotype1905 lectotype1905 neotype1905 syntype1909 allotype1910 haplotype1914 society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade > those belonging to number1542 tribe1609 species1644 specifical1651 syntagma1813 status group1902 status grouping1920 1644 J. Cleveland Char. London Diurnall 7 As the Angels, each of them makes a severall Species; so every one of his Souldiers is a distinct Church. 1656 A. Cowley Praise of Pindar in Pindaric Odes i Pindar is imitable by none; The Phœnix Pindar is a vast Species alone. 1719 E. Young Busiris v. 66 I can't complain in common with Mankind,—But am a wretched Species all alone. 1765 S. Johnson Pref. to Shakespear's Plays p. ix In the writings of other poets a character is too often an individual; in those of Shakespeare it is commonly a species. d. With possessive pronouns, usually with reference to people or animals. ΚΠ 1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 42 He loves dearly to propagate his Species even in the very Lands that know him not. 1796 W. Godwin Caleb Williams (ed. 2) I. vi. 133 You will live deserted in the midst of your species. 1839 J. Ruskin Poetry Archit. vi. §87 A man who could remain a radical in a wood country is a disgrace to his species. e. the species, the human race. ΘΚΠ the world > people > [noun] maneOE worldOE all fleshc1000 mankinOE earthOE little worldc1175 man's kinda1200 mankinda1225 worldrichec1275 slimec1315 kindc1325 world1340 sectc1400 humanityc1450 microcosma1475 peoplea1500 the human kindred?1533 race1553 homo1561 humankind1561 universality1561 deadly?1590 mortality1598 rational1601 vicegerent1601 small world1604 flesh and blooda1616 mannity1621 human race1623 universea1645 nations1667 public1699 the species1711 Adamhood1828 Jock Tamson's bairns1832 folx1833 Bimana1839 human1841 peeps1847 menfolk1870 manfolk1876 amniota1879 peoplekind1956 personkind1972 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 10. ¶6 Their Amusements seem contrived for them rather as they are Women..; and are more adapted to the Sex, than to the Species. 1728 H. Fielding Love in Several Masques Ded. f. 2^v Those morose Schoolmen, who wou'd confine Knowledge to the Male Part of the Species. 1797 W. Godwin Enquirer i. i. 1 If individuals were happy, the species would be happy. 1814 T. Chalmers Evid. Christian Revel. vi. 182 Every great step in the history of the species. 1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty i. 7 In the stage of progress into which the more civilized portions of the Species have now entered. f. Chemistry and Physics. A particular kind of molecule, ion, free radical, etc.; a distinct kind of atom (esp. a radioactive one) or subatomic particle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > atoms > specific types of atoms functional group1892 species1895 hetero-atom1900 radio-atom1905 isobar1918 donor1927 impurity atom1939 nuclide1947 strong collider1968 the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > minute quantity of matter > kind of species1895 the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > [noun] > distinct kind of atom species1948 the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > [noun] > a particle > kind of species1974 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 45 Other remarkable species of compounds which are obtained by substitution, are those in which a portion of the hydrogen of the original body is displaced by chlorine.] 1895 C. S. Palmer tr. W. Nernst Theoret. Chem. iv. ii. 521 We will select as a further..example of complete heterogeneous equilibrium, a system composed of H₂O and SO₂, i.e. two molecular species. 1948 Nature 28 Feb. 291/2 The use of tracer materials, radioactive species, and radiations. 1962 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xiv. 427 Pure sulfuric acid contains a number of species in equilibrium. 1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World vi. 179 Natural uranium is not a single nuclear species. It contains two isotopes. 1971 Physics Bull. Dec. 720/3 Using the techniques of flash photolysis..he has identified the spectra of many new species, like CH₂, CH₃ and NH₂. 1974 Nature 13 Dec. 538/1 Whether n is considered to be the total number of particles in the Universe or the number of a given species, such as electrons or nucleons, is not important within the accuracy considered here. 10. Zoology and Botany. A group or class of animals or plants (usually constituting a subdivision of a genus) having certain common and permanent characteristics which clearly distinguish it from other groups.The exact definition of a species, and the criteria by which species are to be distinguished (esp. in relation to genera or varieties), have been the subject of much discussion. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species shapec1400 species1608 subspecies1681 semispecies1825 infima species1843 conspeciesa1856 incipient species1859 relic1873 biological species1876 biological race1878 microspecies1897 clan1916 Jordanon1916 twin species1931 supraspecies1938 sibling species1940 species pair1942 phenon1943 biospecies1953 ochlospecies1962 1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 126 Some haue taken the word Crocodilus for the Genus, and the seuerall Species, they distinguish into the Crocodile of the Earth, and the water. 1676 J. Ray Corr. (1848) 122 In the ‘History of the Fero Islands’ I find no more species of birds than what I have already inserted in the Ornithology. 1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 247 There were then the very same kinds of Animals and Vegetables, and the same subordinate Species under each kind that now there is. 1730 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. at Leontopetalon We have but one Species of this Plant in the English Gardens. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Specific The torpedo maculosa, and non maculosa, seem to express two species different only in the spots. 1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 462 Of which genus Phyllachne..is justly there reckoned a species. 1825 C. Waterton Wanderings in S. Amer. i. i. 94 The Humming-birds are chiefly to be found near the flowers at which each of the species of the genus is wont to feed. 1862 C. A. Johns Brit. Birds 415 The American Bittern..seems to differ in no material respect from the European species. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 208 Exactly the same kind or species of shell-fish is found to-day living in the Mediterranean. †11. a. plural. The separate materials or ingredients used in compounding a perfume, drug, or similar preparation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component > ingredients species1601 receipts1637 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 375 The Species that goe to the composition of sweet Perfumes. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 289 It is one of the species or ingredients entring into the preseruatiue compositions called Antidotes. 1684 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. 264 Species of Treacle are those Ingredients of which Treacle is compounded: By the same Name are called the Species of ordinary Decoctions. †b. plural. Spices. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > additive > spice > [noun] pigment?a1200 aromac1220 spicea1250 spicery1297 specea1300 specerya1400 espice1483 savoura1500 sorts1530 speciesa1649 Arabia1693 a1649 R. Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro (1652) 7 Mountains of myrrh, & Beds of species. †c. A composition used in embalming. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > preparation or treatment of corpse > [noun] > embalming > substances used in embalming balma1400 embalmment1620 embalm1642 balsam1753 species1767 syrmaea1833 1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 457 Filled with a species, compounded of fragrant herbs, aromatic drugs, and gums reduced to powder. †12. a. A particular kind or sort of coin or money. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [noun] > supposed emanation from things species1617 the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > ability to be perceived by senses > [noun] > the objects of sense > emanations supposed to cause sensation sensibility?c1400 species1617 society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > [noun] > coins and notes > kind of money space1591 species1617 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 275 With covenant to deliver him by his Factor the same [coins], both in the Species or Kind, and in the number. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 440 Dionysius perhaps did not only recoin the money of Syracuse; but alter the Species too and the Names of it. 1704 London Gaz. No. 4029/1 The different Rates at which the same Species of Foreign Coins do pass. 1756 F. Brooke Old Maid No. 20. 118 He gave me a note, specifying the Sum, and the several species of money of which it consisted. †b. Coinage, coin, money, bullion. Obsolete.In this sense it is difficult to distinguish between singular and plural, and in some cases the plural of specie n. may be intended. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] mintOE moneya1325 coin1393 ready money1429 plate?a1439 coinage1467 cunyec1480 cogc1555 table money1565 chinks1577 cash1596 speciesa1618 spetia1620 specie1671 coliander seed1699 coriander-seed1737 shiners1760 jinkc1775 decimal coinage1794 coriander1801 hard currency1816 rowdy1831 Oscar Asche1905 a1618 W. Raleigh Prerogatiue Parl. (1628) 58 If all be content to pay upon moderation and change of the Species. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 70 What hath been said of the Silver-species, may be said of the Gold-species. 1701 London Gaz. No. 3740/3 The melting down of the Species is prohibited. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. v. 177 The species on board her was inconsiderable, being principally small silver money. 1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xvi. 138 Their nominal species..being about three times higher than ours. 1804 tr. É. Guénard Captive of Valence II. 100 By prohibiting species to be carried out of his kingdom in such small quantities, he will prevent the entry of a sum much more considerable. †c. Metal (gold or silver) used for coinage. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > coining > [noun] > metal used for coining crown goldc1530 vellona1680 species1790 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > [noun] > gold or silver > used for coinage species1790 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 56 The paper securities..held out as a currency..in lieu of the two great recognized species that represent the lasting conventional credit of mankind. View more context for this quotation †13. plural. a. Nautical. Sorts of provisions. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > type of provisions species1716 1699 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 494 The victualling the Streights fleet without due proofe for the prime costs of the several species of provision.] 1716 London Gaz. No. 5464/3 The Goodness of the several Species, and Conditions expected from each Contractor. 1751 Navy Board Orders 4 Apr. (MS.) The Kingfisher..to be Victualled to three months of all Species except Beer. 1806 Capt. Mundy in Naval Chron. 39 13 Stored and victualled for five months, of all species. †b. Sorts of produce. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > production > product > produce, yield, or return > sorts of species1754 1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. II. xx. 150 So that if the Tenant is not provided with all the Species he is to pay, then, that which is wanting may be converted into Money. Compounds C1. General attributive. species-continuing n. ΚΠ 1911 J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons iii. 239 Periods of hunger and self-increase are followed by periods of love and species-continuing. species-cross n. ΚΠ 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 25 Where the offspring of species-crosses are perfectly fertile, [etc.]. species-cycle n. ΚΠ 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 843/2 The complete series of forms needed to represent the species being the species-cycle. species diversity n. ΚΠ 1967 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 5 257 An intuitive character referable to any natural population or assemblage of individuals is species diversity or biotic diversity. 1972Species diversity [see species richness n. at Compounds 2]. species-evolution n. ΚΠ 1946 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past xii. 355 This genus experienced an episode of abundant species-evolution from the Eocene to the Miocene, or roughly for 50 million years. 1977 R. Holland Self & Social Context viii. 246 Mead's concept of the social-self..never clarifies the relation between species-evolution and individual development. species-formation n. ΚΠ 1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man vi. 155 Chromosome-doubling after crossing is a method of species-formation in which the isolation is not spatial but genetic. species group n. ΚΠ 1975 Nature 24 Jan. 290/3 Some hakes, especially the western South American species-group (M[erluccius] gayi), might support a greater fishery than at present. species-maker n. ΚΠ 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 61 Fancying that the genus-maker, and not the species-maker, should enjoy this privilege. species-making n. ΚΠ 1918 L. Huxley Life & Lett. J. D. Hooker I. viii. 175 Excessive or ignorant species-making. species-monger n. ΚΠ 1849 Darwin in F. Darwin Life & Lett. (1887) I. 366 As long as species-mongers have their vanity tickled by seeing their own names appended to a species. species-mongering n. ΚΠ 1918 L. Huxley Life & Lett. J. D. Hooker I. viii. 189 Detestation of mere species-mongering. species-preservation n. ΚΠ 1894 H. Drummond Lowell Lect. Ascent of Man 24 Obeying the law of species-preservation, to feed its young. C2. species being n. [translating German Gattungswesen (P. C. Reinhard, 1797)] a term used by Marx to denote man's objective consciousness of life and the mastery of the natural world through work which characterize the human species; man considered in respect to these qualities. ΘΚΠ the world > people > [noun] > as distinct from animal animal rationalec1450 species being1959 1959 M. Milligan tr. K. Marx Econ. & Philos. MSS of 1844 75 Conscious life-activity directly distinguishes man from animal life-activity. It is just because of this that he is a species being. 1959 M. Milligan tr. K. Marx Econ. & Philos. MSS of 1844 76 It is just in the working-up of the objective world, therefore, that man first really proves himself to be a species being. 1979 B. Glassner & J. A. Freedman Clin. Sociol. iv. 95 Workers are alienated from..their ‘species being’, or from their human capacity for conscious and creative activity. species pair n. a pair of species which are similar, sympatric, and closely related, but distinct. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species shapec1400 species1608 subspecies1681 semispecies1825 infima species1843 conspeciesa1856 incipient species1859 relic1873 biological species1876 biological race1878 microspecies1897 clan1916 Jordanon1916 twin species1931 supraspecies1938 sibling species1940 species pair1942 phenon1943 biospecies1953 ochlospecies1962 1942 J. S. Huxley Evolution vi. 284 Overlapping Species Pairs. Numerous puzzling cases are presented by extremely similar species which overlap over much of their range and yet remain distinct. 1959 New Biol. 28 70 Of some sympatric species-pairs, one member releases pollen in the morning and the other in the evening, and the stigmas of each species are receptive only at the appropriate times, so considerably reducing the chances of receiving foreign pollen. species-poor adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [adjective] > having or not having biodiversity species-poor1964 species-rich1973 1964 V. J. Chapman Coastal Vegetation ix. 225 In the absence of grazing a luxuriant and species-poor Festucetum rubrae develops. species-rich adj. having a small, or large, number of species. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [adjective] > having or not having biodiversity species-poor1964 species-rich1973 1973 Nature 30 Mar. 344/2 In maintaining or reconstructing types of herbaceous vegetation in which the density of flowering plants exceeds 20 species/m²—the so-called ‘species-rich’ communities, success is often frustrated by competitive exclusion. 1976 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts 124 640/1 The Southern Ocean is characterized by a species-rich, productive ecosystem which contrasts sharply with the species-poor, relatively barren terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems of the islands and continental landmass. 1981 Country Life 12 Feb. 376/3 Species-rich hedges were treated sympathetically. species richness n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [noun] > biodiversity biological diversity1916 species richness1972 biodiversity1985 1972 Ecology LIII. 279/2 The pattern of bird species richness (mean number of species per census) was quite similar to the pattern of bird species diversity. species rose n. a rose belonging to a distinct species and not to one of the many varieties produced by hybridization; cf. old rose n.² ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush summer rosea1456 French rose1538 damask rose?a1547 musk rose1559 province1562 winter rose1577 Austrian brier1590 rose of Provence1597 velvet rose1597 damasine-rose1607 Provence rose1614 blush-rose1629 maiden's blush1648 monthly rose tree1664 Provinsa1678 York and Lancaster rose1688 cinnamon rose1699 muscat rose1707 cabbage rose1727 China-rose1731 old-fashioned rose1773 moss rose1777 swamp rose1785 alba1797 Cherokee rose1804 Macartney rose1811 shepherd's rose1818 multiflora1820 prairie rose1822 Boursault1826 Banksian rose1827 maiden rose1827 moss1829 Noisette1829 seven sisters rose1830 Dundee rambler1834 Banksia rose1835 Chickasaw rose1835 Bourbon1836 climbing rose1836 green rose1837 hybrid China1837 Jaune Desprez1837 Lamarque1837 perpetual1837 pillar rose1837 rambler1837 wax rose1837 rugosa1840 China1844 Manetti1846 Banksian1847 remontant1847 gallica1848 hybrid perpetual1848 Persian Yellow1848 pole rose1848 monthly1849 tea rose1850 quarter sessions rose1851 Gloire de Dijon1854 Jacqueminot1857 Maréchal Niel1864 primrose1864 jack1867 La France1868 tea1869 Ramanas rose1876 Japanese rose1883 polyantha1883 old rose1885 American Beauty1887 hybrid tea1890 Japan rose1895 roselet1896 floribunda1898 Zéphirine Drouhin1901 Penzance briar1902 Dorothy Perkins1903 sweetheart1905 wichuraiana1907 mermaid1918 species rose1930 sweetheart rose1936 peace1944 shrub rose1948 1930 J. N. Hart Rose Growing ix. 57 The species roses are actually wild roses, either native..or imported. 1935 N. Mitchison We have been Warned ii. 196 There were Penzance briars, and species roses growing unpruned. 1976 Ld. Home Way Wind Blows xiv. 200 A very attractive garden to the south and front of the house..had been filled with a wide variety of species roses. species sanitation n. Medicine measures taken against a particular species of mosquito in order to reduce the incidence of malaria. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > state of being conducive to > sanitariness > measures taken against specific species species sanitation1930 1930 M. F. Boyd Introd. Malariol. vi. 418 ‘Selective control’, ‘species control’ or ‘species sanitation’, as it is variously designated, i.e., limiting efforts to the control of one species. 1945 New Biol. 1 107 The disease can be controlled by applying anti-mosquito measures to these kinds [sc. malarial vectors] only. This method of control, species sanitation, was first used, with spectacular results, by Watson in Malaya. 1959 A. A. Sandosham Malariol. i. 19 The increased knowledge of the systematics and bionomics of local anopheline fauna made it possible to evolve the more scientific and more economic method of mosquito control referred to as ‘species-sanitation’. species-specific adj. found in or characteristic of the members of one species only. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [adjective] > species or sub-species > species-specific species-specific1924 1924 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 40 106 The question arises whether these antigens are simple species-specific proteins. 1956 Nature 21 Jan. 133/1 The reduction in oxygen consumption appears to be caused by a species-specific antibody in the N'Dama serum. 1980 A. Kenny Aquinas iii. 76 Chomsky has argued that it is impossible to explain the rapidity with which children acquire the grammar of a language from the..utterances of their parents unless we postulate a species-specific innate language-learning ability. species specificity n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species > limitation to one species only species specificity1925 1925 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 42 141 Species specificity of cells is of a different order as opposed to species specificity of proteins. 1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vii. 76 The differences that make a protein molecule a specific antibody are only minor; in chemical structure and species-specificity..it is still a γ-globulin molecule. species-uniform adj. consistent throughout a species. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [adjective] > species or sub-species univocal1638 specific1650 subspecific1795 conspecific1859 racial1884 co-specific1889 relic1889 relict1899 intraspecific1919 monospecific1921 intraspecies1927 supraspecific1936 infra-specific1939 supraspecies1960 species-uniform1968 1968 R. W. Langacker Lang. & its Struct. ix. 247 The view that linguistic experience serves more to activate language than to shape it accounts for the fact that language is species uniform and species specific. 1976 Word 27 225 If a sign language is treated on a par with an oral language, then language is neither species-specific nor species-uniform, because other species are now known to be capable of learning a sign language. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1551
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