shalen.¹

Brit.

/ʃeɪl/, U.S.

/ʃeɪl/

Forms: Old English scealu, scalu, Middle English, 1600s, 1800s dialect schale, Middle English schal, Middle English plural shalus, 1500s shaell, (1600s shalt), Middle English shale.

Etymology: Old English sc(e)alu strong feminine < Germanic *skalō, ablaut-variant of *skǣlō , represented by Old Norse skál scale n.¹, see for the Germanic cognates.

Obsolete exc. dialect (in various senses see Eng. Dial. Dict.).

†1. A dish; a cup or goblet: = scale n.¹ 1. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun]

chalicec825

napeOE

copc950

fullOE

cupc1000

canOE

shalec1075

scalec1230

maselin?a1300

mazer1311

richardine1352

dish1381

fiole1382

pece1383

phialc1384

gobletc1400

bowl-cup1420

chalice-cup1420

crusec1420

mazer-cup1434

goddard1439

stoup1452

bicker1459

cowl1476

tankard1485

stop1489

hanapa1513

skull1513

Maudlin cup1544

Magdalene cup?a1549

mazer bowl1562

skew1567

shell1577

godet1580

mazard1584

bousing-can1590

cushion1594

glove1609

rumkin1636

Maudlin pot1638

Pimlico1654

mazer dish1656

mug1664

tumbler1664

souce1688

streaker1694

ox-eye1703

false-cup1708

tankard-cup1745

poculum1846

phiale1867

tumbler-cup1900

stem-cup1915

sippy cup1986

c1075 in Kemble Cod. Dipl. IV. 275 . vi. mæsene sceala.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 159 An disch in hisan hont. aschale [c1230 Corpus scale; a1250 Nero scoale; a1250 Titus skale] inhis oðer.

c1325 Metr. Hom. 120 Seruanz war at this bridale, That birled win in cupp and schal.

†2.

a. A shell, husk, esp. the shell or outer covering of a nut, which encloses the kernel; also the pod of peas or beans, etc. Obsolete.[Also in †nutshale, examples of which (c1205–1577) are given under nutshell v., where see the equivalent forms in continental Germanic.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > seed-vessel or pericarp > [noun] > pod, husk, or siliqua

shalec825

hullc1000

codOE

hud1398

hulk1398

pod1553

shell1561

shuck1674

orme1688

siliqua1704

kida1722

hose-husk1728

silicula1760

silicle1785

silique1785

silicule1793

c825 Epinal Gloss. 462 Glumula, scalu.

c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 371/1 Cittis, uilmenum, æpelscealum ymb ða cyrnlu.

a1100 in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses i. 608 Quisquiliarum, æswæpe, beanscalu.]

c1384 G. Chaucer Hous of Fame 1281 I saugh him carien a wind-melle Under a walsh-note shale.

c1430 J. Lydgate Letabundus 227 in Minor Poems (1911) 56 The husk is falle, brokyn is the shale, The noote kernel, Closyd in scripturys..Al openly shewith his swetnesse.

1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 644/2 From the tone [sacrament] take they the swete carnel within, the blessed body of Christ, and leaue the people the shales.

1540 J. Palsgrave in tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus Argt. sig. Cj He releued his hunger with peskod shales, or the huskes of other graynes.

1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. Ep. Ded. sig. *ij^v There is found wheate among tares,..a kearnel within the shale [1663 shaell], marrow within the bone.

1640 tr. Janua Linguarum Reserata (ed. 5) xi. §121 He that hath a minde to get out the kernel..must put away the huske. [Margin Peel, coat, shale].

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. vi. § i. 171 Cod, Husk, Pod, Shell, shale, siliquous.

figurative.a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. ii. 18 Doe but behold yond poore and starued Band, And your faire shew shall suck away their Soules, Leauing them but the shales and huskes of men. 1617 tr. A. de Dominis Serm. (Rom. xiii. 12) 52 They stuffe them vp with swines meat, the huskes, and shales of these superfluous, and superstitious deuotions.

†b. As an example of something without value.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > that which is unimportant > worthless

hawc1000

turdc1275

fille1297

dusta1300

lead1303

skitc1330

naught1340

vanityc1340

wrakea1350

rushc1350

dirt1357

fly's wing1377

goose-wing1377

fartc1390

chaff?a1400

nutshella1400

shalec1400

yardc1400

wrack1472

pelfrya1529

trasha1529

dreg1531

trish-trash1542

alchemy1547

beggary?1548

rubbish1548

pelfa1555

chip1556

stark naught1562

paltry?1566

rubbish1566

riff-raff1570

bran1574

baggage1579

nihil1579

trush-trash1582

stubblea1591

tartar1590

garbage1592

bag of winda1599

a cracked or slit groat1600

kitchen stuff1600

tilta1603

nothing?1608

bauble1609

countera1616

a pair of Yorkshire sleeves in a goldsmith's shop1620

buttermilk1630

dross1632

paltrement1641

cattle1643

bagatelle1647

nothingness1652

brimborion1653

stuff1670

flap-dragon1700

mud1706

caput mortuuma1711

snuff1778

twaddle1786

powder-post1790

traffic1828

junk1836

duffer1852

shice1859

punk1869

hogwash1870

cagmag1875

shit1890

tosh1892

tripe1895

dreck1905

schlock1906

cannon fodder1917

shite1928

skunk1929

crut1937

chickenshit1938

crud1943

Mickey Mouse1958

gick1959

garbo1978

turd1978

pants1994

c1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7234 So wonderly the wynd it blewe, That alle here tentis ouerthrewe; Al ȝede to grounde bothe tent and hale, Here ropes vayled not of a schale.

†c. The shell of an egg or a shellfish. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] > hard or protective covering > shell of an egg or fish

shellc725

shella900

eggshellc1300

shale1561

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell

seashella900

shale1561

buckie1596

caracol1622

valve1661

spire1681

umbilicus1688

conch-shell1697

wart-shell?1711

needle1713

multivalve1753

concha1755

periosteum1758

conch1773

devil's claw1773

furbelow1776

peewit's egg1776

worm-tube1776

rosebud1815

sheath1815

periostracum1833

epicuticle1885

epicuticula1886

leg of mutton1891

trivalve1891

1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig Most Excellent Homish Apothecarye f. 11^v Beat egges shales to pouder.

1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 99 Periwincles..are alwaies clothed with one and the same shale.

†d. The refuse of hemp: = sheave n.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > refuse or woody part

shive1483

shale1577

shood1601

sheave1797

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 39^v Of Hempe..the Shales or Stalkes serue for the heating of Ouens.

3. A scale (of a fish, of metal, of a scaly disease, etc.). Obsolete exc. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > condition of being broad in relation to thickness > [noun] > thin plate or layer > scale

squamec1386

shale1398

scalec1450

paillole1481

squam1661

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum xiii. xxix. (Tollemache MS.) Fische þat ben bred in þe see haue harde shales and þikke,..and ryuer fische haueþ sotel schales.

c1420 Chron. Vilod. 4601 & dame Alfyne woke of hurre slepe þo after anone: And mony shalus he syȝe falle from hurre heyȝe þo,—Þen myȝt he syȝe welle, & alle hurre sekenesse was agone.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Finfreluches, shales, or scales, or scalie excrements; as dandriffe, &c.

1654 F. W. Observ. in Fulke's Meteors (new ed.) 170 Iron..purged in the fire..in such sort as that which is earthy, doth at last turn to schales and dross.

1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Shale, a scale of a fish; a flake.

4. A mesh of a net. Obsolete exc. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [noun] > with open texture > net or mesh > mesh

maskOE

mascle1329

mesha1425

shale1606

mass1641

1606 S. Gardiner Bk. Angling 37 Some..breake the shales of the net.

1855 A. Gurney Norfolk Words in Trans. Philol. Soc. 36 Shale, the mesh of a net.

5. dialect. ‘Loose substance from a mine or quarry; loose ore’ ( Eng. Dial. Dict.); see also quots. [Compare Old English stánscalu, ? a rocky stratum denuded of soil, whence stánscylig stony (ground).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > loose

shale1793

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > loose ore

shale1793

1793 A. Young Gen. View Agric. Sussex 16 The various sorts of lime-stone..with the thickness and shale of each different sort.

1860 Eng. & Foreign Mining Gloss. (new ed.) (Cornwall Terms) 21 Scal, a shale or portion of earth, rock &c., which separates and falls from the main body.

1882 F. W. P. Jago Anc. Lang. & Dial. Cornwall 256 Schale, a scale, as a ‘schale of earth’, or earth slide in an excavation.

Compounds

† shale-fish n. Obsolete = shellfish n. 1.

ΚΠ

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 41 Ostiris, Buckies, and vthiris schal fishe.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

shalen.²

Brit.

/ʃeɪl/, U.S.

/ʃeɪl/

Etymology: Perhaps a use of shale n.¹, or a derivative of shale v.¹ (sense 5). There is no sufficient reason for the common view that it is < German schale (= shale n.¹), which is not used in this sense (the German equivalent being schieferthon ‘slate clay’); schale however occurs for a thin layer of ore or stone, and the Deutsches Wbuch. has schalstein a laminated limestone, schalgebirge, explained as ‘a layer of stone in a stratified range of mountains’.

a. An argillaceous fissile rock, the laminæ of which are usually fragile and uneven, and mostly parallel to the bedding; often overlying a coal formation. Also with qualifying word as bituminous shale, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale

metal1672

shale1747

shillet1777

plate1794

skerry1844

plate-shale1881

plate rock1893

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Livb Strong Beds, Shale, or Chists.

1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 182 Slate Clay, Shale.

1811 J. Farey Gen. View Agric. Derbyshire I. 443 It is not uncommon with colliers to call any Argillaceous Stratum in very thin lamina by the name of Shale.

1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 334 The conversion of clay into shale, and of sand into sandstone, may, in many cases, be attributed to simple pressure.

1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 19 Sept. 3/2 A ring of shale, part of a large ribbed bead of delf.

b. A variety or specimen of this rock.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale > type of

shale1830

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 219 Bituminous shales.

1832 H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. (ed. 2) vi. 315 Shales, grits, &c.

1873 C. Robinson New S. Wales 52 Deposits of brown cannel oil coals and oil shales.

1878 A. H. Green et al. Coal: Hist. & Uses i. 25 Tasmanite is a shale containing from 26 to 30 per cent. of combustible matter.

1890 Hardwicke's Sci.-gossip 26 245/2 Next in order above the sandstones..occur the black shales.

c. spec. = alum shale n. at alum n.¹ Compounds 3. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale > others

till1672

bass1686

bat1686

blue metal1699

scallop slate1711

black shale1730

shale-shiver1794

shale1825

till-stonec1830

Wenlock shale1834

famp1836

Boghead1858

oil shale1866

paper shale1874

symon1881

paste-rock1882

slasto1953

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Shale, a name given to allum ore.

1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II Shale,..alum ore.

1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Shale, the gray alum rock of this quarter.

Compounds

C1. simple attributive, as shale distillation, shale limestone, shale mine, shale miner; instrumental, as shale-sprinkled adj.

ΚΠ

1842 A. Sedgwick in Hudson's Guide Lakes (1843) 209 Third Group, or Shale Limestone.—This group forms the upper part of the calcareous zone on the north side of the Cumbrian mountains.

1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 19 Sept. 3/2 Beyond..turning up a large, ornamental shale ring, nothing could be done.

1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 21 Sept. 11/2 The shale miners of Scotland.

1894 Westm. Gaz. 30 May 5/3 Mr. Robert Bell..was the first to manufacture oil from shale distillation in Scotland.

1901 R. Kipling Kim xiv. 358 They held the shale~sprinkled grass for an hour.

C2. Special combinations:

shale marl n. a consolidated marl.

ΚΠ

1682 A. Martindale in J. Houghton Coll. Lett. Husb. & Trade I. 121 Stone-Marle, or Shale-Marle.

shale-naphtha n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > distilled or refined mineral oils > shale oil

shale-naphtha1855

shale-oil1857

1855 Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 7 106 The existence in shale naphtha of the isomer of cumidine.

shale-oil n. naphtha and oil obtained by the destructive distillation of bituminous shale.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > chemical fuel > [noun] > liquid

naphthec1384

naphtha1543

paraffin1851

kerosene1854

octylene1857

shale-oil1857

coal oil1859

gasoline1863

octane1867

octene1868

octyne1877

gas1878

liquid fuel1889

petrol1895

mazut1897

white fuel1901

diesel oil1905

autogas1908

juice1909

sauce1918

power kerosene1919

petroil1921

ethyl1923

lox1923

kero1930

isooctane1932

high-octane1933

hi-octane1933

Calor1936

pool petrol1939

super1939

pool1940

derv1948

platformate1949

mixture1952

diesel1953

Mapp gas1962

gasohol1971

super unleaded1975

synoil1976

synjet1979

biodiesel1986

Orimulsion1987

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > distilled or refined mineral oils > shale oil

shale-naphtha1855

shale-oil1857

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. ix. 580 (heading) Shale oils.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Dec. 4/1 The Midland has begun to burn shale oil in the lamps hung in its suburban trains.

1945 Heald & Ayres in L. M. Fanning Our Oil Resources vi. 185 Crude shale oil is produced from oil shale by retorting.

1976 Time 20 Dec. 41/1 Prices for getting shale oil or using wet-steam deposits in the earth to generate electricity are also far from commercially acceptable.

shale shaker n. a vibrating screen used in oil and gas drilling to remove drill cuttings from the circulating drilling mud that is passed through it.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > oil and natural gas recovery equipment > [noun] > equipment for use with drilling mud

mud pumpc1857

slush pit1931

mud hog1932

shale shaker1959

mud balance1960

1959 Petroleum Handbk. (Shell International Petroleum Co.) (ed. 4) 85 On reaching the well head it is diverted via a horizontal flow line to a vibrating screen or ‘shale shaker’.

1974 G. S. Ormsby in P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Practices Man. vi. 152 The term ‘shale shaker’ is used in drilling mud work to cover all the devices that in another industry might be differentiated as ‘shaking’ screen, ‘vibrating screens’, and ‘oscillating screens’.

† shale-shiver n. Obsolete laminated shale.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale > others

till1672

bass1686

bat1686

blue metal1699

scallop slate1711

black shale1730

shale-shiver1794

shale1825

till-stonec1830

Wenlock shale1834

famp1836

Boghead1858

oil shale1866

paper shale1874

symon1881

paste-rock1882

slasto1953

1794 W. Hutchinson Catal. Animals in Hist. Cumberland I. 46 Shale Shiver.

shale-stone n. dialect slate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > metamorphic rock > [noun] > slate

slate-stone1392

slat1605

slate1653

shindle1669

shiffer1683

shelf1849

shale-stone1880

1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Shale-stone, Shilstone, slate.

shale-tar n. tar derived from bituminous shale.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > processed resinous materials > [noun] > tar > types of

coal tar1785

roany1805

shale-tar1857

daggett1861

Stockholm tar1867

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. ix. 580 Shale tar is particularly rich in basic substances.

Draft additions June 2014

shale gas n. (a) = oil shale gas n. at oil n.¹ Compounds 5; (b) natural gas found within shale formations (now the usual sense).

ΚΠ

1867 Let. 30 Mar. in F. A. P. Barnard Machinery & Processes Industr. Arts (1869) 410 With reference to the report upon the shale gas-light at Howth Bailey light house, forwarded in answer to a query, [etc.]

1921 Science 14 Jan. 52/1 Artificial gas, as produced on a commercial scale, consists of the following varieties: Shale gas, oil gas, producer gas, water gas, carburetted water gas, coal and coke oven gas.

1927 Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 17 777 Kansas city water tunnel blast caused by natural gas... Explosive substance described as ‘shale gas’.

2006 Wall St. Jrnl. 9 Aug. c1/3 The rise of shale-gas production could fuel American homes and industry for decades to come.

2013 Daily Tel. 31 July 1/4 A grassroots protest against shale gas exploration in Balcombe, West Sussex, led to villages throughout the country threatening to blockade attempts to drill.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

shalev.¹

Brit.

/ʃeɪl/, U.S.

/ʃeɪl/

Forms: Also Middle English schale, 1500s shaell, (1600s shalle, 1800s shail).

Etymology: < shale n.¹

Obsolete exc. dialect.

a. transitive. To free from the shell or husk; to remove, take off (the shell or husk) from a nut, bean, fruit, etc.; to decorticate (hemp). ? Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > remove husk

shalea1398

dehusk1566

unhusk1598

unshell1599

unshale1611

shell1694

hud1790

shuck1819

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of outer layer > strip of skin, husk, or bark > strip of husk or shell

shalea1398

sheelc1440

shillc1440

dehusk1566

unhusk1598

unshell1599

unshale1611

shell1694

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. liii. 1204 Þey [sc. ants] schalen þe graynes þat þey doon togidres for þey scholde nouȝt growe efte and wexe grene corne.

c1430 Two Cookery-bks. xl. 13 Take grete Oystrys, an schale hem.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 25 Take smalle notes, schale not [note out?] kurnele, As þou dose of almondes, fayre and wele.

?1517 Kalender of Shepeherdes (new ed.) sig. Av Yet may they syt and shaell peson.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 41 [At hemp harvest] the Male..is made vp in bundels to be knockt and shaled [L. confringenda, decorticataque repurganda] in Winter euenynges.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 643 Parched barley which hath bene well shaled.

1616 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals II. iv. 97 A little Lad set on a bancke to shale The ripened Nuts pluck'd in a woody Vale.

1622 R. Hawkins Observ. Voiage South Sea xxiv. 55 They haue hudds, as our Beanes, which shaled off, the kernell parteth it selfe in two.

1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xviii. 145 The Bean is not seen till..its swad..be shaled.

figurative.a1680 T. Goodwin Disc. Blessed State iii. x, in Wks. (1704) V. 64 This Abundancy of Life, that is in God, instantly shales off, Works out all that Filth, Frailty, Misery.

†b. intransitive. To allow of being shelled. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparing fruit and vegetables > be prepared (of fruit or vegetables) [verb (intransitive)] > be shelled

shale1600

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. lxv. 581 The vttermost pilling of common walnuts, whether it shale willingly or no may be distilled in the moneth of September.

2. Of grain, seed, etc.: To drop out.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > grow, move, or curve [verb (intransitive)] > fall off or drop

shed1557

shatter1577

shale1578

decide1657

shake1725

shell1828

1578 [implied in: T. Proctor Gorgious Gallery G ij b The shaling nuts and mast, that falleth from the tree, Should serue for my repast. (at shaling adj.)].

1642 D. Rogers Naaman 616 Suffer it to shale and fall to the ground for lack of reaping.

1764 Museum Rusticum 2 xxv. 80 Coleseed is a seed that will shed or shale very greatly, if it is not reaped in proper time.

1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia Shail..to drop out.

†3. transitive. To shed (a tooth). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > tooth or teeth > [verb (transitive)] > shed (tooth or teeth)

shalea1697

hull1708

shed1732

a1697 J. Aubrey Remaines Gentilisme & Judaisme (1881) 27 When children did shalle a tooth they rubbed salt upon it, and then threw it into the fire.

a1697 J. Aubrey Remaines Gentilisme & Judaisme (1881) 11 When Children shaled their Teeth.

4. intransitive. Of water: To form an incrustation. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > become coated with a layer [verb (intransitive)] > form or contract a crust

crustc1430

encrust1726

barken1815

shale1844

1844 H. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Drainage Land 160 In some drains water will shale or form an incrustation upon the flat tile.

5. To cleave, as stones in being raised.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave

chinea700

to-chinec725

cleavea1225

to-cleavec1275

rivec1330

to-slentc1380

to-sundera1393

cracka1400

rifta1400

chapc1420

crevec1450

break1486

slave?1523

chink1552

chop1576

coame1577

cone1584

slat1607

cleft1610

splita1625

checka1642

chicka1642

flaw1648

shale1712

vent1721

spalt1731

star1842

seam1880

tetter1911

1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 129 Rammel, a Stone unfit for Building, because in the raising it cleaves or shales into many small uneaven Pieces.

1851 T. Sternberg Dial. & Folk-lore Northants. 93.

†6. to shale out: ? to strip (a tree). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of foliage or fruit > strip of fruit

to shale out1618

1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden xiii. 47 The Bull-finch is a deuourer of your fruit in the budde, I haue had whole trees shald out with them in Wintertime.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

shalev.²

/ʃeɪl/

Etymology: apparently echoic: see quot. 1834.

rare.

intransitive. Of water: To make the sound characteristic of tidal movement near the shore.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sound of water > make sound of or like water [verb (intransitive)] > sound of waves

shale1834

1834 M. Scott Cruise of Midge viii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 485/1 The water in the bay..again rushed in with a loud shaling noise,—I coin the word for the sound,—and then thundered against the rocks.

1890 W. C. Russell Marriage at Sea ix A gentle shaling noise of waters broken by the passage of the vessel.

1897 W. C. Russell Last Entry 57 The stream of tide softly shaled along the bends of the schooner.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

n.¹c825

n.²1682

v.¹a1398

v.²1834

单词	shale
释义	shalen.¹ Brit. /ʃeɪl/, U.S. /ʃeɪl/ Forms: Old English scealu, scalu, Middle English, 1600s, 1800s dialect schale, Middle English schal, Middle English plural shalus, 1500s shaell, (1600s shalt), Middle English shale. Etymology: Old English sc(e)alu strong feminine < Germanic skalō, ablaut-variant of skǣlō , represented by Old Norse skál scale n.¹, see for the Germanic cognates. Obsolete exc. dialect (in various senses see Eng. Dial. Dict.). †1. A dish; a cup or goblet: = scale n.¹ 1. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun] chalicec825 napeOE copc950 fullOE cupc1000 canOE shalec1075 scalec1230 maselin?a1300 mazer1311 richardine1352 dish1381 fiole1382 pece1383 phialc1384 gobletc1400 bowl-cup1420 chalice-cup1420 crusec1420 mazer-cup1434 goddard1439 stoup1452 bicker1459 cowl1476 tankard1485 stop1489 hanapa1513 skull1513 Maudlin cup1544 Magdalene cup?a1549 mazer bowl1562 skew1567 shell1577 godet1580 mazard1584 bousing-can1590 cushion1594 glove1609 rumkin1636 Maudlin pot1638 Pimlico1654 mazer dish1656 mug1664 tumbler1664 souce1688 streaker1694 ox-eye1703 false-cup1708 tankard-cup1745 poculum1846 phiale1867 tumbler-cup1900 stem-cup1915 sippy cup1986 c1075 in Kemble Cod. Dipl. IV. 275 . vi. mæsene sceala. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 159 An disch in hisan hont. aschale [c1230 Corpus scale; a1250 Nero scoale; a1250 Titus skale] inhis oðer. c1325 Metr. Hom. 120 Seruanz war at this bridale, That birled win in cupp and schal. †2. a. A shell, husk, esp. the shell or outer covering of a nut, which encloses the kernel; also the pod of peas or beans, etc. Obsolete.[Also in †nutshale, examples of which (c1205–1577) are given under nutshell v., where see the equivalent forms in continental Germanic.] ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > seed-vessel or pericarp > [noun] > pod, husk, or siliqua shalec825 hullc1000 codOE hud1398 hulk1398 pod1553 shell1561 shuck1674 orme1688 siliqua1704 kida1722 hose-husk1728 silicula1760 silicle1785 silique1785 silicule1793 c825 Epinal Gloss. 462 Glumula, scalu. c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 371/1 Cittis, uilmenum, æpelscealum ymb ða cyrnlu. a1100 in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses i. 608 Quisquiliarum, æswæpe, beanscalu.] c1384 G. Chaucer Hous of Fame 1281 I saugh him carien a wind-melle Under a walsh-note shale. c1430 J. Lydgate Letabundus 227 in Minor Poems (1911) 56 The husk is falle, brokyn is the shale, The noote kernel, Closyd in scripturys..Al openly shewith his swetnesse. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 644/2 From the tone [sacrament] take they the swete carnel within, the blessed body of Christ, and leaue the people the shales. 1540 J. Palsgrave in tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus Argt. sig. Cj He releued his hunger with peskod shales, or the huskes of other graynes. 1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. Ep. Ded. sig. ij^v There is found wheate among tares,..a kearnel within the shale [1663 shaell], marrow within the bone. 1640 tr. Janua Linguarum Reserata* (ed. 5) xi. §121 He that hath a minde to get out the kernel..must put away the huske. [Margin Peel, coat, shale]. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. vi. § i. 171 Cod, Husk, Pod, Shell, shale, siliquous. figurative.a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. ii. 18 Doe but behold yond poore and starued Band, And your faire shew shall suck away their Soules, Leauing them but the shales and huskes of men. View more context for this quotation1617 tr. A. de Dominis Serm. (Rom. xiii. 12) 52 They stuffe them vp with swines meat, the huskes, and shales of these superfluous, and superstitious deuotions. †b. As an example of something without value. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > that which is unimportant > worthless hawc1000 turdc1275 fille1297 dusta1300 lead1303 skitc1330 naught1340 vanityc1340 wrakea1350 rushc1350 dirt1357 fly's wing1377 goose-wing1377 fartc1390 chaff?a1400 nutshella1400 shalec1400 yardc1400 wrack1472 pelfrya1529 trasha1529 dreg1531 trish-trash1542 alchemy1547 beggary?1548 rubbish1548 pelfa1555 chip1556 stark naught1562 paltry?1566 rubbish1566 riff-raff1570 bran1574 baggage1579 nihil1579 trush-trash1582 stubblea1591 tartar1590 garbage1592 bag of winda1599 a cracked or slit groat1600 kitchen stuff1600 tilta1603 nothing?1608 bauble1609 countera1616 a pair of Yorkshire sleeves in a goldsmith's shop1620 buttermilk1630 dross1632 paltrement1641 cattle1643 bagatelle1647 nothingness1652 brimborion1653 stuff1670 flap-dragon1700 mud1706 caput mortuuma1711 snuff1778 twaddle1786 powder-post1790 traffic1828 junk1836 duffer1852 shice1859 punk1869 hogwash1870 cagmag1875 shit1890 tosh1892 tripe1895 dreck1905 schlock1906 cannon fodder1917 shite1928 skunk1929 crut1937 chickenshit1938 crud1943 Mickey Mouse1958 gick1959 garbo1978 turd1978 pants1994 c1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7234 So wonderly the wynd it blewe, That alle here tentis ouerthrewe; Al ȝede to grounde bothe tent and hale, Here ropes vayled not of a schale. †c. The shell of an egg or a shellfish. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] > hard or protective covering > shell of an egg or fish shellc725 shella900 eggshellc1300 shale1561 the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell seashella900 shale1561 buckie1596 caracol1622 valve1661 spire1681 umbilicus1688 conch-shell1697 wart-shell?1711 needle1713 multivalve1753 concha1755 periosteum1758 conch1773 devil's claw1773 furbelow1776 peewit's egg1776 worm-tube1776 rosebud1815 sheath1815 periostracum1833 epicuticle1885 epicuticula1886 leg of mutton1891 trivalve1891 1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig Most Excellent Homish Apothecarye f. 11^v Beat egges shales to pouder. 1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 99 Periwincles..are alwaies clothed with one and the same shale. †d. The refuse of hemp: = sheave n.² ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > refuse or woody part shive1483 shale1577 shood1601 sheave1797 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 39^v Of Hempe..the Shales or Stalkes serue for the heating of Ouens. 3. A scale (of a fish, of metal, of a scaly disease, etc.). Obsolete exc. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > condition of being broad in relation to thickness > [noun] > thin plate or layer > scale squamec1386 shale1398 scalec1450 paillole1481 squam1661 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum xiii. xxix. (Tollemache MS.) Fische þat ben bred in þe see haue harde shales and þikke,..and ryuer fische haueþ sotel schales. c1420 Chron. Vilod. 4601 & dame Alfyne woke of hurre slepe þo after anone: And mony shalus he syȝe falle from hurre heyȝe þo,—Þen myȝt he syȝe welle, & alle hurre sekenesse was agone. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Finfreluches, shales, or scales, or scalie excrements; as dandriffe, &c. 1654 F. W. Observ. in Fulke's Meteors (new ed.) 170 Iron..purged in the fire..in such sort as that which is earthy, doth at last turn to schales and dross. 1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Shale, a scale of a fish; a flake. 4. A mesh of a net. Obsolete exc. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [noun] > with open texture > net or mesh > mesh maskOE mascle1329 mesha1425 shale1606 mass1641 1606 S. Gardiner Bk. Angling 37 Some..breake the shales of the net. 1855 A. Gurney Norfolk Words in Trans. Philol. Soc. 36 Shale, the mesh of a net. 5. dialect. ‘Loose substance from a mine or quarry; loose ore’ ( Eng. Dial. Dict.); see also quots. [Compare Old English stánscalu, ? a rocky stratum denuded of soil, whence stánscylig stony (ground).] ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > loose shale1793 society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > loose ore shale1793 1793 A. Young Gen. View Agric. Sussex 16 The various sorts of lime-stone..with the thickness and shale of each different sort. 1860 Eng. & Foreign Mining Gloss. (new ed.) (Cornwall Terms) 21 Scal, a shale or portion of earth, rock &c., which separates and falls from the main body. 1882 F. W. P. Jago Anc. Lang. & Dial. Cornwall 256 Schale, a scale, as a ‘schale of earth’, or earth slide in an excavation. Compounds † shale-fish n. Obsolete = shellfish n. 1. ΚΠ 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 41 Ostiris, Buckies, and vthiris schal fishe. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). shalen.² Brit. /ʃeɪl/, U.S. /ʃeɪl/ Etymology: Perhaps a use of shale n.¹, or a derivative of shale v.¹ (sense 5). There is no sufficient reason for the common view that it is < German schale (= shale n.¹), which is not used in this sense (the German equivalent being schieferthon ‘slate clay’); schale however occurs for a thin layer of ore or stone, and the Deutsches Wbuch. has schalstein a laminated limestone, schalgebirge, explained as ‘a layer of stone in a stratified range of mountains’. a. An argillaceous fissile rock, the laminæ of which are usually fragile and uneven, and mostly parallel to the bedding; often overlying a coal formation. Also with qualifying word as bituminous shale, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale metal1672 shale1747 shillet1777 plate1794 skerry1844 plate-shale1881 plate rock1893 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Livb Strong Beds, Shale, or Chists. 1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 182 Slate Clay, Shale. 1811 J. Farey Gen. View Agric. Derbyshire I. 443 It is not uncommon with colliers to call any Argillaceous Stratum in very thin lamina by the name of Shale. 1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 334 The conversion of clay into shale, and of sand into sandstone, may, in many cases, be attributed to simple pressure. 1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 19 Sept. 3/2 A ring of shale, part of a large ribbed bead of delf. b. A variety or specimen of this rock. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale > type of shale1830 1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 219 Bituminous shales. 1832 H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. (ed. 2) vi. 315 Shales, grits, &c. 1873 C. Robinson New S. Wales 52 Deposits of brown cannel oil coals and oil shales. 1878 A. H. Green et al. Coal: Hist. & Uses i. 25 Tasmanite is a shale containing from 26 to 30 per cent. of combustible matter. 1890 Hardwicke's Sci.-gossip 26 245/2 Next in order above the sandstones..occur the black shales. c. spec. = alum shale n. at alum n.¹ Compounds 3. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale > others till1672 bass1686 bat1686 blue metal1699 scallop slate1711 black shale1730 shale-shiver1794 shale1825 till-stonec1830 Wenlock shale1834 famp1836 Boghead1858 oil shale1866 paper shale1874 symon1881 paste-rock1882 slasto1953 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Shale, a name given to allum ore. 1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II Shale,..alum ore. 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Shale, the gray alum rock of this quarter. Compounds C1. simple attributive, as shale distillation, shale limestone, shale mine, shale miner; instrumental, as shale-sprinkled adj. ΚΠ 1842 A. Sedgwick in Hudson's Guide Lakes (1843) 209 Third Group, or Shale Limestone.—This group forms the upper part of the calcareous zone on the north side of the Cumbrian mountains. 1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 19 Sept. 3/2 Beyond..turning up a large, ornamental shale ring, nothing could be done. 1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 21 Sept. 11/2 The shale miners of Scotland. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 30 May 5/3 Mr. Robert Bell..was the first to manufacture oil from shale distillation in Scotland. 1901 R. Kipling Kim xiv. 358 They held the shale~sprinkled grass for an hour. C2. Special combinations: shale marl n. a consolidated marl. ΚΠ 1682 A. Martindale in J. Houghton Coll. Lett. Husb. & Trade I. 121 Stone-Marle, or Shale-Marle. shale-naphtha n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > distilled or refined mineral oils > shale oil shale-naphtha1855 shale-oil1857 1855 Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 7 106 The existence in shale naphtha of the isomer of cumidine. shale-oil n. naphtha and oil obtained by the destructive distillation of bituminous shale. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > chemical fuel > [noun] > liquid naphthec1384 naphtha1543 paraffin1851 kerosene1854 octylene1857 shale-oil1857 coal oil1859 gasoline1863 octane1867 octene1868 octyne1877 gas1878 liquid fuel1889 petrol1895 mazut1897 white fuel1901 diesel oil1905 autogas1908 juice1909 sauce1918 power kerosene1919 petroil1921 ethyl1923 lox1923 kero1930 isooctane1932 high-octane1933 hi-octane1933 Calor1936 pool petrol1939 super1939 pool1940 derv1948 platformate1949 mixture1952 diesel1953 Mapp gas1962 gasohol1971 super unleaded1975 synoil1976 synjet1979 biodiesel1986 Orimulsion1987 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > distilled or refined mineral oils > shale oil shale-naphtha1855 shale-oil1857 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. ix. 580 (heading) Shale oils. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Dec. 4/1 The Midland has begun to burn shale oil in the lamps hung in its suburban trains. 1945 Heald & Ayres in L. M. Fanning Our Oil Resources vi. 185 Crude shale oil is produced from oil shale by retorting. 1976 Time 20 Dec. 41/1 Prices for getting shale oil or using wet-steam deposits in the earth to generate electricity are also far from commercially acceptable. shale shaker n. a vibrating screen used in oil and gas drilling to remove drill cuttings from the circulating drilling mud that is passed through it. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > oil and natural gas recovery equipment > [noun] > equipment for use with drilling mud mud pumpc1857 slush pit1931 mud hog1932 shale shaker1959 mud balance1960 1959 Petroleum Handbk. (Shell International Petroleum Co.) (ed. 4) 85 On reaching the well head it is diverted via a horizontal flow line to a vibrating screen or ‘shale shaker’. 1974 G. S. Ormsby in P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Practices Man. vi. 152 The term ‘shale shaker’ is used in drilling mud work to cover all the devices that in another industry might be differentiated as ‘shaking’ screen, ‘vibrating screens’, and ‘oscillating screens’. † shale-shiver n. Obsolete laminated shale. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > shale > others till1672 bass1686 bat1686 blue metal1699 scallop slate1711 black shale1730 shale-shiver1794 shale1825 till-stonec1830 Wenlock shale1834 famp1836 Boghead1858 oil shale1866 paper shale1874 symon1881 paste-rock1882 slasto1953 1794 W. Hutchinson Catal. Animals in Hist. Cumberland I. 46 Shale Shiver. shale-stone n. dialect slate. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > metamorphic rock > [noun] > slate slate-stone1392 slat1605 slate1653 shindle1669 shiffer1683 shelf1849 shale-stone1880 1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Shale-stone, Shilstone, slate. shale-tar n. tar derived from bituminous shale. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > processed resinous materials > [noun] > tar > types of coal tar1785 roany1805 shale-tar1857 daggett1861 Stockholm tar1867 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. ix. 580 Shale tar is particularly rich in basic substances. Draft additions June 2014 shale gas n. (a) = oil shale gas n. at oil n.¹ Compounds 5; (b) natural gas found within shale formations (now the usual sense). ΚΠ 1867 Let. 30 Mar. in F. A. P. Barnard Machinery & Processes Industr. Arts (1869) 410 With reference to the report upon the shale gas-light at Howth Bailey light house, forwarded in answer to a query, [etc.] 1921 Science 14 Jan. 52/1 Artificial gas, as produced on a commercial scale, consists of the following varieties: Shale gas, oil gas, producer gas, water gas, carburetted water gas, coal and coke oven gas. 1927 Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 17 777 Kansas city water tunnel blast caused by natural gas... Explosive substance described as ‘shale gas’. 2006 Wall St. Jrnl. 9 Aug. c1/3 The rise of shale-gas production could fuel American homes and industry for decades to come. 2013 Daily Tel. 31 July 1/4 A grassroots protest against shale gas exploration in Balcombe, West Sussex, led to villages throughout the country threatening to blockade attempts to drill. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). shalev.¹ Brit. /ʃeɪl/, U.S. /ʃeɪl/ Forms: Also Middle English schale, 1500s shaell, (1600s shalle, 1800s shail). Etymology: < shale n.¹ Obsolete exc. dialect. 1. a. transitive. To free from the shell or husk; to remove, take off (the shell or husk) from a nut, bean, fruit, etc.; to decorticate (hemp). ? Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > remove husk shalea1398 dehusk1566 unhusk1598 unshell1599 unshale1611 shell1694 hud1790 shuck1819 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of outer layer > strip of skin, husk, or bark > strip of husk or shell shalea1398 sheelc1440 shillc1440 dehusk1566 unhusk1598 unshell1599 unshale1611 shell1694 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. liii. 1204 Þey [sc. ants] schalen þe graynes þat þey doon togidres for þey scholde nouȝt growe efte and wexe grene corne. c1430 Two Cookery-bks. xl. 13 Take grete Oystrys, an schale hem. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 25 Take smalle notes, schale not [note out?] kurnele, As þou dose of almondes, fayre and wele. ?1517 Kalender of Shepeherdes (new ed.) sig. Av Yet may they syt and shaell peson. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 41 [At hemp harvest] the Male..is made vp in bundels to be knockt and shaled [L. confringenda, decorticataque repurganda] in Winter euenynges. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 643 Parched barley which hath bene well shaled. 1616 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals II. iv. 97 A little Lad set on a bancke to shale The ripened Nuts pluck'd in a woody Vale. 1622 R. Hawkins Observ. Voiage South Sea xxiv. 55 They haue hudds, as our Beanes, which shaled off, the kernell parteth it selfe in two. 1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xviii. 145 The Bean is not seen till..its swad..be shaled. figurative.a1680 T. Goodwin Disc. Blessed State iii. x, in Wks. (1704) V. 64 This Abundancy of Life, that is in God, instantly shales off, Works out all that Filth, Frailty, Misery. †b. intransitive. To allow of being shelled. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparing fruit and vegetables > be prepared (of fruit or vegetables) [verb (intransitive)] > be shelled shale1600 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. lxv. 581 The vttermost pilling of common walnuts, whether it shale willingly or no may be distilled in the moneth of September. 2. Of grain, seed, etc.: To drop out. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > grow, move, or curve [verb (intransitive)] > fall off or drop shed1557 shatter1577 shale1578 decide1657 shake1725 shell1828 1578 [implied in: T. Proctor Gorgious Gallery G ij b The shaling nuts and mast, that falleth from the tree, Should serue for my repast. (at shaling adj.)]. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 616 Suffer it to shale and fall to the ground for lack of reaping. 1764 Museum Rusticum 2 xxv. 80 Coleseed is a seed that will shed or shale very greatly, if it is not reaped in proper time. 1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia Shail..to drop out. †3. transitive. To shed (a tooth). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > tooth or teeth > [verb (transitive)] > shed (tooth or teeth) shalea1697 hull1708 shed1732 a1697 J. Aubrey Remaines Gentilisme & Judaisme (1881) 27 When children did shalle a tooth they rubbed salt upon it, and then threw it into the fire. a1697 J. Aubrey Remaines Gentilisme & Judaisme (1881) 11 When Children shaled their Teeth. 4. intransitive. Of water: To form an incrustation. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > become coated with a layer [verb (intransitive)] > form or contract a crust crustc1430 encrust1726 barken1815 shale1844 1844 H. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Drainage Land 160 In some drains water will shale or form an incrustation upon the flat tile. 5. To cleave, as stones in being raised. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave chinea700 to-chinec725 cleavea1225 to-cleavec1275 rivec1330 to-slentc1380 to-sundera1393 cracka1400 rifta1400 chapc1420 crevec1450 break1486 slave?1523 chink1552 chop1576 coame1577 cone1584 slat1607 cleft1610 splita1625 checka1642 chicka1642 flaw1648 shale1712 vent1721 spalt1731 star1842 seam1880 tetter1911 1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 129 Rammel, a Stone unfit for Building, because in the raising it cleaves or shales into many small uneaven Pieces. 1851 T. Sternberg Dial. & Folk-lore Northants. 93. †6. to shale out: ? to strip (a tree). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of foliage or fruit > strip of fruit to shale out1618 1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden xiii. 47 The Bull-finch is a deuourer of your fruit in the budde, I haue had whole trees shald out with them in Wintertime. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). shalev.² /ʃeɪl/ Etymology: apparently echoic: see quot. 1834. rare. intransitive. Of water: To make the sound characteristic of tidal movement near the shore. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sound of water > make sound of or like water [verb (intransitive)] > sound of waves shale1834 1834 M. Scott Cruise of Midge viii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 485/1 The water in the bay..again rushed in with a loud shaling noise,—I coin the word for the sound,—and then thundered against the rocks. 1890 W. C. Russell Marriage at Sea ix A gentle shaling noise of waters broken by the passage of the vessel. 1897 W. C. Russell Last Entry 57 The stream of tide softly shaled along the bends of the schooner. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.¹c825n.²1682v.¹a1398v.²1834
随便看	string-hearth string-hough string-jack string-like string-line string-maker string-metal string-moulding string-pea string-piece string-pin string-plate string-puller string-pulling string-soled string-tailed string-tied string-tone string-toned string-torments string-watch stringbark stringbean stringbinder stringbinding

shalen.1

Compounds

shalen.2

Compounds

Draft additions June 2014

shalev.1

shalev.2

shalen.¹

shalen.²

shalev.¹

shalev.²