rougheningn.
/ˈrʌfnɪŋ/, /ˈrʌfn̩ɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrəfənɪŋ/ 1. Roughness; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > [noun] > roughness > becoming rough
roughening1582
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 59 Graunt to vs milde passadge, and tempest mollifye roughning.
1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Asperation, a Roughening.
1856 Colburn's United Service Mag. Jan. 24 The roughening is effected by punching holes from within to the outer side.
1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 706 There is often some evidence of recent endocarditis about the stricture in the form of roughening or small vegetations.
1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops xlii. 606 The injury to the fruit takes the form of a corky roughening of the skin (known as ‘russetting’).
1964 U. Lanham Insects iv. xv. 174 The area round the opening of the thoracic glands is often curiously ornate, with folds and roughenings.
2007 H. E. Jacob Six Thousand Years of Bread iv. §82. 206 Inflammation and a roughening of the surface of the skin..were the first symptoms [of pellagra].
2. The action or process of roughen v.
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1806 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 1050/2 In the operation of roughening, its surface acquires an uninterrupted collection of asperities.
1889 G. M. Hopkins Exper. Sci. (1893) xviii.419 After the plate is roughened on one side, it is reversed and treated in the same way upon the opposite side. If a knurl is available, the roughening may be accomplished in less time, and with less effort.
1922 Proc. Royal Soc. 1921–2 A. 100 337 The roughening of the surface due to the large number of small crystals is evident.
1946 Times 1 July 3/2 Among the resulting effects were the roughening of polished granite and other stones, the raising of bubbles on roof tiles,..and the scorching of painted and unpainted timbers.
1997 Dentistry Today Sept. 10 (advt.) Compared to mechanical roughening with a bur, sandblasting enhances adhesion by as much as 80%!
Compounds
roughening transition n. Physics a transition from smoothness to roughness undergone by a surface of a crystal when the temperature exceeds a certain critical value.
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1974 Jrnl. Crystal Growth 21 36/1 A roughening transition is predicted as β/kT decreases.
1982 Jrnl. Physics A. 15 L81 It is apparently difficult to find interfaces having a roughening transition within an admissible parameter range.
2008 N. Stein tr. S. Balibar Atom & Apple viii. 112 The radius of a round facet shrunk to zero as the temperature approached that of the ‘roughening transition’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
rougheningadj.
/ˈrʌfnɪŋ/, /ˈrʌfn̩ɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrəfənɪŋ/ That makes (something or someone) rough; (also) that becomes rough.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough > making or becoming rough
roughening1724
1724 G. Sewell tr. Ovid Metamorphoses (ed. 2) II. xiv. 168 The Goddess..o'er us waves her Wand... Soon roughening bristles all my form infold.
1744 J. Armstrong Art of preserving Health iii. 76 The roughning deep expects the storm.
1849 J. Hamilton Mem. Lady Colquhoun vii. 282 Instead of the roughening lake and the searing forest, God had showed her ‘the pure river, clear as crystal’ [etc.].
1873 Photographer's Friend Jan. 76/2 The best grinding or roughening materials are ossa sepia and finely-powdered pumice-stone.
1941 Pop. Mech. June 150/2 The formula for the roughening dip for soft aluminum.
1992 B. Bova Mars (1993) 349 A morning of jouncing over the roughening terrain.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1582adj.1724