respirev.

Brit.

/rᵻˈspʌɪə/, U.S.

/rəˈspaɪ(ə)r/,

/riˈspaɪ(ə)r/

Forms: late Middle English– respire, 1500s respyre.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respirer; Latin respīrāre.

Etymology: < Middle French respirer (French respirer ) to return to life, (with de ) to survive (late 12th cent. in Old French), to bring to life (early 13th cent.), to breathe (early 13th cent.), to give off (a smell) (late 13th cent.), to live, to draw breath (late 15th cent.), to breathe (something) in, inhale (something) (late 16th cent.) and its etymon classical Latin respīrāre to recover one's breath, to breathe again, to pause for breath, to have a breathing space, to breathe out, exhale, to breathe, (of things) to give out (a vapour) < re- re- prefix + spīrāre spire v.² Compare Old Occitan respirar (13th cent.), Catalan respirar (c1400), Spanish respirar (13th cent.), Portuguese respirar (14th cent.), Italian respirare , †rispirare (14th cent.). Compare respiration n., respirative adj.

I. Senses relating to breathing or respiration.

a. intransitive. Of a person or animal: to take air into the lungs and expel it again, esp. as a continuous physiological process; to breathe, to inhale and exhale; (formerly also) †to exhale (obsolete); also figurative. Also more widely: (of a plant, animal, etc.) to take in and give out air; (of a fish) to take in and give out water (or its dissolved gases).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > breathe [verb (intransitive)]

etheOE

breathea1398

andea1400

respire?a1425

blowc1440

queasea1500

suspire1600

respirate1668

rake1793

?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 334 (MED) I made..þe eyr, by þe which ȝe mowe respire and breþe.

a1475 St. Mary Magdalene (Durh.) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1893) 91 219 (MED) With thoo wordis the modir respired and seide, right as though she had a-wakyd fro an harde slepe, [etc.].

1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 49 This makes the pulses beate, and lungs respire.

1676 J. Evelyn Philos. Disc. Earth 170 For that Plants do more than obscurely respire, and exercise a kind of Peristaltic motion, I little doubt.

1693 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. vii. 11 The ordinary Air in which we live and respire.

1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 105 It respires by the Gills, which are Lungs peculiar to Fishes.

1797 Encycl. Brit. VI. 676/2 All insects..respire through pores..which are termed spiracula.

a1807 W. Wordsworth Prelude (1959) iii. 78 All That I beheld respired with inward meaning.

1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 143/1 Quadrupeds and birds respire universally by means of lungs.

1882 A. C. Swinburne Tristram of Lyonesse 10 These..Saw love and wrath and light and night and fire Live with one life and at one mouth respire.

1911 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 84 358 The cat..exhibited asphyxial convulsions, from which it recovered naturally, and, four minutes later, was respiring normally and regularly.

1949 H. Bailey Demonstr. Physical Signs Clin. Surg. (ed. 11) xxi. 252 Ask the patient to respire slowly and deeply.

1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 331/1 Members of Class Amphibia..respire through their moist, flexible, scaleless skin and across the moist mouth lining.

1999 Star (Malaysia) (Nexis) 27 Sept. 1 You don't concentrate on each breath as you respire.

b. transitive. To breathe (air or anything in it); to inhale and exhale; (of a plant, animal, etc.) to take in (air, etc.) and give it out again. Formerly also: †to exhale (obsolete). Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > breathe [verb (transitive)]

spire1382

breathea1398

respire?a1425

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 12 Þe aer is inspired & respired [?c1425 Paris passeþ oute; ?a1425 Hunterian respirid; L. respiratur] vn to þe pulmon in his tyme.

1577 Vicary's Profitable Treat. Anat. sig. F.iii The ayre is respyred and drawen to the lunges.

1602 B. Jonson Poetaster iv. viii. sig. I3 Mee thinkes, now I come neare her, I respire Some aire, of that late comfort, I receau'd.

a1618 J. Sylvester Hymn of Alms in tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Diuine Weekes & Wks. (1621) 1026 A Sighfull Air (though Soule-less) to respire.

1651 T. Stanley Poems 172 O'erjoyd are they To breathe the air which she respires.

1713 J. Gay Rural Sports 1 I..Have long been in the noisy Town immur'd, Respir'd its smoke.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 138 That play of lungs, inhaling and again Respiring freely the fresh air.

1800 H. Davy Res. Nitrous Oxide 389 The gas was inspired from the bell and respired into it.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller II. 11 I seemed to respire hope and comfort with the free air.

1829 E. Bulwer-Lytton Devereux II. iv. iii. 171 The very breath which a literary man respires is hot with hatred.

1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. II. 154/1 Love is the gentlest and kindest breath of God. Are you willing that the Tempter should intercept it, and respire it polluted into your ear?

1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. 154 The air will certainly destroy life if respired.

1875 tr. E. Rich Trav. S. Amer. II. 20 If savants do not find in this epistolary fragment the solution of any great scientific problem, pious readers will respire with pleasure the odour of virtue and honesty which it exhales.

1883 Amer. Naturalist 17 264 It is known that plants respire oxygen day and night.

1919 R. Firbank Valmouth iii. 17 To respire through the window chinks of her room the faint exotic perfume of aromatic flowers.

1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) ii. 55 The larvae of Tachinid flies..are thereby adapted to respire atmospheric air.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) II. lxiii. 1498/2 The amount of air that must be respired for each liter of O₂ absorbed.

2002 World Poultry (Nexis) Nov. 22 Air respired by chickens is usually warmer than the air around them. It rises and leaves the house through openings in the roof.

†c. intransitive. To draw breath; to live. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (intransitive)]

liveeOE

aliveeOE

ylivec950

won971

goc1225

movea1325

breathea1382

reigna1400

to pass on earth (also mould)c1400

to draw (one's) breath?1570

exist1578

respire1619

to tread clay, this earth, shoe leather1789

to grab on1861

to store the kin1866

1619 M. Drayton Barons Warres ii. lv, in Poems (new ed.) 27 Yet the braue Barons, whilst they doe respire,..With Courage charge.

1655 R. Fanshawe tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad xx. 224 Alexander shall in you respire, Without envying the Meonian Lyre.

1773 E. Jerningham Faldoni & Teresa 2 As on one stem two opening flowers respire, So grew their life..on one desire.

†2. intransitive. To come up for air. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > move in or on water [verb (intransitive)] > swim underwater > come to surface to breathe

respire1532

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxx He..in to water entreth and anon respireth.

3. Biology. Cf. respiration n. 4, 5.

a. intransitive. To absorb oxygen from the environment and give out carbon dioxide; to carry out the biochemical process of respiration.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > metabolism > [verb (intransitive)] > processes

respire1894

respirate1975

1894 Proc. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 1893 15 iii. 143 It should be distinctly understood that all organisms, both plant and animal, respire alike. They fix oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

1901 Science 1 Mar. 329/1 The acids of silage seem to be for the most part a product of the intra-molecular respiration, and in quantity are roughly proportional to the length of time that ensues before the cells stop respiring.

1925 Science 15 May 519/2 When the oxygen is consumed, or if it is replaced by nitrogen, the potato respires as an anaerobe.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xvii. 349 In most cases in practice there is some oxygen present, and some cells of the tissues respire in the normal way, aerobically, and others by intra-molecular adjustment—that is, anaerobically.

1991 R. Goldring Fossils in Field iv. 96 To determine just how a fossil ‘lived’, how it once fed and on what, how it respired, grew, reproduced, moved and protected itself.

2006 Seed Apr.–May 67/1 Trees absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. They also respire, releasing carbon dioxide back into the air.

b. transitive. To use (a substance) as a substrate for the biochemical process of respiration.

ΚΠ

1914 W. Goodwin tr. O. Kellner Sci. Feeding Animals ii. ii. 132 100 lbs. of sugar beets respire in one month as much organic substance as would equal 0·11, 0·29, 0·88 kgs. cane sugar when the temperatures were 0°, 5°, and 10° C. respectively.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xvii. 348 In the plant the first step in the process of the respiration of a fat is the transformation of the oil to a carbohydrate... Respiratory quotients greater than 1 may be obtained when some compounds such as organic acids are respired.

1964 Internat. Rev. der Gesamten Hydrobiol. 49 38 Within this initial period the incorporated carbon-14 would not be respired and recycled appreciably.

1998 FEMS Microbiol. & Ecol. 25 229 Stable isotope analysis of bacterial nucleic acids can be used to trace carbon that is assimilated and respired by the bacterioplankton in aquatic ecosystems.

II. Figurative and extended uses.

†4.

a. intransitive. Of a smell or vapour: to be emitted or given off. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > from a source > of vapour or perfume

reekOE

respire?a1425

evaporate1545

evapour1545

walm1601

expire1626

well1860

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Hunterian) f. 43 Þe bone þat is cleped þe braine panne..is ioyned wiþ commissures liche to a sawe, þat þe vapoures mowe respiren [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. breþe out; ?c1425 Paris passe out; L. expirare] þurȝ hem fro þe braine.

a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 4 Þe seel of lute of wijsdom, maad of þe sotillest flour..ymeyngid so þat no þing respire out.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Kiii To whome the ennemy caused oftentymes whan he was at masse a merueylous swete sauour to respire & smell about his fyngers.

a1754 E. Tollet Poems Several Occasions (1755) 178 From thy Attire The Tears of Myrrh with balmy Breath respire.

b. transitive. To emit, give out; to produce. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (transitive)] > emit > as by breathing

breathea1425

respire1577

expire?1606

spire1649

1577 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes iii. f. 88^v The self same [cinnamon] doth beyng ground, whiche doth respire out from it the same smell, which the most fine Sinamon hath.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. viii. 292 He that breathlesse seems, shal corage bold respire.

1602 B. Jonson Poetaster i. iii. sig. B4 The Ayre respires the pure Elyzium sweetes, In which she breathes.

1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I i. i. 6 Every Art doth respire a sweet science to the glasse of our understanding.

1759 in F. Sydenham tr. Plato Io 41 She approaches the Sacred Tripod, where a Chasm in the Earth, they say, respires some Vapour.

1805 Asiatick Researches 8 429 From this great being, were respired the Rigveda, etc.

1807 J. Robinson Archæol. Græca iii. xix. 310 Men who, armed with lances and bucklers, seemed only to respire war.

1841 L. Hunt Seer (1864) 74 In the south of Europe, where every thing respires animal sensibility.

5. intransitive. Of the wind: to blow. Now rare (in later use poetic and literary).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)]

blowc1000

standc1275

waffc1440

respire?a1475

fan1600

suffle1622

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 59 The wyndes respirenge [L. respirantibus] and restenge in the profundite of hit.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. Apol. Chirurgians f. 51^v/1 If..there respire a southwest wind, with warmishe showres of rayne.

1762 J. Hoole tr. T. Tasso Jerus. Delivered xiii. 401 Alone the wind from Libya's sands respires.

a1821 J. Keats Poet. Wks. (1906) 480 When the winds respire, Light flags stream out like gauzy tongues of fire.

1888 J. L. Joynes tr. G. Herwegh in Songs Revolutionary Epoch 73 Wildest winds in storm respire.

1954 M. D. Hoss Pike i. ii. 40 The wind respired. A presence expanded and contracted like a heart.

6. intransitive. Now rare.

a. To have relief from some unpleasant or undesirable situation; to recover hope, courage, or strength.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > become refreshed or invigorated [verb (intransitive)]

to take (one's, a) breatha1398

to pull, shake oneself togethera1400

wheta1400

recomfortc1425

revigour1447

breathe1485

respirea1500

convailc1500

unweary1530

air1633

recruit1644

refresh1644

reanimate1645

invigorate1646

rally1646

to perk upa1656

renovate1660

reawake1663

freshen1694

renervate1801

recuperate1843

to recharge one's (also the) batteries1911

a1500 Hymnal in R. S. Loomis Medieval Stud. in Memory G. S. Loomis (1927) 449 (MED) Now lette owr mynd reyvyvoen and respire, That hathe ben slowe infecte wyth synfulnes.

1525 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VI. 430 He shalbe able to do no feate on the see, ne so sone to respire and inquiet thEmperour.

a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) iv. l. 1587 Sa Rome before dispayrd than Respyre [a1500 Nero respayr] in to gud hope began.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 92 Syne at the last thair spreitis did respyre.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. iii. sig. Ee3^v Then shall the Britons..From their long vassallage gin to respire.

1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xx. lxxxvii. 380 Thus sau'd, thus shielded Raimond gan respire.

1673 W. Temple Observ. United Provinces i. 71 The Arch-Duke, newly respiring from so long a War.

1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. xi. 424 Stern Hector's Conquests in the middle Plain Stood check'd a while, and Greece respir'd again.

1789 H. Brooke Montezuma iv. vi. 326 See their horrid hosts retire—Fainting worlds again respire!

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad iv. 146 Quell'd by his fame, the furious sects accord, Europe respires beneath his guardian sword.

1816 W. Wordsworth in Champion 4 Feb. 37/3 The imperial city stands released From bondage threatened by the embattled East, And Christendom respired.

1929 P. Hamilton Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (2008) 21 Fear flew back to its evil haunts and the house respired again.

b. To rest or enjoy relief from toil or exertion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ceasing > temporary cessation of activity or operation > temporarily cease activity or operation [verb (intransitive)] > rest

restOE

to hang up one's hatcheta1350

to latch one's ease, one's leave1377

sabbatize1382

roc1460

repose1494

repause1526

respire1566

respite1587

requiesce1653

to rest (also lie) on one's oars1726

to lay off1841

to rest up1858

spell1880

to lie off1891

1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. Ep. Ded. sig. *ii^v And as opportunitie serued, (respiring as it were from the wayghtie affayres of that Office..) I perused such volumes of Noble Authors.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ix. sig. H6 Ah Loue, lay down thy bow, that whiles I may respyre.

1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island xi. l. 158 Here let our weary Muse a while respire.

1652 tr. Choice Novels & Amarous Tales 23 The lover sweetly respired in this calm of fortune.

1745 E. Young Consolation 86 Pause, then; and, for a Moment, here respire.—If human Thought can keep its Station Here.

1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iii. 51 The Spartan bands..The fight maintain'd; nor from their toils respir'd.

1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound ii. v. 90 On the brink of the night and the morning My coursers are wont to respire.

1946 J. Masefield Poems 171 The acme of the heaves, the pause While the sea-beauty rested and respired.

†7. intransitive. With against. To oppose, to object to. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > speaking against or contradiction > speak against or contradict [verb (transitive)]

withsake971

withsayc1175

forbidc1275

withtellec1275

counterplead1377

again-saya1382

withsaya1382

contrary1382

countersay1393

withstand1513

transverse1532

cross1589

contradict1596

controvert1596

respire1629

scruple1639

contravene1722

oppugn1781

countervene1825

to stand down1869

1629 F. Quarles Argalus & Parthenia i. 32 Parthenia should obey; and not respire Against their sacred counsels, or withstand The plot.

Derivatives

reˈspired adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [adjective]

breathinga1398

spirituala1398

respirative?a1425

breathy1528

spirable1562

spiring1577

respirant?1578

transpirable1578

respiratory1650

respired1667

pneumatic1681

respiring1697

cardiorespiratory1857

respirating1887

the world > matter > gas > air > [adjective] > breathed

breathed1567

respired1667

1667 T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 218 To prove that it is not the heat, nor the cold of this respired Air, that choaks.

1776 J. Priestley Observ. Respiration 10 Respired air is noxious on the same account as mephitic vapours.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 447 The diminution in the bulk of respired air..may be accounted for.

1907 Jrnl. Physiol. 35 Suppl. p. vi Any animal whose respired gases are conveyed to the cells without the intervention of a circulating liquid should be immune from decompression symptoms.

2006 G. N. Tiwari Solar Energy Technol. Adv. v. 89 In the closed field conditions..the level of carbon dioxide rises up to 1000 ppm, because respired carbon dioxide remains trapped overnight.

reˈspiring n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun]

orthOE

breatha1300

spiritc1350

aspirement1393

breathinga1398

suspiry1398

spirtc1415

respiration?a1425

respiring?a1425

windc1450

soufflement1483

anding1487

spiring1533

spiration1568

suspiration1604

aspiration1608

expiration1638

eupnœa1706

flation1708

rebreathing1877

ventilation1891

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [adjective]

breathinga1398

spirituala1398

respirative?a1425

breathy1528

spirable1562

spiring1577

respirant?1578

transpirable1578

respiratory1650

respired1667

pneumatic1681

respiring1697

cardiorespiratory1857

respirating1887

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 91 Grete wondez of trachee arterie..in þe cartilaginous parte ar seldom also cured, for þai ar hard and wiþoute blode and þai haue continuel respiryng [?c1425 Paris respiracioun; L. respiramentum] bi þe wonde.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. ii. ii. f. 10/1 Beinge smitten..[she] without anye respiringe is, fallen into a Vertiginem.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xvi. 102 He wrought it out With short respirings, and with sweate.

1651 J. Ogilby Fables of Æsop Paraphras'd iii. 30 But when he..from his Mouth nor Lip no passage found For vitall Breath, nor saw his Breast and Sides To Ebe and Flow with life-respiring tides,..he this lecture read.]

1679 L. Hutchinson Order & Disorder 7 Each where perfum'd with sweet respiring Love.

1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride ii. i. 24 When I..felt the Balm of thy respiring Lips!

1786 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 76 444 These bones belonged to physeteres or respiring fishes.

1874 Lancet 24 Jan. 131/2 The smaller and more actively respiring animals.

1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. iv. 262 5.3 milligrams of CO₂ were produced by the respiring tissue.

1992 Zoo Life Winter 20 The menacing look is simply the eel's way of respiring—taking in water through its mouth to pass it over the gills.

2000 Nature 6 July 37/3 Anaerobically respiring micro-organisms..could have thrived on a litho(auto)trophic metabolism involving the oxidation of reduced phosphorus compounds.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	respire
释义	† respiren. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: respire v. Etymology: < respire v. Compare Middle French, French (now chiefly regional) respire, respir breath, breathing (1543). Obsolete. rare. 1. Respite, rest. Cf. respire v. 6b. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ceasing > temporary cessation of activity or operation > [noun] > rest roOE restOE leathc1175 quieta1398 leathinga1400 restinga1450 reposinga1470 reposec1485 requiem1565 respire1590 reposure1602 reposal1614 reposance1647 lassation1650 recumbency1653 requiescence1654 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xi. 162 He cast to suffer him no more respire, But gan his sturdy sterne about to weld, And him so strongly stroke, that to the ground him feld. 2. An act of respiration; a breath. Also as a mass noun: breathing, respiration. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun] > breath ghosteOE bleadc890 ethemeOE windOE fnastc1000 breathOE blas?c1225 blasta1325 andec1330 respiration?a1425 breast1535 air1567 respirea1657 puff1827 a1657 G. Daniel Poems (1878) II. 68 My close-breathing tires My Lungs, in oft respires. 1821 C. Webbe Summer 46 The sweet respire Of incense-wafting flowers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2018). respirev. Brit. /rᵻˈspʌɪə/, U.S. /rəˈspaɪ(ə)r/, /riˈspaɪ(ə)r/ Forms: late Middle English– respire, 1500s respyre. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respirer; Latin respīrāre. Etymology: < Middle French respirer (French respirer ) to return to life, (with de ) to survive (late 12th cent. in Old French), to bring to life (early 13th cent.), to breathe (early 13th cent.), to give off (a smell) (late 13th cent.), to live, to draw breath (late 15th cent.), to breathe (something) in, inhale (something) (late 16th cent.) and its etymon classical Latin respīrāre to recover one's breath, to breathe again, to pause for breath, to have a breathing space, to breathe out, exhale, to breathe, (of things) to give out (a vapour) < re- re- prefix + spīrāre spire v.² Compare Old Occitan respirar (13th cent.), Catalan respirar (c1400), Spanish respirar (13th cent.), Portuguese respirar (14th cent.), Italian respirare , †rispirare (14th cent.). Compare respiration n., respirative adj. I. Senses relating to breathing or respiration. 1. a. intransitive. Of a person or animal: to take air into the lungs and expel it again, esp. as a continuous physiological process; to breathe, to inhale and exhale; (formerly also) †to exhale (obsolete); also figurative. Also more widely: (of a plant, animal, etc.) to take in and give out air; (of a fish) to take in and give out water (or its dissolved gases). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > breathe [verb (intransitive)] etheOE breathea1398 andea1400 respire?a1425 blowc1440 queasea1500 suspire1600 respirate1668 rake1793 ?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 334 (MED) I made..þe eyr, by þe which ȝe mowe respire and breþe. a1475 St. Mary Magdalene (Durh.) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1893) 91 219 (MED) With thoo wordis the modir respired and seide, right as though she had a-wakyd fro an harde slepe, [etc.]. 1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 49 This makes the pulses beate, and lungs respire. 1676 J. Evelyn Philos. Disc. Earth 170 For that Plants do more than obscurely respire, and exercise a kind of Peristaltic motion, I little doubt. 1693 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. vii. 11 The ordinary Air in which we live and respire. 1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 105 It respires by the Gills, which are Lungs peculiar to Fishes. 1797 Encycl. Brit. VI. 676/2 All insects..respire through pores..which are termed spiracula. a1807 W. Wordsworth Prelude (1959) iii. 78 All That I beheld respired with inward meaning. 1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 143/1 Quadrupeds and birds respire universally by means of lungs. 1882 A. C. Swinburne Tristram of Lyonesse 10 These..Saw love and wrath and light and night and fire Live with one life and at one mouth respire. 1911 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 84 358 The cat..exhibited asphyxial convulsions, from which it recovered naturally, and, four minutes later, was respiring normally and regularly. 1949 H. Bailey Demonstr. Physical Signs Clin. Surg. (ed. 11) xxi. 252 Ask the patient to respire slowly and deeply. 1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 331/1 Members of Class Amphibia..respire through their moist, flexible, scaleless skin and across the moist mouth lining. 1999 Star (Malaysia) (Nexis) 27 Sept. 1 You don't concentrate on each breath as you respire. b. transitive. To breathe (air or anything in it); to inhale and exhale; (of a plant, animal, etc.) to take in (air, etc.) and give it out again. Formerly also: †to exhale (obsolete). Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > breathe [verb (transitive)] spire1382 breathea1398 respire?a1425 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 12 Þe aer is inspired & respired [?c1425 Paris passeþ oute; ?a1425 Hunterian respirid; L. respiratur] vn to þe pulmon in his tyme. 1577 Vicary's Profitable Treat. Anat. sig. F.iii The ayre is respyred and drawen to the lunges. 1602 B. Jonson Poetaster iv. viii. sig. I3 Mee thinkes, now I come neare her, I respire Some aire, of that late comfort, I receau'd. View more context for this quotation a1618 J. Sylvester Hymn of Alms in tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Diuine Weekes & Wks. (1621) 1026 A Sighfull Air (though Soule-less) to respire. 1651 T. Stanley Poems 172 O'erjoyd are they To breathe the air which she respires. 1713 J. Gay Rural Sports 1 I..Have long been in the noisy Town immur'd, Respir'd its smoke. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 138 That play of lungs, inhaling and again Respiring freely the fresh air. 1800 H. Davy Res. Nitrous Oxide 389 The gas was inspired from the bell and respired into it. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller II. 11 I seemed to respire hope and comfort with the free air. 1829 E. Bulwer-Lytton Devereux II. iv. iii. 171 The very breath which a literary man respires is hot with hatred. 1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. II. 154/1 Love is the gentlest and kindest breath of God. Are you willing that the Tempter should intercept it, and respire it polluted into your ear? 1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. 154 The air will certainly destroy life if respired. 1875 tr. E. Rich Trav. S. Amer. II. 20 If savants do not find in this epistolary fragment the solution of any great scientific problem, pious readers will respire with pleasure the odour of virtue and honesty which it exhales. 1883 Amer. Naturalist 17 264 It is known that plants respire oxygen day and night. 1919 R. Firbank Valmouth iii. 17 To respire through the window chinks of her room the faint exotic perfume of aromatic flowers. 1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) ii. 55 The larvae of Tachinid flies..are thereby adapted to respire atmospheric air. 1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) II. lxiii. 1498/2 The amount of air that must be respired for each liter of O₂ absorbed. 2002 World Poultry (Nexis) Nov. 22 Air respired by chickens is usually warmer than the air around them. It rises and leaves the house through openings in the roof. †c. intransitive. To draw breath; to live. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (intransitive)] liveeOE aliveeOE ylivec950 won971 goc1225 movea1325 breathea1382 reigna1400 to pass on earth (also mould)c1400 to draw (one's) breath?1570 exist1578 respire1619 to tread clay, this earth, shoe leather1789 to grab on1861 to store the kin1866 1619 M. Drayton Barons Warres ii. lv, in Poems (new ed.) 27 Yet the braue Barons, whilst they doe respire,..With Courage charge. 1655 R. Fanshawe tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad xx. 224 Alexander shall in you respire, Without envying the Meonian Lyre. 1773 E. Jerningham Faldoni & Teresa 2 As on one stem two opening flowers respire, So grew their life..on one desire. †2. intransitive. To come up for air. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > move in or on water [verb (intransitive)] > swim underwater > come to surface to breathe respire1532 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxx He..in to water entreth and anon respireth. 3. Biology. Cf. respiration n. 4, 5. a. intransitive. To absorb oxygen from the environment and give out carbon dioxide; to carry out the biochemical process of respiration. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > metabolism > [verb (intransitive)] > processes respire1894 respirate1975 1894 Proc. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 1893 15 iii. 143 It should be distinctly understood that all organisms, both plant and animal, respire alike. They fix oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. 1901 Science 1 Mar. 329/1 The acids of silage seem to be for the most part a product of the intra-molecular respiration, and in quantity are roughly proportional to the length of time that ensues before the cells stop respiring. 1925 Science 15 May 519/2 When the oxygen is consumed, or if it is replaced by nitrogen, the potato respires as an anaerobe. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xvii. 349 In most cases in practice there is some oxygen present, and some cells of the tissues respire in the normal way, aerobically, and others by intra-molecular adjustment—that is, anaerobically. 1991 R. Goldring Fossils in Field iv. 96 To determine just how a fossil ‘lived’, how it once fed and on what, how it respired, grew, reproduced, moved and protected itself. 2006 Seed Apr.–May 67/1 Trees absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. They also respire, releasing carbon dioxide back into the air. b. transitive. To use (a substance) as a substrate for the biochemical process of respiration. ΚΠ 1914 W. Goodwin tr. O. Kellner Sci. Feeding Animals ii. ii. 132 100 lbs. of sugar beets respire in one month as much organic substance as would equal 0·11, 0·29, 0·88 kgs. cane sugar when the temperatures were 0°, 5°, and 10° C. respectively. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xvii. 348 In the plant the first step in the process of the respiration of a fat is the transformation of the oil to a carbohydrate... Respiratory quotients greater than 1 may be obtained when some compounds such as organic acids are respired. 1964 Internat. Rev. der Gesamten Hydrobiol. 49 38 Within this initial period the incorporated carbon-14 would not be respired and recycled appreciably. 1998 FEMS Microbiol. & Ecol. 25 229 Stable isotope analysis of bacterial nucleic acids can be used to trace carbon that is assimilated and respired by the bacterioplankton in aquatic ecosystems. II. Figurative and extended uses. †4. a. intransitive. Of a smell or vapour: to be emitted or given off. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > from a source > of vapour or perfume reekOE respire?a1425 evaporate1545 evapour1545 walm1601 expire1626 well1860 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Hunterian) f. 43 Þe bone þat is cleped þe braine panne..is ioyned wiþ commissures liche to a sawe, þat þe vapoures mowe respiren [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. breþe out; ?c1425 Paris passe out; L. expirare] þurȝ hem fro þe braine. a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 4 Þe seel of lute of wijsdom, maad of þe sotillest flour..ymeyngid so þat no þing respire out. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Kiii To whome the ennemy caused oftentymes whan he was at masse a merueylous swete sauour to respire & smell about his fyngers. a1754 E. Tollet Poems Several Occasions (1755) 178 From thy Attire The Tears of Myrrh with balmy Breath respire. b. transitive. To emit, give out; to produce. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (transitive)] > emit > as by breathing breathea1425 respire1577 expire?1606 spire1649 1577 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes iii. f. 88^v The self same [cinnamon] doth beyng ground, whiche doth respire out from it the same smell, which the most fine Sinamon hath. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. viii. 292 He that breathlesse seems, shal corage bold respire. 1602 B. Jonson Poetaster i. iii. sig. B4 The Ayre respires the pure Elyzium sweetes, In which she breathes. View more context for this quotation 1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I i. i. 6 Every Art doth respire a sweet science to the glasse of our understanding. 1759 in F. Sydenham tr. Plato Io 41 She approaches the Sacred Tripod, where a Chasm in the Earth, they say, respires some Vapour. 1805 Asiatick Researches 8 429 From this great being, were respired the Rigveda, etc. 1807 J. Robinson Archæol. Græca iii. xix. 310 Men who, armed with lances and bucklers, seemed only to respire war. 1841 L. Hunt Seer (1864) 74 In the south of Europe, where every thing respires animal sensibility. 5. intransitive. Of the wind: to blow. Now rare (in later use poetic and literary). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] blowc1000 standc1275 waffc1440 respire?a1475 fan1600 suffle1622 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 59 The wyndes respirenge [L. respirantibus] and restenge in the profundite of hit. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. Apol. Chirurgians f. 51^v/1 If..there respire a southwest wind, with warmishe showres of rayne. 1762 J. Hoole tr. T. Tasso Jerus. Delivered xiii. 401 Alone the wind from Libya's sands respires. a1821 J. Keats Poet. Wks. (1906) 480 When the winds respire, Light flags stream out like gauzy tongues of fire. 1888 J. L. Joynes tr. G. Herwegh in Songs Revolutionary Epoch 73 Wildest winds in storm respire. 1954 M. D. Hoss Pike i. ii. 40 The wind respired. A presence expanded and contracted like a heart. 6. intransitive. Now rare. a. To have relief from some unpleasant or undesirable situation; to recover hope, courage, or strength. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > refreshment or invigoration > become refreshed or invigorated [verb (intransitive)] to take (one's, a) breatha1398 to pull, shake oneself togethera1400 wheta1400 recomfortc1425 revigour1447 breathe1485 respirea1500 convailc1500 unweary1530 air1633 recruit1644 refresh1644 reanimate1645 invigorate1646 rally1646 to perk upa1656 renovate1660 reawake1663 freshen1694 renervate1801 recuperate1843 to recharge one's (also the) batteries1911 a1500 Hymnal in R. S. Loomis Medieval Stud. in Memory G. S. Loomis (1927) 449 (MED) Now lette owr mynd reyvyvoen and respire, That hathe ben slowe infecte wyth synfulnes. 1525 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VI. 430 He shalbe able to do no feate on the see, ne so sone to respire and inquiet thEmperour. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) iv. l. 1587 Sa Rome before dispayrd than Respyre [a1500 Nero respayr] in to gud hope began. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 92 Syne at the last thair spreitis did respyre. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. iii. sig. Ee3^v Then shall the Britons..From their long vassallage gin to respire. 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xx. lxxxvii. 380 Thus sau'd, thus shielded Raimond gan respire. 1673 W. Temple Observ. United Provinces i. 71 The Arch-Duke, newly respiring from so long a War. 1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. xi. 424 Stern Hector's Conquests in the middle Plain Stood check'd a while, and Greece respir'd again. 1789 H. Brooke Montezuma iv. vi. 326 See their horrid hosts retire—Fainting worlds again respire! 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad iv. 146 Quell'd by his fame, the furious sects accord, Europe respires beneath his guardian sword. 1816 W. Wordsworth in Champion 4 Feb. 37/3 The imperial city stands released From bondage threatened by the embattled East, And Christendom respired. 1929 P. Hamilton Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (2008) 21 Fear flew back to its evil haunts and the house respired again. b. To rest or enjoy relief from toil or exertion. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ceasing > temporary cessation of activity or operation > temporarily cease activity or operation [verb (intransitive)] > rest restOE to hang up one's hatcheta1350 to latch one's ease, one's leave1377 sabbatize1382 roc1460 repose1494 repause1526 respire1566 respite1587 requiesce1653 to rest (also lie) on one's oars1726 to lay off1841 to rest up1858 spell1880 to lie off1891 1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. Ep. Ded. sig. ii^v And as opportunitie serued, (respiring as it were from the wayghtie affayres of that Office..) I perused such volumes of Noble Authors. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene* i. ix. sig. H6 Ah Loue, lay down thy bow, that whiles I may respyre. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island xi. l. 158 Here let our weary Muse a while respire. 1652 tr. Choice Novels & Amarous Tales 23 The lover sweetly respired in this calm of fortune. 1745 E. Young Consolation 86 Pause, then; and, for a Moment, here respire.—If human Thought can keep its Station Here. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iii. 51 The Spartan bands..The fight maintain'd; nor from their toils respir'd. 1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound ii. v. 90 On the brink of the night and the morning My coursers are wont to respire. 1946 J. Masefield Poems 171 The acme of the heaves, the pause While the sea-beauty rested and respired. †7. intransitive. With against. To oppose, to object to. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > speaking against or contradiction > speak against or contradict [verb (transitive)] withsake971 withsayc1175 forbidc1275 withtellec1275 counterplead1377 again-saya1382 withsaya1382 contrary1382 countersay1393 withstand1513 transverse1532 cross1589 contradict1596 controvert1596 respire1629 scruple1639 contravene1722 oppugn1781 countervene1825 to stand down1869 1629 F. Quarles Argalus & Parthenia i. 32 Parthenia should obey; and not respire Against their sacred counsels, or withstand The plot. Derivatives reˈspired adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [adjective] breathinga1398 spirituala1398 respirative?a1425 breathy1528 spirable1562 spiring1577 respirant?1578 transpirable1578 respiratory1650 respired1667 pneumatic1681 respiring1697 cardiorespiratory1857 respirating1887 the world > matter > gas > air > [adjective] > breathed breathed1567 respired1667 1667 T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 218 To prove that it is not the heat, nor the cold of this respired Air, that choaks. 1776 J. Priestley Observ. Respiration 10 Respired air is noxious on the same account as mephitic vapours. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 447 The diminution in the bulk of respired air..may be accounted for. 1907 Jrnl. Physiol. 35 Suppl. p. vi Any animal whose respired gases are conveyed to the cells without the intervention of a circulating liquid should be immune from decompression symptoms. 2006 G. N. Tiwari Solar Energy Technol. Adv. v. 89 In the closed field conditions..the level of carbon dioxide rises up to 1000 ppm, because respired carbon dioxide remains trapped overnight. reˈspiring n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun] orthOE breatha1300 spiritc1350 aspirement1393 breathinga1398 suspiry1398 spirtc1415 respiration?a1425 respiring?a1425 windc1450 soufflement1483 anding1487 spiring1533 spiration1568 suspiration1604 aspiration1608 expiration1638 eupnœa1706 flation1708 rebreathing1877 ventilation1891 the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [adjective] breathinga1398 spirituala1398 respirative?a1425 breathy1528 spirable1562 spiring1577 respirant?1578 transpirable1578 respiratory1650 respired1667 pneumatic1681 respiring1697 cardiorespiratory1857 respirating1887 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 91 Grete wondez of trachee arterie..in þe cartilaginous parte ar seldom also cured, for þai ar hard and wiþoute blode and þai haue continuel respiryng [?c1425 Paris respiracioun; L. respiramentum] bi þe wonde. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. ii. ii. f. 10/1 Beinge smitten..[she] without anye respiringe is, fallen into a Vertiginem. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xvi. 102 He wrought it out With short respirings, and with sweate. 1651 J. Ogilby Fables of Æsop Paraphras'd iii. 30 But when he..from his Mouth nor Lip no passage found For vitall Breath, nor saw his Breast and Sides To Ebe and Flow with life-respiring tides,..he this lecture read.] 1679 L. Hutchinson Order & Disorder 7 Each where perfum'd with sweet respiring Love. 1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride ii. i. 24 When I..felt the Balm of thy respiring Lips! 1786 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 76 444 These bones belonged to physeteres or respiring fishes. 1874 Lancet 24 Jan. 131/2 The smaller and more actively respiring animals. 1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. iv. 262 5.3 milligrams of CO₂ were produced by the respiring tissue. 1992 Zoo Life Winter 20 The menacing look is simply the eel's way of respiring—taking in water through its mouth to pass it over the gills. 2000 Nature 6 July 37/3 Anaerobically respiring micro-organisms..could have thrived on a litho(auto)trophic metabolism involving the oxidation of reduced phosphorus compounds. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1590v.?a1425
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† respiren.

respirev.

Derivatives